English literature

The term English literature means literature written in the English language. English is a language known by many millions of people. They can read literary works from any country in an English translation.

English literature began in Old English with the epic poem Beowulf, which dates from sometime between the 8th to the 11th centuries. It is not written in language people can understand today, but there are several good translations into modern English. It is the most famous work in Old English, despite being set in Scandinavia. The poem is written with no rhymes but with alliteration. The next important landmark is the works of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400), especially The Canterbury Tales. That is in Middle English, from 1066 to the middle/late 1400s. Chaucer introduced into English poetry rhyme royal, which is a seven-line stanza rhymed ababbcc.

Modern English literature began in the 16th century. Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey wrote the first English sonnets. Howard also invented blank verse. Edmund Spenser wrote The Faerie Queene, a long epic poem, while Philip Sidney wrote a sequence of sonnets Astrophel and Stella. The next stage is Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, William Shakespeare and John Milton, sometimes described as Early Modern English (1470 to 1650). Shakespeare is the author of the most famous sentence written in English: To be, or not to be, that is the question. It is the first line of Prince Hamlet's monologue from drama The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark that was published in 1603. The King James Version of the Bible was published in 1611. John Bunyan wrote The Pilgrim's Progress which is one of the most popular books ever published. In the 18th century, the first modern novels were written by Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Laurence Sterne and Horace Walpole. William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats,Jane Austen, Emily Brontë, Charles Dickens, Robert Browning, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, D.H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf and Ted Hughes are all important English writers in modern English.

T.S. Eliot was perhaps the most important poet in 20th century who wrote in English. His best known work is the poem The Waste Land that was published in 1922. Another book by him was The Four Quartets. The poet himself regarded it as his best work.

Not all English literature was written by writers born in England. English literature includes all the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Hilaire Belloc was French, Emma Lazarus was Jewish, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V. S. Naipaul is Trinidadian, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian. The greatest Portuguese poet of the 20th century, Fernando Pessoa wrote some poems in English, too.

Bibliography

Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, Introduction to the History of English Literature (1863).

Other websites

• A Website of the Romantic Movement in English Literature Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
• Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature (1350-1485)
• Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485-1603)
• Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603-1660)
• BritishLit.com
• Norton Anthology of English Literature Archived 2006-11-09 at the Wayback Machine
• A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine Ed. José Ángel García Landa, (University of Zaragoza, Spain)
• Groves of Academe A literary theory and criticism discussion board