Spanish treasure fleet

The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet from Spanish Flota de Indias, was a convoy system adopted by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790. It linked Spain with its territories in America across the Atlantic into the West Indies; and via Acapulco, across the Pacific into the East Indies.

Spanish galleon routes (white): West Indies or trans-atlantic route begun in 1492, Manila galleon or trans-pacific route begun in 1565. (Blue: Portuguese routes, operational from 1498 to 1640)

The convoys were general-purpose cargo fleets used for transporting wide varieties of merchandise. These included agricultural produce including spices, sugar, tobacco, lumber; various metal resources of silver, gold; and luxeries such as gems, pearls, silk, and other exotic goods. From the colonies, these were sent back to the Spanish mainland. Passengers and their amenities such as soap, textiles, books and tools were transported in the opposite direction. The West Indies fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history, which consequently spurred the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade that became the first permanent trade route across the Pacific.