Wikipedia

Reconquista (Mexico)

modern irredentist movement advocating the restoration of Mexican control over territory now part of the United States

The reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America – "taking back by force" of the Southwestern United States of America – is a thought some people have. The reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America is the plan that the Southwestern United States of America should be part of Mexico again. Some people think the reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America must be done in laws. Some people think the reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America must be done in culture. The reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America is a thought about taking back what is rightfully someone else's. The reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America is also known as advocating a Greater Mexico. Many people want the reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America to happen because the Southwestern United States of America was said to be under the law of other countries for hundreds of years. Those other countries were: Spain; then Mexico. Mexico said some parts of the Southwestern United States of America were under their rule from 1821–1845. Mexico said some parts of the Southwestern United States of America were under their law from 1821–1848.[1]

Map of what part of the USA's people are Hispanic and Latino American in 2010 overlaid with the Mexican–American border of 1836

Things that happened in the past

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Those parts of the United States of America with the most Mexican things are the same as the parts of the United States of America which were parts of Mexico until the 19th century. Those Mexican things are: immigration; culture.[2]

What people who write about culture think of the reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America

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What Mexican writers think of the reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America

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There is an article written in 2001. This article is on Terra. Terra is a Latin American web portal. This article is called "Advancement of the Spanish language and Hispanics is like a Reconquista (Reconquest)." This article is written by Elena Poniatowska. Elena Poniatowska says:

A US media outlet recently stated that in some places like Los Angeles, if you didn't speak Spanish, you were "out". It's sort of a reconquista (reconquest) of lost territories that have Spanish names and were once Mexican.

[With a cordial tone, taking pauses, and with a smile on her lips, the Mexican writer commented with satisfaction the change that is happening in the US with regards to the perception of Hispanics and the progress of the Latino community in migratory movements]

The people of the cockroach, of the flea, who come from poverty and misery, are slowly advancing towards the United States and devouring it. I do not know what is to become of all this [in reference to the supposed racism that can ostensibly still be perceived in the US and other countries], but it [racism] seems to be an innate illness in mankind.[3]

This means Elena Poniatowska says:

A group of people who write about news in the United States of America said that there are some places like Los Angeles. In those places people think not speaking Spanish is strange. People thinking not speaking Spanish is strange is like the Mexican military taking those places back. Those places have Spanish names. Those places were under Mexican law in the past.

[Elena Poniatowska says she is pleased that the United States of America is thinking different thoughts about Hispanic anmd Latino immigration to the United States of America.]

Poor people are moving towards the United States of America and eating it. I do not know what will happen with what people think is racism in the United States of America and other countries. Racism seems to be a problem mankind is born with.

Carlos Fuentes gave a speech. The speech was in 2003. The sppech was the important speech at the begining of something. That something was a gathering of experts. In that speech Carlos Fuentes said:

Well, I've just used an English expression (a reference to having said 'brain trust' in the preceding paragraph) and that brings me back to the American continent, where 400 million men and women, from the Río Bravo to Cape Horn, speak Spanish in what were the domains of the Spanish Crown for 300 years; but in a continent, where, in the north of Mexico, in the United States, another 35 million people also speak Spanish, and not only in the territory that belonged to New Spain first and Mexico until 1848—that southwestern border that extends from Texas to California—but to the north Pacific of Oregon, to the midwest of Chicago and even to the east coast of New York City.

For that reason, one speaks of a reconquista (reconquering) of the old territories of the Spanish Empire in North America.[4]

That means Carlos Fuentes said:

I've just used some English words so let's talk about the Americas. There are people in the United States of America who speak the Spanish language in places where people did not speak the Spanish language before. There are people bringing the Spanish language to the north Pacific in Oregon. There are people bringing the Spanish language to the midwest in Chicago. There are people bringing the Spanish language to the east coast in New York City.

All of those changes are the reason to talk about a reconquering of the parts of the United States of America which were claimed by the Spanish Empire.

In another part of his speech, Carlos Fuentes briefly talked again about his idea of "reconquista":

In summary, reconquista today, but, pre-factum, re-conquest - will take us to factum.[4]

That means Carlos Fuentes said:

The reconquista of the parts of the United States of America has not happened. The reconquista of the parts of the United States of America will happen. The early steps of the reconquista of the parts of the United States of America will make the rest of the reconquista of the parts of the United States of America happen.

Nationalist Front of Mexico

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There is a group with unusual beliefs. That group is a group that says things about politics. That group is a group that believes things about politics. That group is named the Nationalist Front of Mexico. The Nationalist Front of Mexico says that the culture of the United States of America is Anglo culture. The Nationalist Front of Mexico dislikes Anglo-United States of American culture. The Nationalist Front of Mexico does not think a treaty is real. That treaty is the treaty which gave parts of Mexico to the United States of America. The Nationalist Front of Mexico thinks the United States of America is occupying those parts. That means the Nationalist Front of Mexico thinks the United States of America is holding those parts by military force. That means the Nationalist Front of Mexico thinks the United States of America is holding those parts for a short time. That means the Nationalist Front of Mexico thinks the United States of America will stop holding those parts at some timwe in the future. That means the Nationalist Front of Mexico thinks the people in those parts want the United States of America to stop holding those parts.[5]

On the Nationalist Front of Mexico's website, the Nationalist Front of Mexico says:

We reject the occupation of our nation in its northern territories, an important cause of poverty and emigration. We demand that our claim to all the territories occupied by force by the United States be recognized in our Constitution, and we will bravely defend, according to the principle of self-determination to all peoples, the right of the Mexican people to live in the whole of our territory within its historical borders, as they existed and were recognized at the moment of our independence.[6]

That means the Nationalist Front of Mexico says:

We say that the northern part of our people's country is held by military force. We will not let that keep happening. We say that the Mexican Constitution must be changed to say that the parts held by the United States of America's military are really parts of Mexico.

Charles Truxillo

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Charles Truxillo was a Chicano activist. Charles Truxillo was an adjunct professor of the University of New Mexico (UNM).[7] Charles Truxillo thought about a new country. That new country would be named the República del Norte in the Spanish language. (The República del Norte would be "Republic of the North" in the English language.) The República del Norte would break apart from the United States of America and from Mexico. The República del Norte would have the southwestern United States of America and the northern part of Mexico.The República del Norte would be the Chicano nation state. Charles Truxillo wanted the southwestern United States of America to secede from the United States of America. That means Charles Truxillo wanted the southwestern United States of America to break apart from the United States of America. Charles Truxillo wanted the southwestern United States of America to become a new Chicano nation. Charles Truxillo said that the Articles of Confederation make the states of the United States of America have all control of their own laws. Charles Truxillo said that the Articles of Confederation give the states of the United States of America the right to break away from the United States of America.[7][8]

Charles Truxillo taught at the University of New Mexico's Chicano Studies Program. The University of New Mexico's Chicano Studies Program asked Charles Truxillo to work for them before each year began. They did not hire him forever. Someone interviewed Charles Truxillo. In the interview, Charles Truxillo said that:

"Native-born American Hispanics feel like strangers in their own land."[8] He said, "We remain subordinated. We have a negative image of our own culture, created by the media. Self-loathing is a terrible form of oppression. The long history of oppression and subordination has to end" and that on both sides of the US–Mexico border "there is a growing fusion, a reviving of connections.... Southwest Chicanos and Norteño Mexicanos are becoming one people again."[8]

That means that in the interview, Charles Truxillo said that:

Hispanics who are born in the United States of America feel like strangers in their own land. Hispanics who are born in the United States of America are still ruled by others. Hispanics who are born in the United States of America think bad things about the culture of Hispanics who are born in the United States of America. Hispanics who are born in the United States of America are made to think those bad things by the media. Hispanics who are born in the United States of America thinking bad things about themselves is bad. Hispanics who are born in the United States of America thinking bad things about themselves is a way of keeping Hispanics who are born in the United States of America down. The long history of keeping Hispanics who are born in the United States of America down has to end. Chicanos in the southwest of the United States of America and Northern Mexican people are growing back together with each other again. Chicanos in the southwest of the United States of America and Northern Mexican people are becoming the same people again.[8]

Charles Truxillo said that Hispanic Americans who are "enjoying the benefits of assimilation" are most likely of all Americans to be against the Reconquista of the southwest United States of America. "Enjoying the benefits of assimilation" means being in power or some having some other good things from being part of normal Americans.

Charles Truxillo then said:

There will be the negative reaction, the tortured response of someone who thinks, "Give me a break. I just want to go to Wal-Mart." But the idea will seep into their consciousness, and cause an internal crisis, a pain of conscience, an internal dialogue as they ask themselves: "Who am I in this system?"[8]

Charles Truxillo meant:

Some Latino Americans will not want to help the Reconquista of the southwest United States of America because the ease of the American consumer culture makes those Latino Americans feel that everything is good. (Part of the ease of the American consumer culture is going to Wal-Mart.) But then the idea of the Reconquista of the southwest United States of America will slowly go into the minds of those Latino Americans. The idea of the Reconquista of the southwest United States of America will make those Latino Americans think that they are bad if they don't help the Reconquista of the southwest United States of America because they will understand they are a part of the bad things in the American system.

Charles Truxillo believed that the República del Norte will be brought into being by "any means necessary." However, Charles Truxillo believed that it will likely not be made by civil war. Charles Truxillo believed that it will likely be made by the rising number of votes of a group of people. That group of people is the Hispanic–Americans in the southwestern United States of America. Charles Truxillo believed that, in years to come, that number of votes will rise high enough to make the República del Norte. Charles Truxillo believed that that number of votes will rise high enough to make the República del Norte because the Hispanic–Americans in the southwestern United States of America will be most of the people in the southwestern United States of America.[8][9] Charles Truxillo added that he believed he morally had to help build a "cadre of intellectuals" to think about how the República del Norte could become a real thing.[8] That means: Charles Truxillo added that he believed he morally had to help build a "group of thinkers who will fight with thoughts as if they are in a war" to think about how the República del Norte could become a real thing.[8]

In 2007, the University of New Mexico decided to not hire Charles Truxillo for the next year. Charles Truxillo said that they did not hire him any more because of his far out beliefs. Charles Truxillo said "Tenure is based on a vote from my colleagues. Few are in favor of a Chicano professor advocating a Chicano nation state." That means: Charles Truxillo said "Whether I get to be hired by the University of New Mexico is based on a vote from those who teach at the University of New Mexico. Few of those who teach at the University of New Mexico want a Chicano university teacher who says he wants a special country for Chicanos."[10]

José Ángel Gutiérrez

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José Ángel Gutiérrez is a teacher at the University of Texas at Arlington. José Ángel Gutiérrez teaches about politics. José Ángel Gutiérrez also speaks for the reconquista of the southwestern United States of America. José Ángel Gutiérrez talked with In Search of Aztlán on 8 August 1999. José Ángel Gutiérrez said:

We're the only ethnic group in America that has been dismembered. We didn't migrate here or immigrate here voluntarily. The United States came to us in succeeding waves of invasions. We are a captive people, in a sense, a hostage people. It is our political destiny and our right to self-determination to want to have our homeland [back]. Whether they like it or not is immaterial. If they call us radicals or subversives or separatists, that's their problem. This is our home, and this is our homeland, and we are entitled to it. We are the host. Everyone else is a guest.... It is not our fault that whites don't make babies, and blacks are not growing in sufficient numbers, and there's no other groups with such a goal to put their homeland back together again. We do. Those numbers will make it possible. I believe that in the next few years, we will see an irredentists movement, beyond assimilation, beyond integration, beyond separatism, to putting Mexico back together as one. That's irridentism [sic]. One Mexico, one nation.[11]

That means José Ángel Gutiérrez said:

Chicanos are the only race of people in the United States of America that has been cut apart. Chicanos did not become part of the United States of America willingly. The United States of America came to Chicanos in wave after wave of military force. Chicanos are a people held against our will. Chicanos are guaranteed to have the southwestern United States of America back as the Chicano homeland. Chicanos have the right to have the southwestern United States of America back as the Chicano homeland. It doesn't matter whether or not the United States of America likes the southwestern United States of America being the Chicano homeland. If the United States of America calls Chicanos politically far out, that is the United States of America's problem. The southwestern United States of America is the Chicanos' home. The southwestern United States of America is the Chicanos' homeland. Chicanos have the right to have the southwestern United States of America back as the Chicano homeland. Chicanos are the host in the southwestern United States of America. All people other than Chicanos are the guests in the southwestern United States of America. It is not Chicanos' fault that whites don't make babies. It is not Chicanos' fault that blacks don't make enough babies to make numbers of black people go up enough. It is not Chicanos' fault that there are no groups of people other than Chicanos who want to put their homeland back together again. Chicanos want to put their homeland back together again. Those numbers will make it possible for the southwestern United States of America to be the Chicanos' homeland. José Ángel Gutiérrez believes that in the next few years, the world will see a political push to take the southwestern United States of America back as the Chicano homeland. That political push will not be Chicanos changing to become like the people of the United States of America. That political push will not be Chicanos mixing into the people of the United States of America. That political push will not be Chicanos moving away from the people of the United States of America. That political push will put the southwestern United States of America and Mexico together again. That political push will be "irredentism." One Mexico, one nation.

What the reconquista of the Southwestern United States of America is doing to cultures

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The refusal of the United States of America to officially recognize immigrant languages betrays the United States of America's identity as a nation of immigrants.[12] Some international organizations push the government of the United States of America to recognize immigrant languages.[13]

Rise of the Spanish culture in the United States of America

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The amount of Spanish culture in the United States of America is going up because of immigration. The number of people speaking the Spanish language in the United States of America is going up because of immigration.[14]

Rise of the Nahuatl culture in the United States of America

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Activists could make the number of Nahuatl speakers in the United States of America go up. Activists could make people think of Mexico and the United States of America as the same Nahuatl culture.[15] The amount of Nahua culture in the United States of America is going up because of immigration.[14]

Rise of the Mayan culture in the United States of America

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The amount of Mayan culture in the United States of America is going up because of immigration.[16][17]

Rise of the Zapotec culture in the United States of America

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The amount of Zapotec culture in the United States of America is going up because of immigration.[17][14]

Rise of the Mixtec culture in the United States of America

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The amount of Mixtec culture in the United States of America is going up because of immigration.[17][14]

Rise of the P'urepecha culture in the United States of America

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The amount of P'urepecha culture in the United States of America is going up because of immigration.[17][14]

Rise of the Hñañus culture in the United States of America

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The amount of Hñañus culture in the United States of America is going up because of immigration.[17]

The reconquista of the southwest United States of America is happening now

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In 2001, a former county commissioner of El Paso, Texas said to the world "We are all Mexicans in this valley."[18] In 2009, an article in Foreign Policy magazine said that "Demographically, socially, and culturally, the reconquista (re-conquest) of the Southwest United States by Mexican immigrants is well underway."[18] That means that the Reconquista of the southwest United States of America was already happening strongly by 2009.[18] People are becoming more interested in the reconquista of the southwest United States of America.[19]

Mexican–American gentrification

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The gentrification of Mexican–Americans changes the way the Reconquista of the southwest United States of America happens. That means: The change in attitudes of Mexican–Americans to become more like the attitudes of rich people changes the way the Reconquista of the southwest United States of America happens. The gentrification of Mexican–Americans changes which parts of the United States of America Mexican–Americans live in. That means: The change in attitudes of Mexican–Americans to become more like the attitudes of rich people changes which parts of the United States of America Mexican–Americans live in.[20]

Latino–Americans not becoming just like other Americans

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Latino–Americans not becoming just like other Americans is also named Latino–American rejection of assimilation. Latino–Americans not becoming just like other Americans is also named Latino–Americans not assimilating.[21][22][23][24]

Illegal immigrant ineligibility for welfare

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It is almost always against the law for those in the United States of America against the law to get public assistance benefits. Not being allowed to use welfare is often a worry for Mexican–Americans.[25] These laws are enforced by DHS.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ https://www.bloomsbury.com/9781608195046
  2. ↑ https://global.oup.com/academic/product/speaking-american-9780190232603
  3. ↑ "Poniatowska: 'Avance de español e hispanos es como una reconquista'" [Advancement of Spanish Language and of Hispanics is Like a Reconquista] (in Spanish). Terra. 2001. Archived from the original on 29 December 1996. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fuentes, Carlos (2003). "Unidad y diversidad del español, lengua de encuentros" [Unity and Diversity of the Spanish Language, Language of Encounters]. Congresos de la Lengua (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  5. ↑ "Neonazismo a la Mexicana" [Neonazism, Mexican Style]. Revista Proceso (in Spanish). 22 September 2008. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  6. ↑ "Norma programática" (in Spanish). Vanduardia Nacional Mexicanista. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Remembering Dr. Charles Truxillo". UNM Continuing Education Blog. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico. 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 29 December 1996. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 "Professor Predicts 'Hispanic Homeland'". Kingman Daily Miner. Vol. 120, no. 74. Kingman, Arizona. Associated Press. 2 February 2000. p. 11. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  9. ↑ Tancredo Praises Cuesta's Book Exposing Hispanic Autonomy Arising From Immigration Archived 2018-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, Prleap.com (reprinted on Wexico.com), 30 April 2007.
  10. ↑ Nealy, Michelle J. (20 November 2007). "Chicano Nationalist Professor Fired Despite Student Protests of Censorship". DiverseEducation.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  11. ↑ "In Search of Aztlán: José Angel Gutiérrez Interview". In Search of Aztlán. 8 August 1999. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  12. ↑ http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/gjicl36&section=10
  13. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/24/indigenous-groups-say-they-are-left-out-of-us-immigration-debate
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Díaz de León-Martínez et al., 2020 and Caxaj et al., 2020 say good things about this paper: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716219848342
  15. ↑ Nahuatl across Borders: Mexican Transnationalism in the United States. Magnus Pharao Hansen. http://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197746158.003.0007 Pages 221–256. Published: August 2024.
  16. ↑ http://www.kut.org/news/2015-11-05/as-mayan-speakers-immigrate-their-ancient-language-is-often-lost-in-translation
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/hidden-plain-sight-indigenous-migrants-their-movements-and-their-challenges
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/28/the-hispanic-challenge/
  19. ↑ http://doi.org/10.4324/9781315642918-8
  20. ↑ http://borderlessmag.org/2022/03/01/making-mexican-chicago-little-village-pilsen-immigrants-gentrification/
  21. ↑ http://www.npr.org/transcripts/1087164013
  22. ↑ http://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/racism-not-lack-assimilation-real-problem-facing-latinos-america-n974021
  23. ↑ http://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/bicultural-latinos-embrace-dual-identities-shun-pressure-assimilate-rcna2149
  24. ↑ http://www.aspeninstitute.org/blog-posts/the-invisible-latino-in-america/
  25. ↑ http://www.nilc.org/resources/overview-immeligfedprograms/
  26. ↑ http://michiganimmigrant.org/sites/default/files/what-immigrants-need-to-know-about-snap-fap-english.pdf
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