Wombat State Forest
The Wombat State Forest, also called the Bullarook Forest, is 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, between Woodend and Daylesford, at the Great Dividing Range. The forest covers an area of about 70,000 hectares (170,000 acres). The Bullarook Wombat State Forest was set up in 1871.[1]
| Wombat State Forest | |
|---|---|
 Entering the Wombat State Forest, south of Blackwood | |
| Location | Victoria, Australia |
| Nearest city | Daylesford (formerly Wombat) |
| Coordinates | 37°27′S 144°17′E / 37.450°S 144.283°E |
| Area | 70,000 hectares (170,000 acres) |
| Established | 1871 |
| Governing body | Department of Sustainability and Environment |
The forest is managed by the Department of Sustainability and Environment.[2] The management plan covers firewood and other products; protection of water supplies, conservation of biodiversity, and conservation of landscape. Other areas of importance include cultural heritage, research, education, tourism, recreation, mineral exploration, mining, and grazing.
History
change"This forest was the testing ground for techniques, ideas and attitudes that shaped resource management and sawmilling well into the twentieth century." (Forest historian Norm Houghton)
The Dja Dja Wurrung peoples lived the area that is now state forest land. Before European settlement, the forest covered a larger area than it does today.
- 19th century
The forest was logged heavily during the gold rush era of the mid-1800s.[4] The wood was used for tunnel supports, sleepers for tramways, lining of mining shafts, firewood for mine boilers, piles for piers and docks, electric poles, and heavy construction timbers. In 1860 the 1860 Land Act (Section 80) was created, which placed some restrictions on logging trees. In 1871, the Wombat State Forest was set up.[5]
By 1884, there were 36 saw mills in the Wombat and Bullarook Forests. The wood was sent to Melbourne, Sandhurst, and Ballarat.[6] There was little replanting and the young trees were burned.[6] Eventually the forest was ruined, and timber harvesting was stopped.
- 20th century
After the gold rush, the forest slowly began to regrow. By the 1960s selected logging was begun to try to improve the quality of the forest. In the 1970s and 80s, the area was called the "Midlands Forest Management Area". This included the planting of pine trees for commercial logging.[7]
In 2001, the local community published its own findings about the forest's sustainable management. This was one of the first examples of community involvement in a state-run management plan.[8] In 2010, community worried that logging could begin in the forest because the State Government gave out logging licenses in western Victoria.[9]
Geography
changeThe Wombat Forest is divided by the Great Dividing Range.[10] The forest grows along both sides of the Dividing Range, from Creswick to Mount Macedon.[11] There are about 400 extinct volcanoes in a stretch that extends from Kilmore in the north to Mt Gambier in South Australia. Some of these volcanoes, including Mount Babbington, Mount Wilson and Blue Mount are in the Wombat Forest.
The geology make up is of Ordovician or Tertiary sediments. The rock types are of volcanic origin, dated to the Palaeozoic era. Quaternary basalts, all of volcanic origin, were in the west of the Wombat State Forest. These lands have been cleared for farming. However, Ordovician or sedimentary soils, with poor soil conditions for farming, have remained undisturbed.[10] Since the Pliocene the forest has changed from ash rainforest to a dry sclerophyll forest.
The Wombat State Forest is the headwaters of the Lerderderg, Campaspe and Loddon rivers.[12] An interesting part of the forest is a large number of mineral springs. These are about 80% of Australia’s mineral springs. The mineral waters are rich in calcium, silica, magnesium, iron and sulphur. The volcanic activity of the region has added carbon dioxide to the water that is seen in the form of bubbles emerging from the springs.[10]
Fauna and flora
change
- Fauna
The native fauna are marsupials, monotremes, reptiles, amphibians, bats and birds.[14] The Greater Glider (Petauroides volans) is the largest possum found in this forest. It lives in the western part of the Wombat State Forest.[15] Several threatened bird species live in the forest including the Great Egret, Intermediate Egret, Grey Goshawk, Australian Masked Owl, Powerful Owl and Square-tailed Kite. The forest is also home to the Red-browed Treecreeper and Olive Whistler.[16][17]
- Plants
The native plants are small medium and tall trees; shrubs of varying sizes; climbers; native herbs/forbs, grasses; rushes, sedges and aquatics; lilies, ferns and orchids.[13] The open forest is dominated by a number of eucalypt species including Messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), Broad-leaf Peppermint (E. dives), Narrow-leaf Peppermint (E. radiata), Manna Gum (E. viminalis) and Candlebark (E. rubida).[11][18] Swamp Gum (Eucalyptus ovata) and Yarra Gum (E. yarraensis) can also be found in the forest.[11]
Armillaria luteobubalina, a fungus that causes forest dieback, has been found.[19] The forest has 111 fungal species spread over its wide and varying habitats. These include “native and introduced species as well as a selection of lichenised fungi and myxomycetes (slime moulds).”[20]
Rare or threatened plant species include Wiry Bossiaea (Bossiaea cordigera), Matted Flax-lily (Dianella amoena), Brooker’s Gum (Eucalyptus brookeriana), Fryerstown Grevillea (Grevillea obtecta), Creeping Grevillea (G. repens), Hairy Beard-heath (Leucopogon microphyllus var. pilibundus), Satinwood (Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea), Small Sickle Greenhood (Pterostylis lustra), Scented Bush-pea (Pultenaea graveolens) as well as two endemic species Wombat Leafless Bossiaea (Bossiaea vombata) and Wombat Bush-pea (Pultenaea reflexifolia).[16][21]
Tourism
changeLyonville Mineral Springs, Garden of St Erth, the Lerderderg Heritage River Walk, and Nolans Creek Picnic Area are some of the tourist attractions in the forest.[2] Other historic places include the Andersons Mill, Balt Camp, Pioneer Sawmill, and Yankee Mine. There is also a heritage diesel railway in the forest.[22]
References
change- ↑ Taylor, Angela (1998). A forester's log: the story of John La Gerche and the Ballarat-Creswick State Forest, 1882-1897. Melbourne University Publish. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-0-522-84839-7. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Glover, Darryl (August 2003). "The Wombat Forest Drive". Forests (FS0007). ISSN 1440-2262.
- ↑ Evans, Peter S. (2003). "Logging by Steam in Victorian Forests" (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved 30 January 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Quinney, Ben (2004). "Wombat State Forest Community Forest Management". University of Ballarat. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ↑ Taylor, Angela (1998). A forester's log: the story of John La Gerche and the Ballarat-Creswick State Forest, 1882-1897. Melbourne University Publish. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-0-522-84839-7. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 E.E. Fernandez, ed. (1890). The Indian forester. Vol. XVI. Roorkee. pp. 467–. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
- ↑ "Wombat State Forest: Community Forest Management". University of Ballarat. November 2003. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ↑ Williamson, I. P.; Rajabifard, Abbas; Feeney, Mary-Ellen F. (10 July 2003). Developing spatial data infrastructures: from concept to reality. CRC Press. pp. 191–. ISBN 978-0-415-30265-4. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ↑ "Fears logging will resume in Wombat Forest". ABC News. 7 July 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Wombat State Forest Geology". Friends of Wombat Forest. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics; Australian Bureau of Statistics (1909). Official year book of the Commonwealth of Australia (2 ed.). Aust. Bureau of Statistics. pp. 463–. GGKEY:UXFRTWWL8DQ. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ↑ "Inland Waters Recreational Fishing Classification". fisheries. Department of Primary Indudtries. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Nattive flora of the Wombat Forest". wombatforestcare.org. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ↑ "Native_fauna". wombatforestcare.org. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ↑ "Welcome to Wombat Forestcare". wombatforestcare.org. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Wombat Landscape Zone" (PDF). Register of special places. Victorian National Parks Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ↑ "Threatened List October 2010". Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Department of Sustainability and Environment. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
- ↑ Florence, R. G. (1 April 2004). Ecology and Silviculture of Eucalypt Forests. Csiro Publishing. pp. 270–. ISBN 978-0-643-09064-4. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
- ↑ Florence, p. 398
- ↑ "111 Fungal Species of the Wombat Forest". wombatforestcare.org. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ↑ "Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria - 2005" (PDF). Department of Sustainability and Environment (Victoria). Retrieved 19 May 2013.
- ↑ Kinsela, Joseph (2009). Heart of Victoria, the - Bendigo, Castlemaine, Daylesford, Macedon: The Spirit of Place. Best Shot Publications. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-9756023-0-0. Retrieved 2 February 2011.