Wikipedia

Schizophrenia

psychotic disorder characterized by emotional responsiveness and disintegration of thought process

Schizophrenia (sz) is a kind of problem. Sz is a type of health problem. This problem is with someone's mind and their behavior. [1][2] That is what doctors say and think. The type of doctor is psychiatrist. Doctors think the problem is with the brain.

Being sz is thought of as being abnormal.[3] Most people recover and can live a normal life.[4][5][6]

Psychology is known as the science of behaviors, and science of minds, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] the problems of how to understand though what sz is is more a subject of psychiatry.[14][15][16][17][18] Many or most psychiatrists mostly think sz is an illness. Some psychologists and psychiatrists in the past thought sz was not an illness [19]

A doctor named Eugen Bleuler made the word and the idea. He made the word sometime before April 1908. Sz in the now is made up of all different things from science in doctors minds.

Doctors learnt at their school change

Sz is a "mental disorder", and a "disease". Sz is "psychosis". [20][21][22][23][24][1][25][26]

Meanings of the word and word parts change

The word parts are schizo and phren and phrenia. Schizo means splitting. Phren means psyche and phrenia means psychic. The meaning only by joining the parts together is splitting of the psychic functions. Dr Eugen Bleuler invented the word. Dr. Bleulers word is neoclassical thought because it uses word parts from ancient Greek. The ancient Greek word phren (in ancient Greek this is: φρήν) meant "midriff (diaphragm), heart, mind, thought".[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]

Dr Bleuler wrote a book about his invention. [34] In the book, the problem schizo of phrenia is the things patients said that the doctors heard which were ideas any patient had. The idea parts connect in a patient's mind with each other. All the connections of one idea make groups which are seperate. All the connections of ideas in any group of thought is complex. Healthy people also have these complex ideas groups, but in sz people the split between groups is "exaggerated". How the sz split happens is by the "associations" in a thought which joins to another thought in someone's mind "loosening". [35] If they join, is healthy, if they don't join, if they become loosened, they maybe could have sz. How one thought is thought after another is how they associate. [30][36][37][38][39][40] Association is like the a b c in the alphabet: a assocates with b (not with c), b assocates with c (not with a), the same to z.

Phren in Dr Bleuler's book means the psychic functions, today this would be the functions in psychology. [41][29]

The word -phrenia is only a condition (which isn't necessarily bad) [42][43] or a disorder (which doctors always think is bad).[44]

The word phren is also used to describe part of the inside of some-ones body (human anatomy): the phrenic nerve, which is connected to the diaphragm. [45]

In the past change

See the main article: History of schizophrenia

The things that happen with people to do with sz change

See also: Prognosis of schizophrenia

Most of the time, the problems of sz starts in the late teens or early 20s.[46] It is a common problem. In 2022, about 24 million people worldwide had this problem.[46] It affects about the same number of men and women. In men, it seems to start about five years earlier than in women.

The doctor's decision makes someone be with sz: the word doctors use is "diagnosis" change

See the main article: Diagnosis of schizophrenia

Doctors know about someone by what they see, hear, and already know or then know by seeing or hearing, mostly, but also by smell. Nurses and social workers also maybe help a doctor to decide. The things they found, after making the decision of "sz", these things are: the symptoms.

Symptoms change

These are: [30][1][24][47][48]

  • "Persistent delusions" [49] Someone has had thoughts and emotions. The thoughts thought are there to begin with because of something or things in the world including their own self. The thing or things in the world, and, or, self, go into this someone's mind from their eyes or ears, or mouth, or, skin: the senses, and, or, their self, and those things or thing become the subject of their thoughts and also emotion(s). This someone is thinking in their minds and the thoughts have the emotion firstly of not knowing. The thoughts and emotions on the subject happen for a while and after a while stop by believing something, a conclusion of all the thoughts. When this same someone meets a doctor the belief is thought by the doctor as being about a false reality or an impossible reality. The doctor knows about these thoughts from this same someone's speaking. The doctor does not agree with the thoughts of the conclusion. The doctor thinks those thoughts of the conclusion are a problem. The doctor would like to change the belief, but the patient won't or can't. The problem is named a delusion. [50][51][52]
  • "Persistent hallucinations" [49] is the perception of things that psychiatric doctors think don't exist in reality or any known or possible to know reality. Hallucinations are usually experiences of things that from the senses don't exist from the physical world. Feeling, hearing, seeing, smelling, or tasting things that aren't there or anywhere.[53][54][55][56]
  • "Thought disorder": [49] someone speaks: the words in the speaking doesn't arrive at the doctor in an order which means enough or something. The doctor thinks the same someone is thinking like they are speaking. If 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 is like the words in a spoken sentence, the number could be more or less than 10, the fact of consecutive is the order. Disorder is like the words are not consecutive. Or some of the numbers aren't included in the sentence. This is known as "disorganized speech or thought"
  • Thinks or feels controlled and passive[57][58]

Persistent means that from the first time a doctor has found a symptom the amount of time if there is a next time or times after, is not a very brief time.

All the possible known symptoms of the condition and, or, mental disorder and, or, disease known by doctors and professionals as sz are divided into three groups named: [1][22][20][53]

Doctors use the word insight to make the meaning of having intelligence and understanding change

See the main article: Schizophrenic insight

Some people think they don't have sz, when a doctor tells them they do. The difference is the intelligence of the people and the doctors.

The word insight means to have a true and real understanding of a problem or situation.

What people do to help people with sz and what people could do to stop themselves from having/being sz change

See the main article: Treatments and prevention of schizophrenia

Doctors give drugs as tablets or in injections as a treatment. [60] Other treatments are also possible.

Things in life which make or maybe make sz change

See the main article: Risk factors and possible causes of schizophrenia

Risk is if I or anyone should or should not do something because of cause: decisions and choices.

Cause is like the arrow from right to left: does have sz ← does not have sz.

Doctors think the cause is a mixture of certain very small parts of the human body known as genes that some people have, with certain things which have happened to people. How sz happens in the first place for all of the any one individuals with sz though doctors don't really know. [66][67][68]

Society and culture change

See the main article: Schizophrenia in society and culture

References change

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "ICD-11: 6A20 Schizophrenia". World Health Organization. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  2. ↑ "schizophrenia sz" Google Scholar
  3. ↑ Karlsgodt, Katherine H.; Sun, Daqiang; Cannon, Tyrone D. (August 2010). "Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia". Current directions in psychological science. 19 (4): 226–231. doi:10.1177/0963721410377601. ISSN 0963-7214. PMC 4235761. PMID 25414548.
  4. ↑ Julien Dubreucq, Franck Gabayet, Ophélia Godin, Myrtille Andre, Bruno Aouizerate, Delphine Capdevielle, Isabelle Chereau, Julie Clauss-Kobayashi, Nathalie Coulon, Thierry D'Amato, Jean-Michel Dorey, Caroline Dubertret, Mégane Faraldo, Hakim Laouamri, Sylvain Leigner, Christophe Lancon, Marion Leboyer, Pierre-Michel Llorca, Jasmina Mallet, David Misdrahi, Christine Passerieux, Romain Rey, Baptiste Pignon, Benoit Schorr, Mathieu Urbach, Franck Schürhoff, Andrei Szoke (2022) Overlap and Mutual Distinctions Between Clinical Recovery and Personal Recovery in People With Schizophrenia in a One-Year Study Schizophr Bull. 2022 Mar 1;48(2):382-394. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbab114.
  5. ↑ Guillermo Lahera, José L. Gálvez, Pedro Sánchez, Miguel Martínez-Roig, J. V. Pérez-Fuster, Paz García-Portilla, Berta Herrera, Miquel Roca Functional recovery in patients with schizophrenia: recommendations from a panel of experts BMC Psychiatry 18, 176 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1755-2
  6. ↑ Peter Huxley, Anne Krayer, Rob Poole, Louise Prendergast, Sanjaya Aryal, Richard Warner (2021) Schizophrenia outcomes in the 21st century: A systematic review Brain Behav. 2021 Jun;11(6):e02172. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2172. Epub 2021 May 15. 2. BACKGROUND: “the proportion of patients considered to have recovered will depend on how rigorously recovery is defined (Warner, 2009)” "the preferred model of patient self‐definition of recovery creates methodological problems for quantitative researchers" 5. DISCUSSION: "heterogeneity of methods and outcome criteria between studies" [ sample size = 5,602 participants, of 47 studies done within the years 2000 - 2020 ]
  7. ↑ Subject guides PSYCHOLOGY UCAS

    the study of human (and animal) behavior, and the thoughts and emotions that influence behaviour.
  8. ↑ Careers in Psychology American Psychological Association

    concerned with behavior, in both human and nonhuman animals
  9. ↑ Meaning of psychology in English Cambridge Univeristy Dictionary

    the way the human mind works and how it influences behaviour, or the influence of a particular person's character on their behaviour
  10. ↑ Nigel Holt, Andrew Bremner, Michael Vliek, Ed Sutherland, Michael Passer, Ronald Smith Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour McGraw Hill, London, 2023 (5th edition) ISBN: 9781526849137
  11. ↑ Michael W. Eysenck Psychology A Student's Handbook p.3, Psychology Press 2000

    makes use of behavioural and other evidence to understand the internal processes leading people and members of other species to behave in the ways they do
  12. ↑ Michael Passer, Ronald Smith Psychology : the science of mind and behavior McGraw-Hill Education, Maidenhead, 2003 (2nd edition)
  13. ↑ Walter Mischel psychology Encyclopedia Britannica

    studies mental states and processes and behaviour in humans and other animals.
  14. ↑ Schizophrenia Symptoms Mayo Clinic
  15. ↑ Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford

    Our mission is to teach psychiatry to medical students
  16. ↑ How to become a psychiatrist Royal College of Psychiatrists

    To train as a psychiatrist, you will start out training as a medical doctor
  17. ↑ Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry Harvard University
  18. ↑ Yale Medical School Department of Psychiatry Yale University
  19. ↑ John Read, Loren R. Mosher, Richard P. Bentall p.3 In: Models of Madness: Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Schizophrenia Psychology Press, 2004 ISBN 1583919066
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 ICD-11 International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics Eleventh Revision World Health Organisation
  21. ↑ The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines 1 January 1992
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version : 01/2023) 6A20 Schizophrenia World Health Organisation
  23. ↑ ICD-11 06 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders World Health Organisation
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 DSM-IV to DSM-5 Schizophrenia Comparison Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 June
  25. ↑ René S. Kahn Chapter 14 Why Kraepelin Was Right Schizophrenia as a Cognitive Disorder in Silverstein SM, Moghaddam B, Wykes T, editors. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 2013. Schizophrenia: Evolution and Synthesis
  26. ↑ The Medic Portal Choosing a Medical School Dukes Education
  27. ↑ Meaning of literal in English Cambridge University Dictionary
  28. ↑ T. B. L. Webster Some Psychological Terms in Greek Tragedy 23 December 2013 The Journal of Hellenic Studies. University College, London
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 UDAY SHANKAR Schizophrenia AD-HOC FACULTY DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY MAGADH MAHILA COLLEGE PATNA UNIVERSITY
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). archive.org: International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York). p. 8.
  31. ↑ D. Gary Miller 13 Formative extraction, combining forms, and neoclassical compounding English Lexicogenesis (Oxford, 2014; online edn, Oxford Academic, 16 Apr. 2014), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199689880.003.0013, accessed 17 Oct. 2023.
  32. ↑ Anke Lüdeling Neoclassical word-formation Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
  33. ↑ Strong's Concordance 5424. phrén Bible Hub
  34. ↑ Bleuler, Jung, Riklin, Abraham, Wolfsohn (1911) (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias) archive.org International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York), pp. 2 (Jung, Riklin, Abraham), 274 (Wolfsohn), Bleuler cites "Freud": 67 367 370 376 389 391 405 419 423 435 456, cites "Jung": 350 364 367 393438 456, cites "Riklin": 448, cites "Abraham": 401, cites "Wernicke": 363; Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien published from Leipzig & Vienna 1911: published by Franz Deuticke (original: German)
  35. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911) Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias) archive.org International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York) pp.350 & 362
  36. ↑ Stephan Heckers "The Monograph" In: Bleuler and the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 37, Issue 6, November 2011, Pages 1131–1135, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr108
  37. ↑ Alfonso Ceccherini-Nelli and Timothy J. Crow "Abstract" In: Disintegration of the components of language as the path to a revision of Bleuler's and Schneider's concepts of schizophrenia Linguistic disturbances compared with first-rank symptoms in acute psychosis The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(3), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.3.233
  38. ↑ Andrew Moskowitz, and Gerhard Heim "Myth #3: Bleuler's Teachings on Schizophrenia Can Be Adequately Summarized by the 4 A's—for “Association, Affectivity, Ambivalence, and Autism” " In: Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration Schizophr Bull. 2011 May; 37(3): 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr016
  39. ↑ Paul G Nestor, James J Levitt, Toshiyuki Ohtani, Dominick T Newell, Martha E Shenton, and Margaret Niznikiewicz "Abstract" In: Loosening of Associations in Chronic Schizophrenia: Intersectionality of Verbal Learning, Negative Symptoms, and Brain Structure Schizophr Bull Open. 2022 Jan; 3(1): sgac004. Published online 2022 Mar 8. https://doi.org/10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac004
  40. ↑ Eugen Bleuler: Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias reviewed by Manfred and Rudolph Bleuler p.64 In: The Book of Psychiatric Books Jason Aronson, 1994 ISBN 0876685106

    Bleuler had always a memo-pad at hand, where he noted...frequently...what...patients...said
  41. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). archive.org: International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York). p. 17.
  42. ↑ Meaning of condition in English Cambridge University Dictionary
  43. ↑ Dictionary of Nursing (7 ed.) Edited by: Elizabeth A. Martin and Tanya A. McFerran, Oxford University Press 2017
  44. ↑ F.A. Davis phrenia Taber's Medical Dictionary
  45. ↑ R L Crumley, K Horn, D Clendenning (1979) Laryngeal reinnervation using the split-phrenic nerve-graft procedure Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (1979). 1980 Mar-Apr;88(2):159-64. doi: 10.1177/019459988008800212.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Schizophrenia". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  47. ↑ Thomas R. Insel Rethinking schizophrenia Nature 468, 187–193 (10 November 2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09552 "One-hundred years of schizophrenia The history of schizophrenia says more in many ways about the perspectives of the observer than the observed."
  48. ↑ Corey L. Guenther, Mark D. Alicke (2017) Psychology of the Self Oxford University Press 09 NOVEMBER 2017 DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199828340-0093
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders International Classification of Diseases
  50. ↑ Jasper Feyaerts, PhD, Mads G Henriksen, PhD, Prof Stijn Vanheule, PhD, Prof Inez Myin-Germeys, PhD, Prof Louis A Sass, PhD Delusions beyond beliefs: a critical overview of diagnostic, aetiological, and therapeutic schizophrenia research from a clinical-phenomenological perspective The Lancet VOLUME 8, ISSUE 3, P237-249, January 21, 2021 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30460-0
  51. ↑ Jaspers K, 1913 & Kapur S 2003 In: Mario Maj Karl Jaspers and the Genesis of Delusions in Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 39, Issue 2, March 2013, Pages 242–243, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs190 Published: 11 January 2013
  52. ↑ Maher, B., Ross, J.S. (1984). Delusions In: Adams, H.E., Sutker, P.B. (eds) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6681-6_14
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Health Topics > Schizophrenia National Institute of Mental Health
  54. ↑ Carol Tamminga Schizophrenia msd manuals
  55. ↑ Kneisl C. and Trigoboff E.(2009). Contemporary Psychiatric- Mental Health Nursing. 2nd edition. London: Pearson Prentice Ltd. p. 371
  56. ↑ Terri D'Arrigo medically reviewed by Smitha Bhandari, MD on January 12, 2023 Schizophrenia symptoms WebMD
  57. ↑ S A Spence, D J Brooks, S R Hirsch, P F Liddle, J Meehan, P M Grasby A PET study of voluntary movement in schizophrenic patients experiencing passivity phenomena (delusions of alien control). Brain, Volume 120, Issue 11, Nov 1997, Pages 1997–2011, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.11.1997
  58. ↑ Christopher D. Frith and D. John Done Experiences of alien control in schizophrenia reflect a disorder in the central monitoring of action Psychological Medicine, 19(2), 359-363. doi:10.1017/S003329170001240X
  59. ↑ Sanja Kilian, Laila Asmal, Anneke Goosen, Bonginkosi Chiliza, Lebogang Phahladira, Robin Emsley Instruments Measuring Blunted Affect in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review June 2, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127740
  60. ↑ Lindström, Eva; Bingefors, Kerstin (2000-08-01). "Patient Compliance with Drug Therapy in Schizophrenia". PharmacoEconomics. 18 (2): 105–124. doi:10.2165/00019053-200018020-00002. ISSN 1179-2027.
  61. ↑ Dr Eva Cybulska "The Hero’s Quest for Wholeness" In: Nietzsche Reloaded Philosophy Now 2012
  62. ↑ Siegel & Shuster; Robyn Marcs The Greatest American Hero: The Story of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster Western Reserve Historical Society
  63. ↑ R D Laing In: "ABOUT THE DIVIDED SELF" Review of The Divided Self AN EXISTENTIAL STUDY IN SANITY AND MADNESS By R. D. Laing published by Penguin Random House
  64. ↑ Psychiatrist James S. Gordon UNDERSTANDING THE SECRET SELF The Washington Post June 12 1990

    divided between a "false" and a "true" self
  65. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). archive.org: International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York). p. 351.

    2. In schizophrenics the distinction between imagination and reality is certainly reduced altogether—often to zero—by the splitting of the psyche.
  66. ↑ John H. Gilmore, M.D. Understanding What Causes Schizophrenia: A Developmental Perspective The American Journal of Psychiatry 1 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09111588
  67. ↑ Causes - Schizophrenia United Kingdom National Health Service
  68. ↑ Medically Reviewed by Smitha Bhandari, MD what causes schizophrenia WebMD November 09, 2022

Bibliography change

Rolf Baer: Die psychiatrische Systematik um 1800 und ihre Überwindung. Köln 1983 (= Das ärztliche Gespräch. Band 3), S. 45.

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