Wikipedia

Lists of rulers of Sudan

List

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(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

Incumbent Portrait Tenure Notes
Turco-Egyptian Sudan
Isma'il Kamil Pasha,

Commander

November 1820 to 1821
Muhammad Bey Defterdar,

Commander

April 1821 to September 1824
Osman Bey Jarkas,

Commander

September 1824 to May 1825
Mahu Bey Urfali,

Commander

May 1825 to March 1826
Ali Khurshid Agha,

Governor

March 1826 to 1835
Ali Khurshid Pasha,

Hakimdar

1835 to June 1838 Governor-General
Ahmad Pasha abu Widan,

Hakimdar

June 1838 to 6 October 1843 Governor-General
Ahmad Pasha Manikli (Manliki),

Hakimdar

1843 to 1845 Governor-General
Khalid Khusraw Pasha,

Hakimdar

1845 to 1850 Governor-General
'Abd al-Latif Pasha,

Hakimdar

1850 to January 1851 Governor-General
Rustum Pasha Jarkas,

Hakimdar

January 1851 to May 1852 Governor-General
Isma'il Haqqi Pasha abu Jabal,

Hakimdar

May 1852 to 1853 Governor-General
Salim Pasha Sa'ib al-Jaza'irli,

Hakimdar

1853 to 1854 Governor-General
Ali Pasha Sirri al-Arna'ut,

Hakimdar

July 1854 to November 1854 Governor-General
Ali Pasha Jarkas,

Governor

1854 to 1855
Arakil Bey al-Armani,

Governor

1856 to 1858
Hasan Bey Salama Jarkas,

Governor

1859 to 1861
Muhammad Rasikh Bey,

Governor

1861 to 1862
Mūsā Pasha Ḥamdī,

Hakimdar

1862 to 1865 Governor-General
'Umar Bey Fakhri,

acting Hakimdar

1865 to November 1865 acting Governor-General
Ja'afar Pasha Sadiq,

Hakimdar

November 1865 to 1866 Governor-General
Ja'afar Pasha Mazhar,

Hakimdar

1866 to 5 February 1871 Governor-General
Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha,

Hakimdar

5 February 1871 to October 1872 Governor-General
Edhem Pasha al-Arifi at-Atqalawi,

acting Hakimdar

October 1872 to 1872 acting Governor-General
Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur,

Hakimdar

  1872 to 18 May 1877 Governor-General
Charles George Gordon ("Gordon Pasha"),

Hakimdar

  May 1877 to December 1879 Governor-General, 1st time
Muhammad Rauf Pasha,

Hakimdar

  December 1879 to February 1882 Governor-General
Carl Christian Giegler ("Giegler Pasha"),

acting Hakimdar

  4 March 1882 to 11 May 1882 acting Governor-General
'Abd al-Qadir Pasha Hilmi,

Hakimdar

May 1882 to March 1883 Governor-General
'Ala al-Din Pasha Siddiq,

Hakimdar

March 1883 to 5 November 1883 Governor-General
Henry Watts Russell de Coetlogon,

acting Hakimdar

February 1884 to 18 February 1884 acting Governor-General
Charles George Gordon ("Gordon Pasha"),

Hakimdar

  18 February 1884 to 26 January 1885 Governor-General, 2nd time; Killed at the end of the Siege of Khartoum
26 January 1885 to 2 October 1898 Territory of Turkish Sudan under complete control of Mahdiyah (Mahdist State)
Mahdist State
Muhammad Ahmad,

Mahdi

  29 June 1881 to 22 June 1885 Self-proclaimed Mahdi, Islamic Messiah
Abdallahi ibn Muhammad,

Khalifa

  22 June 1885 to 2 September 1898 Self-proclaimed Caliph, successor to Muhammad Ahmad; Defeated in the Battle of Omdurman, and later killed in the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat
British Military Administration
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener,

Military Governor

  2 September 1898 to 19 January 1899 Simultaneously served as Sirdar
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium)
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener,

Governor-General

  19 January 1899 to 22 December 1899 Simultaneously served as Sirdar
Sir Francis Reginald Wingate,

Governor-General

  22 December 1899 to 31 December 1916 Simultaneously served as Sirdar
Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack,

Governor-General

  1 January 1917 to 20 November 1924 Simultaneously served as Sirdar; assassinated in Cairo
Wasey Sterry [de],

acting Governor-General

21 November 1924 to 5 January 1925
Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer,

Governor-General

  5 January 1925 to 6 July 1926 The first civilian Governor-General
Sir John Loader Maffey,

Governor-General

  31 October 1926 to 10 January 1934
Sir George Stewart Symes,

Governor-General

  10 January 1934 to 19 October 1940
Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston,

Governor-General

19 October 1940 to 8 April 1947
Sir Robert George Howe,

Governor-General

8 April 1947 to 29 March 1954
Sir Alexander Knox Helm,

Governor-General

  29 March 1954 to 12 December 1955
Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat,

acting Governor-General

12 December 1955 to 1 January 1956 Chief Justice of Sudan
1 January 1956 Independence as Republic of the Sudan

For continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of Sudan

Heads of government of Sudan (1952–present)

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(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

No. Portrait Name

(Birth–Death)

Term of office Political party
1   Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

(1885–1959) [a]

22 October 1952 November 1953 National Umma Party
2   Ismail al-Azhari

(1900–1969)

6 January 1954 1 January 1956 Democratic Unionist Party
(2)   Ismail al-Azhari

(1900–1969)

1 January 1956 5 July 1956 Democratic Unionist Party
3   Abdallah Khalil

(1892–1970)

5 July 1956 17 November 1958[b] National Umma Party
4   Ibrahim Abboud

(1900–1983)

18 November 1958 30 October 1964

(resigned.)

Military
5   Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa

(1919–2006)

30 October 1964 2 June 1965

(resigned.)

National Umma Party
6   Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub

(1908–1976)

10 June 1965 25 July 1966 National Umma Party
7   Sadiq al-Mahdi

(1935–2020) [c]

27 July 1966 18 May 1967 National Umma Party
(6)   Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub

(1908–1976)

18 May 1967 25 May 1969

(deposed.)

National Umma Party
8   Babiker Awadalla

(1917–2019)

25 May 1969 27 October 1969 Independent
9   Gaafar Nimeiry

(1930–2009)

28 October 1969

[d]

11 August 1976 Military /

Sudanese Socialist Union

10   Rashid Bakr

(1933–1988)

11 August 1976 10 September 1977 Sudanese Socialist Union
(9)   Gaafar Nimeiry

(1930–2009)

10 September 1977 6 April 1985

(deposed.)

Military /

Sudanese Socialist Union

11   Al-Jazuli Daf'allah

(born 1935)

22 April 1985 10 October 1985 Independent
(11)   Al-Jazuli Daf'allah

(born 1935)

10 October 1985[1] 6 May 1986 Independent
(7)   Sadiq al-Mahdi

(1935–2020) [c]

6 May 1986 30 June 1989

(deposed.)

National Umma Party
Post abolished (30 June 1989 – 2 March 2017)
12   Bakri Hassan Saleh

(born 1949)

2 March 2017 10 September 2018 National Congress Party
13   Motazz Moussa

(born 1967)

10 September 2018 23 February 2019 National Congress Party
14   Mohamed Tahir Ayala

(born 1951)

23 February 2019 21 August 2019

(resigned).

National Congress Party
15   Abdalla Hamdok

(born 1956)

21 August 2019 25 October 2021

(deposed.)

National Congress Party
(15)   Abdalla Hamdok

(born 1956)

21 November 2021 2 January 2022

(resigned.)

National Congress Party
16   Osman Hussein 19 January 2022[e] Incumbent National Congress Party
  1. ↑ Posthumous son of Muhammad Ahmad; Imam of the Ansar.
  2. ↑ Carried out a self-coup against his own government.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grandson of Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi; Imam of the Ansar.
  4. ↑ Briefly interrupted during the 19–22 July 1971 coup d'état.
  5. ↑ Acting: 2–19 January 2022

Heads of state of Sudan (1956–present)

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(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party
1   Sovereignty Council
[a] 		— 1 January 1956 17 November 1958
(deposed) 		Multipartisan
2   Ibrahim Abboud
(1900–1983) 		— 17 November 1958 16 November 1964
(resigned) 		Military
—   Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa
(1919–2006)
Acting President 		— 16 November 1964 3 December 1964 National Umma Party
3   First Committee of Sovereignty
[b] 		— 3 December 1964 10 June 1965 Multipartisan
4 Second Committee of Sovereignty
[c] 		10 June 1965 8 July 1965
5   Ismail al-Azhari
(1900–1969) 		— 8 July 1965 25 May 1969
(deposed) 		Democratic Unionist Party
6   Gaafar Nimeiry
(1928–2009)
[d] 		1971[e]
1977
1983 		25 May 1969 6 April 1985
(deposed) 		Military /
Sudanese Socialist Union
7   Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab
(1934–2018) 		— 6 April 1985 6 May 1986[f] Military
8   Ahmed al-Mirghani
(1941–2008) 		— 6 May 1986 30 June 1989
(deposed) 		Democratic Unionist Party
9   Omar al-Bashir
(born 1944) 		1996
2000
2010
2015 		30 June 1989 11 April 2019
(deposed) 		Military /
National Congress Party
10   Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf
(born 1957) 		— 11 April 2019 12 April 2019
(resigned) 		Military /
National Congress Party
11   Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
(born 1960) 		— 12 April 2019 20 August 2019 Military
12   Transitional Sovereignty Council
[g] 		— 20 August 2019 25 October 2021
(deposed) 		Multipartisan
(FFC and TMC)
(11)   Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
(born 1960) 		— 25 October 2021 11 November 2021 Military
(12)   Transitional Sovereignty Council
[h] 		— 11 November 2021 Incumbent Multipartisan
  1. ↑ Members: Abdel Fattah Muhammad al-Maghrabi, Muhammad Ahmad Yasin, Ahmad Muhammad Salih, Muhammad Othman al-Dardiri and Siricio Iro Wani.
  2. ↑ Members: Abdel Halim Muhammad, Tijani al-Mahi, Mubarak Shaddad, Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman and Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho.
  3. ↑ Members: Ismail al-Azhari, Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi, Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho, Abdel Halim Muhammad and Khidr Hamad.
  4. ↑ Briefly interrupted during the 19–22 July 1971 coup d'état.
  5. ↑ Presidency referendum.
  6. ↑ Handed over power to the civilian government after the 1986 parliamentary election.
  7. ↑ Members:[2] Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Hemedti, Yasser al-Atta, Shams al-Din Khabbashi, Ibrahim Jabir Karim, Aisha Musa el-Said, Siddiq Tawer, Mohamed al-Faki, Hassan Sheikh Idris, Mohammed Hassan al-Ta'ishi[3] and Raja Nicola.
  8. ↑ Members: Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Deputy Chairman Hemedti (until 2023), Malik Agar (Deputy Chairman from 2023), Shams al-Din Khabbashi, Yasser al-Atta, Ibrahim Jabir Karim, El Hadi Idris Yahya, El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar, Raja Nicola, Abdulgasim Bortom, Yousef Jad Karim, Abdelbagi al-Zubeir, Salma Abdeljabbar.[4][5][6]

Vice presidents

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First vice presidents

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Title Portrait Name Term of office Political affiliation Representing President Refs
Took office Left office Time in office
Deputy Chairman of the NRCC   Babiker Awadalla May 1969 1971 2 years Independent Gaafar Nimeiry [7]
Vice President   Abel Alier 1971 1972 1 year SF Southern Sudan
First Vice President   Major Gen.
Mohamed al-Baghir Ahmed 		1972 1976 4 years Military / SSU [7][8]
Major
Abuelgasim Mohamed Hashim 		1976 1979 3 years Military / SSU [7]
Lt. General
Abdul Majid Hamid Khalil 		1979 1982 3 years Military / SSU [9][7]
Major Gen.
Omar Muhammad al-Tayib
[a] 		1982 April 1985 3 years Military / SSU [10][7]
Deputy Chairman of the Transitional Military Council Lt. General
Taj el-Deen Abdallah Fadl 		April 1985 May 1986 1 year, 1 month Military Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab [11]
Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council Abd al-Rahman Saeed 1986 1989 3 years Ahmed al-Mirghani
Deputy Chairman of the RCCNS Major Gen.
Zubair Mohamed Salih 		9 July 1989 October 1993 8 years, 218 days Military / NCP Omar al-Bashir [12][7]
Vice President October 1993 February 1994
First Vice President February 1994 12 February 1998
[b] 		[13]
  Ali Osman Taha 17 February 1998 9 January 2005 6 years, 327 days NCP [13]
  John Garang 9 January 2005 30 July 2005
[c] 		202 days SPLM Southern Sudan [7]
  Salva Kiir Mayardit 11 August 2005 9 July 2011
[d] 		5 years, 332 days SPLM Southern Sudan [7][14]
  Ali Osman Taha 13 September 2011 6 December 2013 2 years, 84 days NCP [7][15]
Bakri Hassan Saleh
[e] 		7 December 2013 23 February 2019 5 years, 78 days NCP [16]
Lt. General
Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf 		23 February 2019 11 April 2019 47 days Military / NCP [17]
Deputy Chairman of the Transitional Military Council Lt. General
Kamal Abdel-Marouf al-Mahi 		11 April 2019 13 April 2019 2 days Military Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf [18]
  Lt. General
Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti) 		13 April 2019 20 August 2019 4 years, 36 days Military Abdel Fattah al-Burhan [19]
Deputy Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council 21 August 2019 25 October 2021 [20]
11 November 2021 19 May 2023 [21]
  Malik Agar 19 May 2023 Incumbent 1 year, 214 days SPLM–N [22]

Second vice presidents

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Title Portrait Name Term of office Political affiliation Representing President Refs
Took office Left office Time in office
Deputy Chairman of the NRCC   Major Gen.
Khalid Hassan Abbas 		May 1969 1971 2 years Military Gaafar Nimeiry [23]
Second Vice President   Abel Alier 1972 1982 10 years SF Southern Sudan [13][8]
Joseph Lagu 1982 April 1985 3 years SANU Southern Sudan [13]
George Kongor Arop 14 February 1994 14 October 2000 6 years, 243 days NCP Southern Sudan Omar al-Bashir [24][23]
Moses Kacoul Machar 12 February 2001 January 2005 3 years, 10 months Southern Sudan [23]
  Ali Osman Taha 9 July 2005 13 September 2011 6 years, 66 days NCP [14]
  Al-Haj Adam Youssef 13 September 2011 7 December 2013 2 years, 85 days NCP Darfur [25]
Hassabu Mohamed Abdalrahman 7 December 2013 10 September 2018 4 years, 277 days NCP South Darfur [26]
Osman Kebir 10 September 2018 11 April 2019 213 days NCP North Darfur

Third vice presidents

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Title Portrait Name Term of office Political affiliation President Refs
Took office Left office Time in office
Third Vice President   Rashid Bakr
[f] 		11 August 1976 10 September 1977 1 year, 30 days SSU Gaafar Nimeiry [27][23]
Major Gen.
Omar Muhammad al-Tayib 		1981 1982 1 year Military / SSU [23]

Assistants and advisors to the president

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Senior assistants to the president

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Title Portrait Name Term of office Political affiliation Representing President Refs
Took office Left office Time in office
Senior Assistant to the President   Riek Machar 7 August 1997 31 January 2000 2 years, 177 days SPLA-Nasir Southern Sudan Omar al-Bashir
  Minni Minnawi 23 April 2007 6 December 2010 3 years, 227 days SLM/A Darfur

Assistants to the president

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Advisors to the president

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History of the office

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The region of Southern Sudan (currently the independent republic of South Sudan) became autonomous for the first time, within Sudan, in 1972, through the Addis Ababa Agreement, and its local government had five presidents until 1983, when the Sudanese central government revoked the autonomy. Autonomy was gained again in 2005, through the Comprehensive Peace Agreement meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, and the position of president of Southern Sudan was restored. Then, on 9 July 2011, South Sudan became independent and a new constitution was adopted.

Heads of State of South Sudan (1972–present)

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(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

No. Name Lifespan Elected Took office Left office Political party
Presidents of the High Executive Council
1 Gordon Muortat Mayen 1922–2008 — 9 July 1956 6 April 1972 Independent
2 Joseph Lagu 1931– 6 April 1972 6 April 1972 Independent
3 Abel Alier   1933– — 6 April 1972 February 1978 Southern Front
4 Joseph Lagu   1931– — February 1978 12 July 1979 Sudan African National Union
5 Peter Gatkuoth   1938–2010 — 12 July 1979 30 May 1980 Independent
6 Abel Alier   1933– — 30 May 1980 5 October 1981 Southern Front
7 Gismalla Abdalla Rassas   1932–2013 — 5 October 1981 23 June 1982 South Sudan Liberation Movement
8 Joseph James Tombura   1929–1992 — 23 June 1982 5 June 1983 Sudan African National Union
9 John Garang 1945–2005 5 June 1983 5 June 1984 Independent
10 Salva Kiir Mayardit 1951– 5 June 1984 5 June 1985 Independent
11 Malik Agar 1945– 5 June 1986 5 June 1986 Independent
12 Peter Gadet 1945–2019 5 June 1987 5 June 1987 Independent
13 Peter Par Jiek 1945–2017 5 June 1987 5 June 1988 Independent
14 James Hoth Mai 1945– 5 June 1988 5 June 1989 Independent
15 Dominic Dim Deng 1945–2017 5 June 1989 5 June 1990 Independent
16 Riek Machar 1951– 5 June 1990 5 June 1993 Independent
.Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–83) Sudan People's Liberation Movement .Independent
Presidents of the Government
17 John Garang   1945–2005 — 9 July 2005 30 July 2005[g] Sudan People's Liberation Movement
18 Salva Kiir Mayardit   1951– 2010 11 August 2005

Acting since 30 July 2005

9 July 2011 Sudan People's Liberation Movement
President
18 Salva Kiir Mayardit   1951– — 9 July 2011 Incumbent Sudan People's Liberation Movement

Note: The President of South Sudan was also First Vice President of the Sudanese national government until 9 July 2011.

Vice presidents (2005–2020)

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This list contains vice presidents of Southern Sudan (2005–2011, autonomous region of Sudan) and vice presidents of the Republic of South Sudan (2011–present, independent country).

Vice presidents of the Southern Sudan autonomous region (2005–2011)

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Colour key (for political parties):
  Sudan People's Liberation Movement

Portrait Name Term of office Political affiliation President
Took office Left office Time in office
  Salva Kiir Mayardit 9 July 2005 30 July 2005 21 days SPLM John Garang
Vacant (30 July – 11 August 2005) Salva Kiir Mayardit
  Riek Machar 11 August 2005 9 July 2011 5 years, 332 days SPLM

Vice presidents of the Republic of South Sudan (2011–2020)

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Colour key (for political parties):
  Sudan People's Liberation Movement

Portrait Name Term of office Political affiliation President
Took office Left office Time in office
  Riek Machar 9 July 2011 23 July 2013 2 years, 14 days SPLM Salva Kiir Mayardit
Vacant (23 July – 25 August 2013)
  James Wani Igga 25 August 2013 21 February 2020[14] 6 years, 180 days SPLM

First vice presidents of the Republic of South Sudan (2016–2020)

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Following the signing of the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (ARCSS) in August 2015 a new position of 'first vice president' was established alongside the pre-existing positions of President of South Sudan and Vice President of South Sudan, with the incumbents in both these positions continuing in office.[28] Unlike the positions of president and vice president, which are permanent features of the Constitution, the office of first vice president will cease to exist following the end of the transitional period stipulated in the ARCSS unless otherwise decided in the permanent Constitution.

Colour key (for political parties):
  Sudan People's Liberation Movement   Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition

Portrait Name Term of office Political affiliation President
Took office Left office Time in office
  Riek Machar 26 April 2016 26 July 2016 91 days SPLM-IO Salva Kiir Mayardit
  Taban Deng Gai 26 July 2016 21 February 2020[14] 3 years, 210 days SPLM-IO (Juba faction)

Vice presidents in the unity government (since 2020)

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The Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGoNU) was formed in February 2020 and included five vice presidents.>

Position Portrait Name Term of office Political affiliation President
Took office Left office Time in office
First   Riek Machar 21 February 2020 Incumbent 4 years, 302 days SPLM-IO Salva Kiir Mayardit
Second   James Wani Igga 21 February 2020 Incumbent 4 years, 302 days SPLM
Third   Taban Deng Gai 21 February 2020 Incumbent 4 years, 302 days SPLM-IO (Juba faction)
Fourth   Rebecca Nyandeng Garang 21 February 2020 Incumbent 4 years, 302 days SPLM (Former Detainees faction)
Fifth   Hussein Abdelbagi 21 February 2020 Incumbent 4 years, 302 days SSOA

Notes

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  1. ↑ Also Head of the State Security Organization.
  2. ↑ Died in the 1998 Sudan Air Force crash.
  3. ↑ Died in office.
  4. ↑ Left position when South Sudan became independent.
  5. ↑ Also served as Prime Minister of Sudan from March 2017 to October 2018.
  6. ↑ Also Prime Minister, possibly also Third Vice President in 1977–1979.
  7. ↑ Died in a crash of the Ugandan Mil Mi-17 presidential helicopter.

See also

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  1. ↑ "UNDP-POGAR: Arab Countries". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27.
  2. ↑ Cite error: The named reference ThReut_5civilians_SovCouncil was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  3. ↑ Cite error: The named reference SudTrib_FFC_5SovCouncil was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  4. ↑ Cite error: The named reference al Jazeera 11/2021 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  5. ↑ "Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council". Radio Dabanga. Khartoum. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  6. ↑ "Sudan's Burhan dismisses Hemedti of his position". Al Bawaba. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Sudan Presidency: The First Vice–Presidents of the Republic Archived December 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Reference Aid" (PDF). Cia.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  9. ↑ "Sudan-Role in Government". Data.mongabay.com. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  10. ↑ Collins, Robert O. (23 April 2019). Civil Wars and Revolution in the Sudan: Essays on the Sudan, Southern Sudan and Darfur, 1962 - 2004. Tsehai Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 9780974819877. Retrieved 23 April 2019 – via Google Books.
  11. ↑ "The Transitional Military Council: April 1985- June 1986 » Presidency of the Republic - Presidential Palace". Presidency.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  12. ↑ "الصفحة الرئيسة » رئاسة الجمهورية - القصر الجمهوري". Presidency.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "SUDAN UPDATE : Raising the stakes: Oil and conflict in Sudan" (PDF). Sudanupdate.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Salva Kiir and Ali Osman appointed deputies of Sudan's President - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudantribune.com. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  15. ↑ "Sudan's Bashir promotes Taha to first vice-president and appoints a Darfurian as VP - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  16. ↑ "Sudan appoints new vice president". Ahram Online. 8 December 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  17. ↑ Hashim, Mohanad (25 February 2019). "Bashir's state of emergency fails to end Sudan protests". BBC News. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  18. ↑ "Hamdan Dagalo Appointed as Deputy Head of Sudan's Transitional Military Council". 7dnews.com.
  19. ↑ "RSF militia commander sworn-in as Sudan's interim Vice-President". Radio Dabanga. 13 April 2019.
  20. ↑ "Sudan: Constitutional Decree On Appointment of Sovereignty Council Issued". allAfrica.com. August 21, 2019.
  21. ↑ "Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  22. ↑ "Air strikes hammer Khartoum as army chief drops RSF foe from Sudan council". Reuters. 19 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Sudan Presidency: Vice–Presidents of the Republic Archived December 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Psychology Press. 31 October 2002. ISBN 9781857431315. Retrieved 23 April 2019 – via Google Books.
  25. ↑ "Doha Agreement, more specifications and reactions | Radio Dabanga". Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  26. ↑ "allAfrica.com: Sudan: Hassabu Mohamed Abdul-Rahman Appointed As Vice - President". allAfrica.com.
  27. ↑ 'Europa World Year Book 1985, Volume II, p. 2625
  28. ↑ "Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan" (PDF). Intergovernmental Authority on Development. 17 August 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2024.


References

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Other websites

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