Wikipedia

Athena

goddess of wisdom and war in ancient Greek religion and mythology

Athena, or Athene, is the Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, and handicraft. She is one of the Twelve Olympians. Athena's symbol is the owl. She has a shield called Aegis, a gift from Zeus.[3] Athena is often shown wearing her helmet and holding her shield. The shield later had Medusa's head on it, given to Athena by Perseus after he killed Medusa.[4] Athena is also the protector of Athens, Greece, a city named after her. The Parthenon, on the Acropolis in Athens, is her most famous temple. She is also seen with Nike, the goddess of victory.[5]

Athena
Goddess of wisdom, warfare, and handicraft
Member of the Twelve Olympians
Mattei Athena at Louvre. Roman copy from the 1st century BC/AD after the Greek original Piraeus Athena of the 4th century BC attributed to Cephisodotos or Euphranor.
AbodeMount Olympus
AnimalsOwl, serpent, horse
SymbolAegis, helmet, spear, armor, Gorgoneion, chariot
TreeOlive
Personal information
ChildrenErichthonius (adopted)
ParentsZeus and Metis[a][1]
SiblingsSeveral paternal half-siblings
Equivalents
Roman equivalentMinerva
Canaanite equivalentAnat[2]
Egyptian equivalentNeith
Athena, in front of the parliament building in Vienna, Austria

Folklore

change

Birth

change

In Hesiod's Theogony, Zeus married Metis. The Oracle of Delphi said Metis would give birth to Athena and a son who would overthrow Zeus, just as Zeus overthrew Kronos, and Kronos overthrew his father Uranus.[6] To prevent this, Zeus swallowed Metis while she was pregnant.[7] Inside Zeus's head, Metis made a helmet, armor, and a robe for Athena, causing Zeus severe headaches. Hephaestus split Zeus's head open, and Athena emerged fully grown and armored.[8]

Lady of Athens

change

As a war goddess, Athena fought alongside Greek heroes. Athena is considered the protector of the safety of kings, meaning she safeguards the wellbeing and security of kings. She offers wisdom and strategic counsel to keep them safe.[9] Athens was a powerful sea force, winning against the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis.[9] In another legend, Poseidon gave the Athenians their first horse, while Athena gave them the first olive tree.[10] Athena was declared the patron goddess of Athens.[10] The olive tree brought wood, oil, and food, becoming a symbol of Athenian growth.[11]

Patron of heroes

change

Athena helped heroes like Jason and the Argonauts, and Perseus in his quest to kill Medusa.[12][13][14] She gave Perseus tools to kill Medusa, such as her polished bronze shield.[14] According to Pindar's Thirteenth Olympian Ode, Athena helped Bellerophon tame the winged horse Pegasus by giving him a bit.[15][16]

Titles

change

Athena, or Athene, is the Greek goddess of knowledge, purity, arts, crafts, learning, justice, and wisdom. She is often shown as a warrior goddess who uses her intelligence and strategic thinking to overcome challenges. Athenians believed she helped them win the Trojan war. Athena often helped heroes who were not just brave but also clever, like Jason and Perseus.[17] People joined her religion, hoping for victory. She is also credited with creating the olive tree and flute.[18] Athena was also the patron goddess of other cities, including Pergamon.[19]

The various titles of Athena are often seen with rites of passage for Grecian youth. Athena's title "Pallas" (meaning "young woman" or "maiden") symbolizes youth and vigor. In military training or initiation ceremonies, she represents wisdom, courage, and strategic thinking. "Athena Parthenos" (meaning "Athena the Virgin") emphasizes her independence and purity. These titles highlight the qualities expected of young men and women entering adulthood.[19]

Athena was frequently confused with Aphaea, a local goddess of Aegina, Artemis, and the nymph Britomartis.[20] In Arcadia, she was worshiped as Athena Alea.[21] Temples to Athena Alea were located in Mantineia and Tegea. The temple of Athena Alea in Tegea was an important center of ancient Greece.[b] Pausanias wrote that the temenos was founded by Athena.[22] Athena also has the title Ergane as the patron of craftsmen and artisans. As "Parthenos," she was worshiped in the festivals of the Panathenaea and Pamboeotia. As "Promachos," she led in battle.[23] As "Polias," she was the protector of many cities, including Athens, Argos, Sparta, Gortyn, Lindos, and Larisa.[24]

Glaukopis

change

Athena's most common form is Glaukopis (γλαυκῶπις).[25] The word combines glaukós (γλαυκός, meaning "gleaming, silvery" or "bluish-green" or "gray")[26] and ṓps (ὤψ, "eye, face").[27]

Historical origins

change

According to Greek mythology, Athena was born from the head of her father, Zeus. There are two main versions of her birth:

  • Parthenogenesis: Athena is born without a mother, emerging fully grown and armored from Zeus' forehead. This emphasizes her independence and wisdom from birth.
  • Metis: In Hesiod's "Theogony," Zeus swallowed Metis, who was pregnant with Athena, to prevent a prophecy that his child would overthrow him. Later, Athena was born from Zeus' head, fully grown and wearing armor.

Athena's association with Athens comes from a myth where she competed with Poseidon to be the city's patron deity. She won by offering the olive tree, symbolizing peace and prosperity.

Modern representations

change
 
Modern altar dedicated to Athena and Apollo

One of Sigmund Freud's most valued items was a small, bronze statue of Athena on his desk.[28] Freud described Athena as "a woman who is unapproachable and holds off all sexual desires."[29] Feminist views on Athena vary: some admire her for her strength, independence, and wisdom, while others critique her alignment with patriarchal values.[29]

Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and strategic thinking, is a natural patron of universities because she embodies the pursuit of knowledge and critical thinking. At Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania, a statue of Athena lives in the Great Hall.[30] Students leave offerings to the goddess during exams for good luck or forgiveness.[30]

A statue of Athena stands in front of the Austrian Parliament Building in Vienna. A full-scale replica of the Parthenon stands in Nashville, Tennessee, with a forty-two-foot (12.5 m) tall replica of Phidias's Athena Parthenos added in 1990. The Great Seal of California features Athena kneeling next to a brown grizzly bear.[31] Athena often appears on modern coins.

Family tree

change

Notes

change
  1. ↑ In other traditions, Athena's father is sometimes listed as Zeus by himself or Pallas, Brontes, or Itonos.
  2. ↑ "This temple had been respected from early days by all the Peloponnesians, and afforded safety to its visitors" (Pausanias, Description of Greece iii.5.6)
  3. ↑ According to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.
  4. ↑ According to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.
  5. ↑ According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
  6. ↑ According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100.

References

change
  1. ↑ Kerényi 1951, pp. 121–122.
  2. ↑ L. Day 1999, p. 39.
  3. ↑ Penglase, Charles (2003-10-04). Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-72930-2.
  4. ↑ Jong, Irene J. F. de (2001-11-22). A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46478-9.
  5. ↑ Fritze, Ronald H. (2009-05-15). Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-religions. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-674-2.
  6. ↑ Pollitt, Jerome Jordan (1972-03-10). Art and Experience in Classical Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09662-1.
  7. ↑ Powell, Barry B. (2012). Classical Myth. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-205-17607-6.
  8. ↑ Ruck, Carl A. P.; Staples, Danny (1994). The World of Classical Myth: Gods and Goddesses, Heroines and Heroes. Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-89089-575-7.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Graves 1960, p. 62.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kerényi 1951, p. 124.
  11. ↑ Garland 2008, p. 217.
  12. ↑ Burkert 1985, p. 141.
  13. ↑ Kinsley 1989, p. 151.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Deacy 2008, p. 61.
  15. ↑ Deacy 2008, p. 48.
  16. ↑ Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.75–78 Archived 6 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ Swiatek, Anthony; Breen, Walter H. (1981). Encyclopedia of United States silver & gold commemorative coins 1892-1954. Internet Archive. New York : Arco Pub./F.C.I. Press. ISBN 978-0-668-04765-4.
  18. ↑ Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2000-01-13). The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-42834-7.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Schmitt 2000, pp. 1059–1073.
  20. ↑ Pilafidis-Williams 1998.
  21. ↑ Jost 1996, pp. 134–135.
  22. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece viii.4.8.
  23. ↑ Kerényi, Karl (1974). The gods of the Greeks. Internet Archive. London : Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27048-6.
  24. ↑ "ATHENA TITLES & EPITHETS - Ancient Greek Religion". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  25. ↑ γλαυκῶπις in Liddell and Scott.
  26. ↑ γλαυκός in Liddell and Scott.
  27. ↑ ὤψ in Liddell and Scott.
  28. ↑ Deacy 2008, p. 153.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Deacy 2008, p. 154.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Friedman 2005, p. 121.
  31. ↑ "Symbols of the Seal of California". LearnCalifornia.org. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
change
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Athena.

Other websites

change
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athena&oldid=10156742"