Takfir
form of excommunication in Islam
Takfir is a word that says that another person who calls himself a Muslim is actually not a Muslim.[1][2][3] The word is not mentioned in the hadith or Qur'an but is based of the words kufr (unbelief) and kafir (unbeliever) and other similar terms.[4] Since under Sharia, the punishment for leaving Islam is death,[5] and a possible cause of argument and violence within the Muslims,[6] as a false takfir is considered as minor shirk.[7] Normally, only scholars of Islam can make takfir excluding groups such as the Khawarji who takfir both followers of Sunnism and Shi'ism.[8][9]
References
change- ↑ Hunwick, Ed; Hunwick, J. O. (2000). "Takfīr". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Bearman, P. J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1154. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
- ↑ Hunwick, Ed; Hunwick, J. O. (2000). "Takfīr". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Bearman, P. J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1154. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
- ↑ Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
- ↑ Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). "Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" (PDF). Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 7 (3): 259–285. doi:10.1177/2347798920921706. S2CID 219460446.
- ↑ Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
- ↑ Karawan, Ibrahim A. (1995). "Takfīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Shiraz Maher, Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea, Penguin UK (2017), p. 75
- ↑ Kepel, Gilles; Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam, London: I.B. Tauris, 2002, p. 31
- ↑ Izutsu, Toshihiko (2006) [1965]. "The Infidel (Kāfir): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem". The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām. Tokyo: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at Keio University. pp. 1–20. ISBN 983-9154-70-2.