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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Lactulose

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Mr. Ibrahem/Lactulose
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˈlæktjʊloʊz/
Trade namesCholac, Generlac, Consulose, Duphalac, others
Synonyms4-O-β-D-Galactosyl-D-fructose
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682338
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth (solution)
Drug classOsmotic laxative[1]
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityPoorly absorbed
Metabolism100% in colon by bacteria
Onset of action8 to 48 hours[3][4]
Elimination half-life1.7–2 hours
ExcretionFeces
Identifiers
  • 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-β-D-fructofuranose
    OR
    (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-((2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H22O11
Molar mass342.30 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O[C@H]2[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)[C@H](O[C@]2(O)CO)CO
  • InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)7(17)8(18)11(21-4)22-9-5(2-14)23-12(20,3-15)10(9)19/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6+,7+,8-,9-,10+,11+,12-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:JCQLYHFGKNRPGE-FCVZTGTOSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.[2][5] It is used by mouth for constipation and either by mouth or in the rectum for hepatic encephalopathy.[2] It generally begins working after 8–12 hours, but may take up to 2 days to improve constipation.[3][4]

Common side effects include abdominal bloating and cramps.[2] A potential exists for electrolyte problems as a result of the diarrhea it produces.[2] No evidence of harm to the baby has been found when used during pregnancy.[2] It is generally regarded as safe during breastfeeding.[6] It is classified as an osmotic laxative.[1]

Lactulose was first made in 1929, and has been used medically since the 1950s.[7][8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] It is available as a generic and brand-name product.[5] In various countries it is about US$0.16 per 15 ml of syrup (10 g of lactulose) in 2015.[10][11] In the United States, the cost of this amount is about US$0.63.[12] Lactulose is made from the milk sugar lactose, which is composed of two simple sugars, galactose and glucose.[13][2]

References

change
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Whitlow, Charles (2009). Improved Outcomes in Colon and Rectal Surgery. New York: Informa Healthcare. p. 366. ISBN 9781420071535. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "Lactulose". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2017-09-04. Retrieved Aug 11, 2015.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Goldman, edited by Ann; Hain, Richard; Liben, Stephen (2006). Oxford textbook of palliative care for children (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780198526537. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Helms, Richard A. (2006). Textbook of therapeutics : drug and disease management (8 ed.). Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1310. ISBN 9780781757348. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hamilton, Richard J. (2013). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition (27 ed.). Burlington, Ma.: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 111. ISBN 9781449665869. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  6. ↑ Jones, Wendy (2013). Breastfeeding and Medication. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 9781136178153. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  7. ↑ McSweeney, Paul L.H.; Fox, Patrick F. (2009). Advanced dairy chemistry (3rd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 236. ISBN 9780387848655. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  8. ↑ Schumann C (November 2002). "Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose. An update". European Journal of Nutrition. 41 Suppl 1: I17-25. doi:10.1007/s00394-002-1103-6. PMID 12420112.
  9. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  10. ↑ "Lactulose". mshpriceguide.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  11. ↑ "Lactulose Solution 500ml". Weldricks Pharmacy (UK). Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. A UK source of lactulose at £2.95 for 500 ml ($0.11/15 ml).
  12. ↑ "Lactulose Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017. Source gives cost for 473 ml as about $20.
  13. ↑ Kuntz, Hans-Dieter (2008). Hepatology textbook and atlas : history, morphology, biochemistry, diagnostics, clinic, therapy (3 ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. p. 887. ISBN 9783540768395. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
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