V (programming language)

V, also known as vlang, is a compiled programming language created to be easier for using, reading, maintaining, and making safer programs. It was created by Alexander Medvednikov in 2019.

V

The official V logo
Paradigms	functional, imperative, structured, concurrent
Designed by	Alexander Medvednikov
First appeared	20 June 2019 (2019-06-20)
Stable release	0.4.8  / 28 September 2024 (28 September 2024)
Typing discipline	static, strong, inferred
Implementation language	V
Platform	x86-64
OS	Linux, macOS, Windows, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonflyBSD, Solaris
License	MIT
Filename extensions	.v, .vsh
Website	vlang.io
Influenced by
Go, Kotlin, Oberon, Python, Rust, Swift

Some technical details

V is also general-purpose, which means that it can be used for different purposes, to include creating different kinds of applications that can be cross-platform. V applications can be created to run on many different operating systems. The language also has various rules and features for greater program safety.

Users don't have to care about managing memory themselves, unless they want to, because V gives different options. Users can use a garbage-collector (GC), which is 1 of 4 other choices. Advanced users can choose to turn the GC off and manage memory themselves, using the other options from V.

V works well with C. Functions in C can be called for use in V. It can translate C code into V. Code in V can also be compiled to human readable C, JavaScript, and other languages.

Examples

Here is a hello world program in V.

println("Hello world!")

Here is an example of using a variable:

• Define by using := and a value.
• Variables that don't have mut, have values that can't be changed.
• Variables that have mut before them can change values using =.

a := 1 // value can not be changed
mut b := 2 // value can be changed
b = 3

Here is an example of using `if`, `else if` and `else` conditionals in V.

// Define entry point.
fn main() {
	a := 10
	b := 20
	if a < b {
		println("${a} < ${b}")
	} else if a > b {
		println("${a} > ${b}")
	} else {
		println("${a} == ${b}")
	}
	// Output: 10 < 20
}

Here are examples of how to use the for loop in V.

• In V, all types of loops use the same `for` keyword.
• This helps to make it easier to learn and separate them from other kinds of code.

// Define entry point.
fn main() {
    // Here is a condition `for` loop (also known as a `while` loop).
	mut count := 0
    for count < 5 {
        // some code
        count++
        println(count) // Prints numbers from 1 up to 5.
    }

    // Here is a range `for` loop.
    for i in 1..10 {
        println("Number: ${i}") // Prints numbers from 1 up to 9.
    }
	
    // Here is a map `for` loop.
	m := {
		"one": 1
		"two": 2
	}
	for key, value in m {
		println("${key} -> ${value}")
		// Output: one -> 1
		//         two -> 2
	}

	// Here is a bare `for` loop.
	mut num := 0
	for {
		num += 2
		if num >= 10 {
			break
		}
	}
	println(num) // Prints "10".
	
	// Here is a C style `for` loop.
	for i := 0; i < 8; i += 2 {
		// Don't print 4
		if i == 4 {
			continue
		}
	println(i) // Prints the numbers "0", "2", and "6".
	}
}

Further reading

• The V Programming Language basic (in Japanese). Independent Laboratory. June 20, 2020. ASIN B08BKJDRFR.
• Rao, Navule Pavan Kumar (December 10, 2021). Getting Started with V Programming. Packt Publishing. ASIN B09FKK3JL7. ISBN 978-1839213434. OCLC 1290492862.
• Lyons, Dakota "Kai" (April 13, 2022). Beginning with V Programming. Independently Published. ASIN B09XSZKTJ1. ISBN 979-8801499963.
• Chakraborty, Dr. Soubhik; Haldar, Subhomoy (December 6, 2023). Randomness Revisited using the V Programming Language. Nova Science Publishers. doi:10.52305/CVCN5241. ISBN 979-8891133280.
• Tsoukalos, Mihalis (May 2022). "Discover the V language". Linux Format Magazine (288). ISSN 1470-4234.

Other websites

• Official website
• Vlang on GitHub
• Documentation
• Modules