Rashtrakuta Empire
The Rashtrakutas (r. 753–982 CE) were a powerful Indian dynasty that ruled large parts of the India from the 6th to the 10th centuries. Their earliest known inscription is from the 7th century, detailing their rule in central or west India. Various clans, including the Elichpur clan, were feudatories under the Badami Chalukyas. Under Dantidurga, the Elichpur clan overthrew the Chalukyas and established the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, with their base in modern Karnataka.[3]
Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 753 CE–982 CE | |||||||||
 Extent of Rashtrakuta Empire, 800 CE, 915 CE. [1] | |||||||||
| Status | Empire | ||||||||
| Capital | Manyakheta, now known as Malkheda | ||||||||
| Common languages | Kannada Sanskrit | ||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism Jainism Buddhism[2] | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||
• 735–756 | Dantidurga | ||||||||
• 973–982 | Indra IV | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Earliest Rashtrakuta records | 753 CE | ||||||||
• Established | 753 CE | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 982 CE | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | India | ||||||||
In around 786 CE, the Rashtrakutas entered the political scene in Northern India, where they competed with the Palas from the east and the Gurjara-Pratiharas from the west. This rivalry, known as the "Tripartite Struggle" or "The Kanauj Triangle" was focused on controlling the strategic city of Kanauj, which had been a symbol of power and prestige. The struggle lasted for about two centuries, with each of the three powers experiencing periods of success, capturing Kanauj, and asserting dominance over northern India.[4]
History
changeEstablisment
changeThe Samangadh copper plate (753) records that Dantidurga, a feudatory ruler from Achalapura (modern Elichpur in Maharashtra), defeated the Badami Chalukyas under Kirtivarman II in 753 and seized control of their northern territories.[5][6][7] He also helped his son-in-law, Pallava King Nandivarman II, reclaim Kanchi and defeated the rulers of Kalinga, Kosala, and Srisailam.[8][9] Dantidurga's successor, Krishna I, expanded the Rashtrakuta territory to include present-day Karnataka and Konkan. [10][11]
Expansion
changeUnder Dhruva Dharavarsha, who became king in 780, the Rashtrakutas grew into a powerful empire stretching from the Kaveri River to Central India. Dhruva defeated the Pratiharas and Palas in Kannauj, solidifying the Rashtrakutas as a dominant force in India.[10][12][13][14]
Govinda III's reign marked a peak of Rashtrakuta power.[15] During his rule, a three-way conflict unfolded between the Rashtrakutas, Palas, and Pratiharas for control of the Gangetic plains. Govinda III defeated both the Pratihara ruler Nagabhatta II and the Pala emperor Dharmapala.[10] According to the Sanjan inscription, his horses drank from the icy waters of the Himalayan streams and his war elephants tasted the sacred waters of the Ganges, suggesting that his army reached the Himalayan streams and the Ganges. [16][17]
After conquering Kannauj, Govinda III expanded his control southward, securing Gujarat, Kosala, and Gangavadi. He subdued the Pallavas of Kanchi, installed his choice of ruler in Vengi, and received tribute, including statues, from the king of Ceylon. The Cholas, Pandyas, and Kongu Cheras also paid him tribute.[18][19][20][21]
Amoghavarsha
changeAmoghavarsha I, the successor of Govinda III, made Manyakheta the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire, which remained so until its fall.[22][23][24] He ascended the throne in 814 but took until 821 to suppress revolts. Amoghavarsha secured peace with the Western Ganga dynasty through marriage alliances and defeated the Eastern Chalukyas at Vingavalli, earning the title Viranarayana.[25][26]
Unlike Govinda III, Amoghavarsha preferred diplomacy over warfare, maintaining friendly relations with neighbors like the Gangas, Eastern Chalukyas, and Pallavas.[27] His reign was a golden age for arts, literature, and religion. An accomplished scholar, he authored Kavirajamarga in Kannada, a landmark in Kannada literature, and Prashnottara Ratnamalika in Sanskrit, later translated into Tibetan. [28] Due to his peace-loving nature and cultural contributions, he is often compared to Emperor Ashoka and called the "Ashoka of the South." [29]
Later Rashtrakuta Kings
changeUnder Krishna II, the Rashtrakuta Empire faced challenges, including a revolt by the Eastern Chalukyas, shrinking its territory to the Western Deccan and Gujarat.[30] Krishna II ended the autonomy of the Gujarat branch, bringing it under direct rule from Manyakheta.
Indra III revitalized the empire by defeating the Kingdom of Malwa and launching successful campaigns in the Ganges-Jamuna doab, where he defeated both the Pratiharas and Palas and maintained political influence over the Western Chalukyas.[30][31][32] His victories in Kannauj had lasting effects, as noted in a 930 CE copper plate issued by Govinda IV.[33][34]
After a series of weak rulers, Krishna III, the last powerful Rashtrakuta king, restored the empire's strength. He expanded its borders from the Narmada to the Kaveri River, including northern Tamil regions, and even exacted tribute from the king of Ceylon.[35][36][37][38][39]
Decline
changeIn 972 CE, during the reign of Khottiga Amoghavarsha, the Malwa king Siyaka Harsha attacked and plundered Manyakheta, the Rashtrakuta capital. This defeat damaged the empire's reputation and triggered its downfall.[40]
Taking advantage of the chaos, Tailapa II, a Rashtrakuta feudatory from Tardavadi (modern Bijapur), declared independence and established the Western Chalukya dynasty.[41][42] Indra IV, the last Rashtrakuta emperor, renounced his throne and ended his life through Sallekhana (fasting unto death) at Shravanabelagola. With the Rashtrakutas' fall, their feudatories and allied clans in the Deccan and northern India declared independence. The Western Chalukyas took control of Manyakheta, making it their capital and building a powerful empire. Meanwhile, the focus of power shifted to the Krishna-Godavari region (Vengi), and the Chalukyas faced rising competition from the resurgent Cholas in the south.[43]
List of Kings
change- Dantidurga (735–756 CE), Founder of dynasty
- Krishna I (756–774 CE)
- Govinda II (774–780 CE)
- Dhruva Dharavarsha (780–793 CE)
- Govinda III (793–814 CE)
- Amoghavarsha I (814–878 CE) Longest Reigning
- Krishna II (878–914 CE)
- Indra III (914–929 CE)
- Amoghavarsha II (929–932 CE)
- Govinda IV (930–935 CE)
- Amoghavarsha III (934–939 CE)
- Krishna III (939–967 CE)
- Khottiga Amoghavarsha (967–972 CE)
- Karka II or Amoghhavarsha IV (972–973 CE)
- Indra IV (973–982 CE), was only a claimer for the lost throne.
References
change- ↑ Keay, John (2000). India: A History. Grove Publication. p. 198. ISBN 0802137970.
- ↑ The Rise and Decline of Buddhism in India, K.L. Hazara, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1995, pp288–294
- ↑ Reu, Bisheshwar Nath (1997). History of the Rāshṭrakūṭas (Rāṭhōḍas) (repr ed.). Jaipur: Publication Scheme. p. 39. ISBN 978-81-86782-12-5.
- ↑ Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Publications. p. 191. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
- ↑ Reu (1933), p54
- ↑ From Rashtrakuta inscriptions call the Badami Chalukya army Karnatabala (power of Karnata) (Kamath 2001, p57, p65)
- ↑ Altekar in Kamath (2001), p72
- ↑ Sastri (1955), p141
- ↑ Thapar (2003), p333
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Sastri (1955), p143
- ↑ Sen (1999), p368
- ↑ Desai and Aiyar in Kamath (2001), p75
- ↑ Reu (1933), p62
- ↑ Sen (1999), p370
- ↑ The ablest of the Rashtrakuta kings (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p77)
- ↑ Kamath 2001, MCC, p76
- ↑ From the Sanjan inscriptions, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. "The Rashrakutas". 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
- ↑ From the Nesari records (Kamath 2001, p76)
- ↑ Reu (1933), p65
- ↑ Sastri (1955), p144
- ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013), p95, Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800 – AD 1124). Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks
- ↑ Which could put to shame even the capital of gods-From Karda plates (Altekar 1934, p47)
- ↑ A capital city built to excel that of Indra (Sastri, 1955, p4, p132, p146)
- ↑ Reu 1933, p71
- ↑ from the Cambay and Sangli records. The Bagumra record claims that Amoghavarsha saved the "Ratta" kingdom which was drowned in an "ocean of Chalukyas" (Kamath 2001, p78)
- ↑ Sastri (1955), p145
- ↑ Narasimhacharya (1988), p1
- ↑ Reu (1933), p38
- ↑ Panchamukhi in Kamath (2001), p80
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Sastri (1955), p161
- ↑ From the writings of Adikavi Pampa (Kamath 2001, p81)
- ↑ Sen (1999), pp373-374
- ↑ Kamath (2001), p82
- ↑ The Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta gained control over Kannauj for a brief period during the early 10th century (Thapar 2003, p333)
- ↑ From the Siddalingamadam record of 944 – Krishna III captured Kanchi and Tanjore as well and had full control over northern Tamil regions (Aiyer in Kamath 2001, pp82–83)
- ↑ From the Tirukkalukkunram inscription – Kanchi and Tanjore were annexed by Krishna III. From the Deoli inscription – Krishna III had feudatories from Himalayas to Ceylon. From the Laksmeshwar inscription – Krishna III was an incarnation of death for the Chola Dynasty (Reu 1933, p83)
- ↑ Conqueror of Kanchi, (Thapar 2003, p334)
- ↑ Conqueror of Kanchi and Tanjore (Sastri 1955, p162)
- ↑ Sen 1999), pp374-375
- ↑ "Amoghavarsha IV". 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
- ↑ The province of Tardavadi in the very heart of the Rashtrakuta empire was given to Tailapa II as a fief (provincial grant) by Rashtrakuta Krishna III for services rendered in war (Sastri 1955, p162)
- ↑ Kamath (2001), p101
- ↑ Kamath (2001), pp100–103