Dutch language

Dutch (Dutch: Nederlands) is a West Germanic language. It comes from the Netherlands and is the country's official language. It is also spoken in the northern half of Belgium (the region called Flanders), and in the South American country of Suriname. A language known as Afrikaans was developed from Dutch by the people in southern Africa and is now spoken mainly in South Africa but also in nearby Namibia. About 22 million people around the world speak Dutch.

Dutch
Nederlands
Pronunciation	[ˈneːdərlɑnts]  ( listen)
Native to	Netherlands and Flanders
Region	Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname; also in Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, French Flanders
Ethnicity	Dutch people Flemish people
Native speakers	22 million (2016) Total (L1 plus L2 speakers): 28 million (2018)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Low Franconian Dutch
Early forms	(Old) Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch
Writing system	Latin (Dutch alphabet) Dutch Braille
Signed forms	Signed Dutch (NmG)
Official status
Official language in	Aruba Belgium Curaçao Netherlands Sint Maarten Suriname  Benelux  European Union South American Union Caricom
Regulated by	Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	nl
ISO 639-2	dut (B) nld (T)
ISO 639-3	nld Dutch/Flemish
Glottolog	mode1257
Linguasphere	52-ACB-a
Dutch-speaking world (included are areas of daughter-language Afrikaans)
Distribution of the Dutch language and its dialects in Western Europe

History

Dutch is a West Germanic language The West Germanic branch is divided into English, Frisian, German and Dutch. Dutch has a similar vocabulary and grammar to English but is closer to German.

The North Germanic languages of Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Icelandic are also part of the Germanic language branch. Dutch is also in some cases like those languages.

The Dutch of before 1170 is called Old Dutch (Oudnederlands). The Dutch between 1170 and 1500 is called Middle Dutch (Middelnederlands), which is also called Diets and so that is why it is called Dutch in English. The word "Dutch" itself came from the Proto-Germanic word *þiudiskaz, which means "of the common people" and then was also used to refer to the Germans and their language. Over time, the Modern English usage now refers to that the Netherlands, not the Germans. The Dutch word for German, Duits, comes from the same origin.

The oldest Dutch book known is Wachtendonckse Psalmen, which was written in 900. The first Dutch writer known by name is Hendrik van Veldeke, who was born around 1150.

Letters

Dutch uses the letters of the same Roman alphabet as English.

Vowels

Short	Long
a – like the a in art.	aa – somewhat like the "a" in far
e – like in pet	ee – like the "a" in space
o – like in organic	oo – like in no
u – somewhat like the "e" in the	uu – like the "ü" in the German word für
i – like in lip	i.e. – like in piece

Note: The e can also be a schwa (like in the)

Note: The short vowels (a, e, i, o, u) are pronounced long in open syllables (explaned further down below).

• oe – like the "ou" in you
• eu – like the French "eu" in fleur
• ui – typical Dutch sound, but almost identical to the French word oeuil (= eye)
• ou/au – like in sound
• ij/ei – typical Dutch sound, the same as "ej" in Esperanto (not in Polish) In Amsterdam, the sound instead is "i" in ice.
• aai – like the "i" in ice
• eeuw – typical Dutch sound
• ieuw – somewhat like "iew" in view

Open and closed syllables

Vowels are said differently on the if the syllable is open or closed. If a syllable is open, short written vowels are said as long ones. However, short written vowels are said short if the syllable is closed.:

The word praten has two syllables: pra|ten. Because pra is open, the a is pronounced like aa.

The word plat had only one syllables and so the a is short (just a).

There is, however, an exception to this rule. This is the "e". This is because "e" can also be a "mute e" (Schwa) (IPA character ə). In most words, where an open syllable ends with e it is a short e. Therefore, open syllables with a long e (ee) are written as ee. Example:

The word "me" contains an e and is not pronounced as "mee". (Mee has a totally different meaning).

There are, however, exceptions to this rule as well. This can be seen in the word meenemen. This word can be divided into three syllables: mee|ne|men. The e's in the first two syllables are long ones, but the last one is a mute e.

The mute e also occurs in the ending of verbs (usually -en).

Consonants

• b
• c
• d
• f
• g/ch – not pronounced as the English G; the Dutch G is pronounced in the back of the throat with a "scratching" sound. In the south of the Netherlands, the G is spoken differently (so called soft G) than in the north (hard G).
• h
• j – like "y" in you
• k
• l
• m
• n
• p
• q – only used rarely; spoken as k
• r – not like English; the Dutch R is a more rolling R
• s
• t
• v
• w
• x – only used rarely, mostly in foreign words, pronounced as ks
• z

Note: In words that end with "-d", the "-d" is pronounced like "-t".

Grammar

Spoken Dutch

Eva speaking Dutch

The grammar of Dutch is slightly more complex than that of English. Word order in sentences is different in complex sentences. The basic simple sentence-structure is subject-verb.

Verbs

Dutch has few grammatical tenses. These are most used:

• onvoltooide tegenwoordige tijd (present simple)
• onvoltooide verleden tijd (past simple)
• voltooide tegenwoordige tijd (present perfect)
• voltooide verleden tijd (past perfect)

Onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd

The most simple verb-time is the onvoltooide tegenwoordige tijd (ott; present simple). The ott is used when something happens now, or regularly (like Hij eet regelmatig (He eats regularly)). Most verbs are conjugated (changed) in a regular form (these verbs are called regelmatige werkwoorden (regular verbs)). The word stem of the verb is still there in all of the conjugations (verb changes). The correct way of doing so is

Person	Verb conjugation	Example with "lopen" (to walk)
Ik (I)	Stem	Ik loop
Jij (you)	Stem+t	Jij loopt
Hij/Zij (he/she)	Stem+t	Hij loopt
Wij (we)	stem+en* (infinitive)	Wij lopen
Zij (they)	stem+en*	Zij lopen
Jullie (you, plural)	stem+en*	Jullie lopen
U (you, polite)	stem+t'	U loopt

Note: The stem of a verb is the infinitive of the verb without the -en. In some verbs, the first syllable is open and so any vowel is long. The stem changes to a written long vowel so the stem of lopen becomes loop. If the -en is then added to the stem (like with wij), the written form becomes short again, but it is still said as a long vowel).

Onvoltooid verleden tijd

The past form of the ott is the onvoltooid verleden tijd (ovt; past simple). How verbs are conjugated (changed) in the ovt is not easy to understand. Mistakes are common because some verbs are add a D, but others add a T. The "'t kofschip" rule is that the verb without -en (the stem in most verbs) ends with a consonant, which is also in "'t kofschip", the verb is changed with a T:

The verb praten (to talk) is changed with a T because prat ends with a T.

The verb can now be changed as the following:

Person	Verb conjugation (with T)	Result with praten
Ik	stem+te	Ik praatte
Jij	stem+te	Jij praatte
Hij/Zij	stem+te	Hij praatte
Wij	stem+ten	Wij praatten
Zij (they)	stem+ten	Zij praatten
Jullie	stem+ten	Jullie praatten
U	stem+te	U praatte

There are some words for which "'t kofschip" is not so easy. In vrezen (to fear), the stem of the verb is vrez, but the singular form is vrees and it looks as if it is changed with a T. However, it changes to a D because vrezen without -en is vrez. The Z is not in "'t kofschip" and so the verb is changed to a D.

The verb can now be changed as follows:

Person	Verb conjugation (with D)	Result with Vrezen
Ik	stem+de	Ik vreesde
Jij	stem+de	Jij vreesde
Hij/Zij	stem+de	Hij vreesde
Wij	stem+den	Wij vreesden
Zij (they)	stem+den	Zij vreesden
Jullie	stem+den	Jullie vreesden
U	stem+de	U vreesde

Continuating verbs

Although Dutch has present continuous (the -ing form of verbs in English), it is not used often:

The senctence "I am eating", is in Dutch "Ik eet", which is literally "I eat".

The present continuous in Dutch is "Ik ben etende", but it is almost never used.

Actually, there are three types of continuous verbs in Dutch.

1. The first type is a form of the verb zijn (to be) with the actual continuous verb. That is done by adding de on the infinitive. It is rare but correct to use it in Dutch, and it is used only in very formal texts.
2. The second type is a type in and which the verb actually functions as an adverb. Depending on the subject, the verb is changed by adding either a "d" or "de" to the infinitive. The verb then has the function of while..... An example: Hij liep drinkend de supermarkt uit. English uses He walked out of the supermarket while drinking .
3. The third type is a type that is often used. Its use can be compared with the English type of continuous. Something is being done at the moment but is not completed. The form of zijn + aan het comes before the infinitive: Ik ben aan het lopen, which means I am walking (at the moment).

Examples

Spoken Dutch

hallo (hello)
Ik heet ... (my name is...)
Ik hou van je (I love you)
ja (yes)
nee (no)

Numbers

een (one)
twee (two)
drie (three)
vier (four)
vijf (five)
zes (six)
zeven (seven)
acht (eight)
negen (nine)
tien (ten)
elf (eleven)
twaalf (twelve)

In number with three digits (e.g. 100), the Dutch change the u into o and replace 1 of the r's. Example:

The number 100 becomes: honderd, which literally means hundred.

Basic Dutch expressions

Dutch	English
Hallo	Hello
Hoi	Hi
Dag	Bye (formal)
Doei!	Bye! (informal)
Tot later!	See you later!
Goedemorgen/Goedemiddag	Good morning/Good afternoon
Goedenavond/Goedenacht	Good evening/Good night
Hoe gaat het met je?	How are you? (informal)
Hoe gaat het met u?	How are you? (formal)
Met mij gaat het goed!	I am fine!
Dank je/Dank u	Thank you (informal/formal)
Graag gedaan	You are welcome
Spreekt u Engels?	Do you speak English?
Spreekt u Nederlands?	Do you speak Dutch?
Ik begrijp het niet	I do not understand
Ik weet het niet	I do not know
Tot ziens	Goodbye
Tot straks	See you later
Mijn naam is...	My name is...
Ik ben...	I am...
Alsjeblieft	Please (informal)
Alstublieft	Please (formal)
Wat is je naam?	What is your name? (informal)
Wat is uw naam?	What is your name? (formal)
Waar kom je vandaan?	Where are you from? (informal)
Waar komt u vandaan?	Where are you from? (formal)
Ik kom uit Nederland/België	I'm from the Netherlands/Belgium
Wat is er?	What's wrong?
Sorry, waar is het station?	Excuse me, where is the train station?
Hoeveel kost deze trui?	How much is this sweater?
Mevrouw	Miss/Mrs.
Meneer	Mr.
Waar	Where
Misschien	Maybe
Goede reis	Have a good trip
Prettige dag	Have a nice day