Kingdom (biology)
Kingdom is the highest rank, after the domain, which is normally used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each kingdom is split into phyla.
There are 5 to 7 kingdoms in taxonomy. Every living thing comes under one of these kingdoms and some symbionts, such as lichen, come under two. There are at least:
- Prokaryotes or Monera – the most simple living things: bacteria and archaea
- Protista – eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals
- Fungi – mushrooms, moulds and other fungi
- Plantae – all plants, such as moss, trees and grass
- Animalia – all animals, including people. See List of animal phyla
- Chromalveolata – plastids containing chlorophyll.
Overview
changeLinnaeus 1735[1] |
Haeckel 1866[2] |
Chatton 1925[3][4] |
Copeland 1938[5][6] |
Whittaker 1969[7] |
Woese et al. 1977[8][9] |
Woese et al. 1990[10] |
Cavalier-Smith 1993[11][12][13] |
Cavalier-Smith 1998[14][15][16] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 kingdoms | 3 kingdoms | 2 empires | 4 kingdoms | 5 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms | 3 domains | 8 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms |
(not treated) | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Eubacteria | Bacteria |
Archaebacteria | Archaea | Archaebacteria | ||||||
Eukaryota | Protoctista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Archezoa | Protozoa | ||
Protozoa | ||||||||
Chromista | Chromista | |||||||
Vegetabilia | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | ||
Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | |||||
Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |
The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms. Sometimes entries in the table, which are next to each other, do not match perfectly. For example, Haeckel placed the red algae (Haeckel's Florideae; modern Rhodophyta) and blue-green algae (Haeckel's Archephyta; modern Cyanobacteria) in his Plantae, but in modern classifications they are considered protists and bacteria respectively. However, despite these differences, the table gives a useful summary.
- There is no agreement at present on how many kingdoms there are in the Eukarya. In 2009, Andrew Roger and Alastair Simpson said this: "With the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution".[17]
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.
- ↑ Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
- ↑ Chatton, É. (1925). "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 10-VII: 1–84.
- ↑ Chatton, É. (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937). Sette, Sottano, Italy.
- ↑ Copeland, H. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology. 13: 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568.
- ↑ Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474.
- ↑ Whittaker, R. H. (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–60. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
- ↑ Woese, C. R.; Balch, W. E.; Magrum, L. J.; Fox, G. E.; Wolfe, R. S. (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 9 (4): 305–311. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502.
- ↑ Woese, C. R.; Fox, G. E. (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–90. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744.
- ↑ Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith T. 1981. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. Bio Systems 14 (3–4): 461–481. [1]
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith T. 1992. Origins of secondary metabolism. Ciba Foundation Symposium 171: 64–80; discussion 80–7. [2]
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith T. 1993. Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57 (4): 953–994. [3]
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998), "A revised six-kingdom system of life", Biological Reviews, 73 (03): 203–66, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x, PMID 9809012
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004), "Only six kingdoms of life" (PDF), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences, 271: 1251–62, doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705, PMC 1691724, PMID 15306349, retrieved 2010-04-29
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978.
- ↑ Roger, A.J. & Simpson, A.G.B. (2009), "Evolution: Revisiting the root of the eukaryote tree", Current Biology, 19 (4): R165–7, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.032, PMID 19243692, S2CID 13172971