Sulung | |
---|---|
Puroik | |
Native to | Arunachal Pradesh |
Region | India |
Native speakers | ~5,000 (2008)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | suv |
Puroik is a Sino-Tibetian language of India and China, spoken by the Puroik people. The name Sulung was given to the Puriok by outsiders and is commonly given to small groups that inhabit the northeastern hills of the East Kameng district [2].
General information
changeThere are around 5,000 native-speakers of Puroik as of the year 2007 [3]. The bulk of the speakers reside in Arunachal Pradesh more specifically in the East Kameng district. This language is considered a threatened language, not yet endangered by the Endangered Languages Project and unfortunately has no known government support.
Language Characteristics and Rules
change[4].
NUMBER
changeNumber is not considered a grammatical feature in Sulung. Plurality is expressed, when required to be stated clearly by the huangda meaning all, many, etc.
GENDER
changeThere is no grammatical gender in Sulung. However the two sexes are distinguished when necessary. To indicate other relatices and persons the suffix -aphu is added for the male and -amua for the female. Demonstrative, and Interrogative.
CASE
changeSeven cases may be distinguished: Subject (Nominative), Object (Accusative), Instrumental, Dative (Purposive), Ablative, Possessive (Genitive), and Locative.
PRONOUN
changeThe Personal Pronoun distinguished three persons (the first person, second person, and third person) and two numbers (singular and plural). The same form is used for both genders.
ADJECTIVE
changeThere are four types of adjectives: ‘’’adjective of quality’’’, ‘’’adjective of quantity’’’, ‘’’demonstrative adjective’’’, ‘’’interrogative adjective’’’.
VERB
changeSulung verbs do not indicate number and person. The same for serves all the three persons and both the numbers.
TENSE
changeThe three principal tenses (present, past, and future), including the indefinite and the continuous are indicated by means of particles used as suffixes.
MOODS
changeThere are four moods: Imperative, potential, conditional, and subjunctive. Imperative uses the suffix ‘’-bo, -da,’’ and ‘’-ge’’ for commands. Potential uses the suffix ‘’-pa’’ to express the ability to perform. Conditional uses ‘’-re/-hangra’’ to express obligation.
ADVERB
changeAdverbs may be distinguished into four classes: Time, place, manner, and interrogative.
Samples
changeA list of consonants, vowels, and vocabulary can be found on the Endangered Languages page under the *Resources* tab [5]. It includes over 100 words and phrases of the Puroik Language. This resource also includes grammar rules and the explanation of gender/number/degree use.
See also
changePuroik Language
Arunachal Pradesh
East Kameng district
Puroik People
References
change- ↑ Sulung at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ↑ Deuri, R.K. 1982. The Sulungs. Shillong: Government of Arunachal Pradesh
- ↑ Puroik
- ↑ Tayeng, Aduk. 1990. Sulung language guide. Shillong: The Director of Information and Public Relations, Arunachal Pradesh
- ↑ Puroik Resources tab
Further reading
changePertin, David. 2005. "The Puroiks (Sulungs) of Arunachal Pradesh." In Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography 1, edited by Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri and Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri, 367-378. New Dehli: Mittal.
Dutta, Sristidhar, and Tana Showren. 2008. "A Case Study of the Sulungs (Puroiks)." In: Blisters on their feet: tales of internally displaced persons in India's North East, edited by Samir Kumar Das, 59-68. Los Angeles and New Dehli: Sage.
Deuri, R.K. 1982. The Sulungs. Shillong: Government of Arunachal Pradesh
Remsangpuia. 2008. Puroik Phonology. Shillong: Don Bosco Centre for Indigenous Culture (DBCIC).
Stonor, C. R. (1952). The Sulung Tribe of the Assam Himalayas. Anthropos, (5/6), 947. doi:10.2307/41104369
Tayeng, Aduk. 1990. Sulung language guide. Shillong: The Director of Information and Public Relations, Arunachal Pradesh.
Primitive tribes in contemporary India: concept, ethnography and demography. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 2005. Print.
External links
change[Text Sulung Good News Christina Story] (text)
[Audio Sulung Good News Christian Story] (audio)
Category:Sino-Tibetan languages
Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh
Category:Endangered Indian languages