Old Romanian
Old Romanian it as named the literary stage of Romanian language up to the publishing of Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae and it attested with the oldest preserved Romanian texts such as Neacșu's letter and the so-called Rhotacizing Texts.[1] During this period the first religious literary texts written in Romanian appear, followed by the first popular literary texts, and translations such as narratives Varlaam şi Ioasaf and Alexandria. The period is characterized by the advent of the printed books and the almost exclusive use of the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet.[2]
| Old Romanian | |
|---|---|
| ⰓⰬⰏⰬⰊⰐ | |
| Pronunciation | [rʊˈmɨn] |
| Era | c. 1154 to c. 1780 |
Early forms | |
| Glagolitic, Romanian Cyrillic | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | roa-RO |
Phonology
changeVowels
changeStressed [ə] from Common Romanian developed into the vowel [ɨ] in the pre-literary stage of the language. The Old Romanian vowel system which is preserved in the current stage of the language. [3] The asyllabic final sound [u]'s devoicing was not complete in Old Romanian.[4]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open | ä |
Consonants
changeOld Romanian retained the consonants [ʎ] and [ɲ] from Common Romanian, but with a limited distribution, mainly in the Banat-Hunedoara-Oltenia part. It also had two consonants characterized as intense, after which the front vowels [e], [i] underwent velarization.[4]
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | |||||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | c | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | |||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ} | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | nˠ | ||||
| Trill | r | rˠ | ||||||
| Approximant | lateral | l | ʎ | |||||
| central | j | w | ||||||
References
change- ↑ Iliescu, Maria (2021-05-26), "History of the Romanian Lexicon", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.471, ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5, retrieved 2024-03-03
- ↑ Hill, Virginia; Alboiu, Gabriela, "Preface", Verb Movement and Clause Structure in Old Romanian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0191056146
- ↑ Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română] [From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 147. ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pană Dindelegan 2016.