54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment
The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. They were nicknamed the "Swamp Angels".
| 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry | |
|---|---|
 The 54th Massachusetts at the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863 | |
| Active | March 13, 1863 – August 4, 1865 |
| Country |  United States of America |
| Allegiance |  Union |
| Branch | Union Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | 1,100 |
| Nickname(s) | 54th Massachusetts Regiment |
| Engagements | American Civil War |
| Commanders | |
| Colonel | Robert Gould Shaw |
| Colonel | Edward Needles Hallowell |
The regiment was one of the first official African-American units in the United States during the Civil War.[1] Many African-Americans also had fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812 on both sides.
History change
Creation change
In March 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation, Massachusetts Governor John A. Andrew gave his approval for the creation of the 54th Riegiment.[2] The regiment was commanded (led) by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.[2]
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton had decided that white officers would be in charge of all "coloured" units.[3] Andrew chose Robert Gould Shaw to be the regiment's colonel, and Norwood Penrose "Pen" Hallowell to be its lieutenant colonel.[2] Many of the other officers in charge of the 54th Regiment were from abolitionist families. Governor Andrew chose several of them himself.[4]
White abolitionists (including Shaw's parents) recruited the soldiers for the unit.[5][6]
Training change
The 54th trained at Camp Meigs in Readville near Boston. While training, the unit got a lot of support from abolitionists in Massachusetts, including Ralph Waldo Emerson.[7] Supporters also donated things like warm clothing items, battle flags, and $500 for a regimental band to be set up and trained.
Soon, more people were volunteering for the 54th than the regiment needed. Because of this, the medical exam that volunteers needed to pass to get into the 54th was very thorough. This meant that those who were accepted into the 54th were very strong and healthy. The Surgeon General of Massachusetts said about the 54th: "a more robust, strong and healthy set of men were never mustered into the service of the United States."[8]
On December 23, 1862, Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, gave an order. This order said that if African-American soldiers or their white officers were captured while fighting for the Union, they would be put to death.[9] In January 1863, the Confederate Congress made this order a law. This Confederate law said that if captured, both African-American soldiers and their white officers would be turned over to the states where the African-American soldiers had been slaves.
Entering battle change
Even so, the 54th left Boston with high morale (they felt good about serving in the 54th). After finishing their training, the regiment officially began serving in the United States military on May 13, 1863.[10] They left Boston on May 28, with many supporters cheering them on. When they arrived in Beaufort, South Carolina, local blacks and Northern abolitionists greeted them and celebrated their arrival.[11]
In Beaufort, the 54th joined with the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers, a unit of ex-slaves from South Carolina led by James Montgomery.[12] Montgomery led both units in a raid on the town of Darien, Georgia.[13] The people who lived in the town had run away. Montgomery ordered the soldiers to loot and burn the empty town.[14] Shaw argued against doing this, and made official complaints about his soldiers being ordered to burn and loot.[15]
Battles change
The 54th fought in its first battle on July 16, on James Island, South Carolina. They were able to stop a Confederate attack.[16] 45 members of the 54th were killed during this fight.[16]
Fort Wagner change
The 54th became famous on July 18, 1863, when it led an attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. 272 of the 600 men who charged Fort Wagner were "killed, wounded or captured."[17] At this battle, Colonel Shaw was killed, along with 29 of his men. 24 more later died of wounds; 15 were captured; 52 were missing in action and never found; and 149 were hurt. In total, the 54th suffered 272 casualties during this battle. This was the highest number of casualties the 54th would ever see in a single battle during the war.
Union forces were not able to take and hold control of Fort Wagner. However, the 54th was widely celebrated for its courage during the battle. This helped encourage more African-American people to join the Union Army, and encouraged Army commanders to use them in battles. This was a very important step in the Civil War. Later, President Abraham Lincoln said it helped the Union win the Civil War.
Other battles change
After Colonel Shaw died, Edward Hallowell became a Colonel and started leading the 54th. Under his command, the 54th fought in the Battle of Olustee. Then they were ordered to march to a train station. A train carrying wounded Union soldiers had broken down, and the wounded soldiers were in danger of being captured. When the 54th arrived, the men attached ropes to the train pulled the train by hand about three miles (4.8 km) to Camp Finnegan. There, they picked up horses to help pull the train. After that, the soldiers and horses pulled the train to Jacksonville, Florida. In all, the 54th pulled the train for a total of ten miles (16 km). This took forty-two hours.[2]
As part of an all-black brigade under Colonel Alfred S. Hartwell, the 54th unsuccessfully attacked entrenched Confederate militia at the November 1864 Battle of Honey Hill. In mid-April 1865, they fought at the Battle of Boykin's Mill, a small fight in South Carolina that was one of the last battles of the war.[source?]
Pay controversy change
When they joined the 54th, soldiers were promised that they would be paid the same as white soldiers: $13 a month (plus food and supplies).[18] Instead, once they arrived in South Carolina, the 54th was told they would be paid only $7 a month ($10 with $3 taken out to pay for clothing. White soldiers did not pay for clothing at all.)[19] Colonel Shaw and many others immediately began protesting this rule.[20] The state of Massachusetts offered to make up the difference in pay. However, the entire regiment began to refuse to accept their pay on paydays as a form of protest.[21]
Refusing their lower pay became a point of honor for the men of the 54th. In fact, at the Battle of Olustee, when they were ordered to move forward to protect the other Union forces while they were retreating, the men moved forward shouting, "Massachusetts and Seven Dollars a Month!"[2]
On June 16, 1864, the United States Congress passed a law that would give full, equal pay to any soldiers who had been free men as of April 19, 1861. Not all the soldiers qualified; some had still been slaves at this time. Colonel Hallowell, a Quaker, decided that because he did not believe in slavery, he could have all the soldiers swear that they were free men on April 19, 1861. Before being given their back pay, the entire regiment was given what became known as "the Quaker oath".[22] Colonel Hallowell carefully wrote the oath to say: "You do solemnly swear that you owed no man unrequited labor unpaid work on or before the 19th day of April 1861. So help you God".[22][23]
On September 28, 1864, the United States Congress took action to pay the men of the 54th. By this time, most of the men had served 18 months in the 54th.[24]
Related pages change
Other websites change
- "Louisiana and Massachusetts – Abraham Lincoln and Freedom". The Lincoln Institute. 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
- "Exhibit: 54th Mass Casualty List". National Archives and Records Administration. 1996. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
- Written in Glory, Letters from the Soldiers and Officers of the 54th Massachusetts
- 54th Massachusetts at the Battle of Olustee
- Photograph of Sgt. Major Lewis Douglass
- Photograph of Charles Douglass
- American Civil War Battles of Fort Wagner Archived 2016-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
Footnotes change
- ↑ "54th Regiment!". Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Emilio 1995, pp. 1–5.
- ↑ Bielakowski 2013, p. 202.
- ↑ Emilio 1995, p. 6.
- ↑ "To Colored Men. 54th Regiment! Massachusetts Volunteers, Of African Descent". Massachusetts Historical Society. 16 February 1863. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
To Colored Men: Wanted. Good men for the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers of African descent, Col. Robert G. Shaw (commanding). $100 bounty at expiration of term of service. Pay $13 per month, and State aid for families. All necessary information can be obtained at the office, corner Cambridge and North Russell Streets.
- ↑ Emilio 1995, p. 11.
- ↑ Emilio 1995, pp. 15–16.
- ↑ Emilio 1995, pp. 19–20.
- ↑ "Jefferson Davis's Proclamation Regarding Captured Black Soldiers, December 23, 1862". University of Maryland, College Park. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
- ↑ NPS Soldier and Sailor System http://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battle-units-detail.htm?battleUnitCode=UMA0054RI00C
- ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 248249.
- ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 250–249.
- ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 251–252.
- ↑ Rose 1964, p. 252.
- ↑ Rose 1964, pp. 252–253.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Emilio 1995, pp. 51–57.
- ↑ "Exhibit: 54th Mass Casualty List". National Archives and Records Administration. 1996. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
- ↑ Emilio 1991, pp. viii–ix, 8–9.
- ↑ Rose 1964, p. 261.
- ↑ Emilio 1995, pp. 47–48, 109.
- ↑ Emilio 1995, pp. 130–131, 136–138.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 McPherson 1964, pp. 217–218.
- ↑ Fuller 2001, p. 40.
- ↑ "Lt. Col. Henry N. Hooper, 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry". Florida Department of Environmental Protection – Recreation and Parks and the Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park Citizens Support Organization. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
Sources change
- Bielakowski, Alexander M. (2013). Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-427-6.
- Brown, William Wells (1867). The Negro in the American Rebellion: His Heroism and His Fidelity. Boston: Lee & Shepherd.
- Burchard, Peter (1989). One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and his Brave Black Regiment. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312046439.
- Cox, Clinton (1991). Undying Glory: The Story of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment. New York: Scholastic. ISBN 978-0590441711.
- Emilio, Luis F. (1995) [1891]. A Brave Black Regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863–1865. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306806230.
- Fuller, James (2001). Men of Color, To Arms!: Vermont African-Americans in the Civil War. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. ISBN 978-0595158263.
- McPherson, James (1964). The Struggle for Equality. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691005559.
- Rose, Willie Lee (1964). Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.