User:Mr. Ibrahem/Water intoxication
| Water intoxication | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Water poisoning,[1] hypotonic hyperhydration,[1] overhydration, water toxicity, water toxemia |
 | |
| Medical specialty | Toxicology, critical care medicine |
| Symptoms | Large amounts of urine, headache, weakness, muscle cramps, nausea, confusion[1] |
| Complications | Seizures, osmotic demyelination syndrome[1] |
| Causes | Drinking excess water[1] |
| Risk factors | Psychiatric conditions, child abuse, ecstasy, water-drinking contests, excess fluids during exercise[1][2] |
| Prevention | Drinking to thirst during sport, oral rehydration solutions[3] |
| Medication | Restricting fluids, intravenous hypertonic saline[4][3] |
| Frequency | Rare[1] |
Water intoxication (WI) is a condition that occurs due to drinking excessive amounts of water.[1] Initial symptoms include production of large amounts of urine.[1] More severe symptoms may include headache, weakness, muscle cramps, nausea, and confusion.[1] Complications may include seizures and osmotic demyelination syndrome.[1][4]
It can occur as a result of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and anorexia, child abuse, ecstasy use, water-drinking contests, or drinking excess fluids during exercise.[1][2] Other causes include excessive intravenous sugar solution without sufficient salt and a method of torture in which a person is forced to drink excessive amounts of water.[1] The underlying mechanism involves the introduction of more water than the kidneys can eliminate resulting in low blood sodium.[1][3] As the blood becomes hypotonic the brain swells.[1]
Prevention in sports is by drinking to match ones thirst.[3] Using oral rehydration solutions rather than sports drinks may also help.[3] For mild cases, restricting fluids may be sufficient.[4] For severe cases intravenous hypertonic saline may be used.[3] Water intoxication is rare.[1] Death has occurred from drinking 6 liters of water over three hours.[5] The condition has been described since at least 1923 by Rowntree.[6][7]
References
change- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Radojevic, N; Bjelogrlic, B; Aleksic, V; Rancic, N; Samardzic, M; Petkovic, S; Savic, S (10 July 2012). "Forensic aspects of water intoxication: four case reports and review of relevant literature". Forensic science international. 220 (1–3): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.021. PMID 22306188.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Noakes TD, Speedy DB (July 2006). "Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (7): 567–72. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354. PMC 2564296. PMID 16799109.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Siegel, AJ (October 2015). "Fatal water intoxication and cardiac arrest in runners during marathons: prevention and treatment based on validated clinical paradigms". The American journal of medicine. 128 (10): 1070–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.03.031. PMID 25910792.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Metheny, NA; Meert, KL (January 2018). "Water Intoxication and Child Abuse". Journal of emergency nursing. 44 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2017.10.002. PMID 29103598.
- ↑ Ballantyne, Coco (21 June 2007). "Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ↑ Joo, Min A; Kim, Eun Young (2013). "Hyponatremia caused by excessive intake of water as a form of child abuse". Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 18 (2): 95. doi:10.6065/apem.2013.18.2.95. PMID 24904860.
- ↑ Rowntree, Leonard G. (1 August 1923). "WATER INTOXICATION". Archives of Internal Medicine. 32 (2): 157. doi:10.1001/archinte.1923.00110200003001.