Suharto
Suharto (February 20, 1921 – January 27, 2008[1]) was an Indonesian military and political leader. He was a military officer in the Indonesian Army. He is better known as the second President of Indonesia. He held the office for a long time, from 1967 to 1998.
General of the Army Muhammad Suharto | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 2nd President of Indonesia | |
| In office March 12, 1967 – May 21, 1998 | |
| Vice President | Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973) Adam Malik (1978) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983) Sudharmono (1988) Try Sutrisno (1993) Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (1998) |
| Preceded by | Sukarno |
| Succeeded by | Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 20, 1921 Kemusuk, Yogyakarta, Dutch East Indies |
| Died | January 27, 2008 (aged 86) Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Cause of death | Congestive heart failure caused by sepsis |
| Nationality | Indonesian |
| Political party | Golongan Karya |
| Spouse(s) | Siti Hartinah |
| Children | Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana Hutomo Mandala Putra |
| Profession | Military |
Political powerEdit
In the early morning of October 1, 1965, a group of soldiers claiming to be supported by the Indonesian Communist Party killed six generals in the army and one assistant because they thought he was a seventh. Many friends and supporters of Suharto claimed they were members of the communist party itself. The people of Indonesia then started killing anybody they thought was communist. Estimates range from three hundred thousand killed to three million.[source?] Suharto then seized power from his predecessor, the first president of Indonesia Sukarno. For this, he used some force, but also took some political maneuvers. At the time, there was instability and unrest inside and outside of Indonesia. This helped him come to power. He took three decades to change the regime to work along militarist lines, with a strong central government. His movement was known as "Orde Baru". As he took an anti-communist position which he could defend, several Western governments supported him both in economic and political matters. This was during an era that is known as Cold War. For most of his three-decade rule, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth and industrialization.[2] His rule, however, led to political purges and the deaths of about half a million of suspected Indonesian communists; many of them Chinese-Indonesians.[3] He also made some laws against communist parties and ethnic Chinese.[4]
His New Order administration's authoritarian and increasingly corrupt practices led to much discontent in the 1990s. Suharto's almost unquestioned authority over Indonesian affairs slipped dramatically when the Asian financial crisis lowered Indonesians' standard of living. People inside the military and other institutions no longer supported him. There were some problems inside the country during the early 1990s. Suharto became more and more isolated, in a political way. After mass demonstrations in 1998, Suharto was forced to resign. Suharto had been the face of Indonesia for over 30 years. After retiring, he lived in seclusion. There were people who wanted to try him for genocide. This failed however, because he had a very bad health. His legacy remains hotly debated and contested both in Indonesia and abroad.
Like many Javanese, Suharto has only one name. In contexts where his religion is being discussed he is sometimes called Haji or el-Haj Mohammed Suharto, but this Islamic title is not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" has been official in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soeharto is still frequently used.
DeathEdit
Suharto was admitted to hospital on January 4; on 23 January, Suharto's health worsened further, as a sepsis infection spread through his body. His family consented to the removal of life support machines if his condition did not improve and he died on 27 January at 1:09 pm. He died at Pertamina Hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia of congestive heart failure.[5] He was taken off life support.[6] He was buried at a family mausoleum near Solo town.
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ "Indonesia ex-leader Suharto dies".
- ↑ Miguel, Edward; Paul Gertler, David I. Levine (January 2005). "Does Social Capital Promote Industrialization? Evidence from a Rapid Industrializer". Econometrics Softare Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley .
- ↑ Robert Cribb (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey 42 (4): 550–563. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-4687%28200207%2F08%2942%3A4%3C550%3AUPITIK%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J.
- ↑ Leo Suryadinata (1976). "Indonesian Policies toward the Chinese Minority under the New Order". Asian Survey 16 (8): 770–787. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-4687%28197608%2916%3A8%3C770%3AIPTTCM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3.
- ↑ Jakarta, Mark Forbes Herald Correspondent in (28 January 2008). "Strongman Soeharto dies without ever facing justice". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ↑ Watson, Richard C. Paddock and Paul. "Indonesian ex-president Suharto dies". baltimoresun.com.
Other websitesEdit
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Pranoto Reksosamudro |
Indonesian Army Chief of Staff 1965–1967 |
Succeeded by Maraden Panggabean |
| Vacant Position abolished by Sukarno after 17 October 1952 incident Title last held by T.B. SimatupangAs Chief of Staff of the Battle Forces |
Commander-in-Chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces 1969–1973 | |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Sukarno |
President of Indonesia 12 March 1967 – 21 May 1998 |
Succeeded by B. J. Habibie |
| Party political offices | ||
| New office | Chairman of Central Committee of Golkar 1983–1998 |
Succeeded by Harmoko |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by Dobrica Ćosić |
Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement 1992–1995 |
Succeeded by Ernesto Samper Pizano |
| New office | Chairperson of ASEAN 1976 |
Succeeded by Hussein Onn |
| Preceded by Bill Clinton |
Chairperson of APEC 1994 |
Succeeded by Tomiichi Murayama |