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Sparrowhawk

species of bird
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The sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) is a small bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It has a wide distribution in Eurasia and north Africa.

Sparrowhawk
Front view of bird of prey with barred underparts, yellow eyes and hooked bill
A male Eurasian sparrowhawk
A female Eurasian sparrowhawk
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Accipiter
Species:
A. nisus
Binomial name
Accipiter nisus
  Breeding summer visitor   Resident year-round   Non-breeding winter visitor
Sparrowhawk eggs

The adult male sparrowhawk has a blue-grey back and wings. His chest and belly have thin orange stripes. Female and young sparrowhawks have brown backs and wings, with thin brown stripes. The female is up to 25% larger than the male. This is one of the biggest size differences in any bird species.

The sparrowhawk eats mostly small birds which live in woodland. It can be seen in any habitat and often hunts birds in town and city gardens. Male sparrowhawks eat smaller birds like tits, finches and sparrows. Females eat bigger birds like thrushes and starlings. They can kill birds weighing more than 500 grams (18 oz).

The sparrowhawk is seen in Europe, parts of Asia and parts of Africa. Birds that breed in the north migrate south for winter. Birds that live further south stay there, or fly shorter distances.

Sparrowhawks build a nest in woodland. The nest is up to 60 cm (2.0 ft) wide and made from twigs. The female lays four or five eggs with pale blue shells. The chicks hatch after 33 days and leave the nest after another 24 to 28 days.

The proportion of young sparrowhawks which survive to one year old is 34%. More young males die than young females. 69% of adults survive from one year to the next. The average lifespan is four years.

The number of sparrowhawks decreased in Europe in the 1950s. Chemicals to kill unwanted insects ("pesticides") were put on seeds before they were planted. Small birds ate the seeds and then sparrowhawks ate the small birds. The amount of chemicals in the food chain increased. This affected the sparrowhawks. Some were poisoned and others laid eggs with shells that were too thin. The shells broke before the chicks hatched. The pesticides were banned and the sparrowhawk population increased again. It is now one of the commonest birds of prey in Europe.

The sparrowhawk's hunting behaviour means people who own homing pigeons or keep birds for food may dislike it. Some people also blame the sparrowhawk for decreases in the numbers of smaller birds. Scientists have found that increased numbers of sparrowhawks did not reduce the numbers of birds living in farmland and woodland in the 1960s. Research in Scotland found that less than 1% of homing pigeons that died were killed by sparrowhawks.

People have used the Sparrowhawk for falconry (hunting using a bird of prey) for more than 500 years. It is difficult to train but brave. The sparrowhawk features in some old German myths. It is mentioned in a play by William Shakespeare and a poem by Ted Hughes.

Description

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The sparrowhawk is a small bird of prey with short, broad wings and a long tail. These adaptations help it to fly between trees. Females can be up to 25% larger than males[2] and can be twice as heavy.[2] When females are larger than males, it is called "reverse sexual dimorphism". It is unusual in higher vertebrates but typical in birds of prey.[3]

The adult male is 29–34 cm (11–13 in) long from beak to tail, with a wingspan of 59–64 cm (23–25 in).[2] He weighs 110–196 g (3.9–6.9 oz).[4]p158 The male has a slate-grey back and wings (sometimes more blue). His chest and belly have thin red stripes but they can look orange from a distance. His eyes are orange-yellow or orange-red.

 
The yellow eye of this young male sparrowhawk (caught for ringing) may turn orange
 
Claws of Sparrowhawk

The female is much larger – 35–41 cm (14–16 in) long, with a wingspan of 67–80 cm (26–31 in).[2] She weighs 185–342 g (6.5–12.1 oz).[4] The female has dark brown or grey-brown back and wings, and brown stripes on her chest and belly. Her eyes are bright yellow to orange.

Young sparrowhawks have a brown back and wings, with rust-coloured edges to the feathers. They have bigger brown stripes and spots on their chest and belly, and pale yellow eyes.

The Sparrowhawk's pale underparts and darker back and wings are an example of countershading. This colouration counteracts the effect of light coming from above, and helps to make the bird less visible. In fact, countershading is seen in most animals,[5] including the Peregrine Falcon, the Merlin and other Accipiters. The Sparrowhawk's stripes are typical of markings on birds of prey which live in woodland.[6]

Sparrowhawks fly in a pattern described as "flap-flap-glide". The glide means that the flight has an up-and-down pattern.[7] In Great Britain, Sparrowhawks living further north have longer wings than birds in the south.[8] The sparrowhawk has a small, hooked beak. It is used for removing the feathers of its prey. The sparrowhawk's long legs and toes help it to catch and eat birds. Its middle toe is very long and is used to grab things.[6]

Lifespan

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Most sparrowhawks live for about four years. 34% of young birds survive to be one year old. 69% of adults survive from one year to the next.[2] The oldest known wild sparrowhawk lived for more than 20 years.[9]

Young sparrowhawks (less than one year old) weigh less than adults. They are especially light in the two months after leaving the nest. There is probably a high death rate at this time, particularly for males.[10] This may be because the smaller males catch smaller food. They cannot catch some of the bigger prey that females can. This means they need to eat more often. A female sparrowhawk of average weight can survive for seven days without eating. A male can survive only four days.[11]

Taxonomy

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The sparrowhawk is part of the family Accipitridae and the genus Accipiter.[12][13] Some English people used to call the sparrowhawk the blue hawk because of the male's colour. Other old names include spar hawk, spur hawk and stone falcon.[14]

The Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus was the first person to describe the sparrowhawk. He called it Falco nisus in 1758.[15] The French naturalist Mathurin Jacques Brisson moved it into the Accipiter genus in 1760.[16]

The current scientific name comes from the Latin words accipiter (hawk) and nisus (the sparrowhawk).[2]

The sparrowhawk forms a superspecies with the rufous-chested sparrowhawk of eastern and southern Africa, and possibly the Madagascar sparrowhawk.[17] Eurasian sparrowhawks look slightly different in different parts of their range. Birds in the eastern part of the range are larger and paler.[18] Six subspecies of sparrowhawk are generally recognised:[17][19]

Notes

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  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Accipiter nisus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695624A93519953. Archived from the original on 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Robinson R.A. "Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus [Linnaeus, 1758]". BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 26 February 2009
  3. ↑ Wheeler, P.; Greenwood, P.J. (1983). "The evolution of reversed sexual dimorphism in birds of prey". Oikos. 40 (1): 145–49. doi:10.2307/3544210. JSTOR 3544210.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi 1994. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-15-6
  5. ↑ Cott, Hugh B. 1940 Adaptive colouration in animals. Oxford University Press.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Newton 1986, pp.28–30
  7. ↑ Mullarney, Killian (1999). Collins Bird Guide. Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter. London: HarperCollins. pp. 92–93. ISBN 0-00-219728-6.
  8. ↑ Wyllie, I.; Newton, I. (2008-04-03). "Latitudinal variation in the body-size of Sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus within Britain". Ibis. 136 (4): 434–440. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01118.x.
  9. ↑ "European Longevity Records". EURING: The European Union for Ringing. Retrieved 21 Feb 2010.
  10. ↑ Newton, I.; Marquiss, M.; Village, A. (April 1983). "Weights, Breeding, and Survival in European Sparrowhawks" (PDF). The Auk. 100 (2): 344–354. doi:10.1093/auk/100.2.344.
  11. ↑ Newton (1986) pp. 291–294
  12. ↑ "Accipiter Brisson, 1760". ITIS reports. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Retrieved 28 November 2009.
  13. ↑ Martin, Brian P. (1992). Birds of prey of the British Isles. Newton Abbot: David & Charles plc. p. 132. ISBN 0-7153-9782-6.
  14. ↑ Greenoak, Francesca (1979). All the birds of the air. Book Club. pp. 84–85. ISBN 0233970371.
  15. ↑ Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 92. F. cera viridi, pedibus flavis, pectore albo fusco undularo, cauda fasciis nigricantibus.
  16. ↑ (in French) Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie; ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, espéces & leurs variétés. pp. 28, 310.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ferguson-Lees, James; David A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 578–581. ISBN 0-7136-8026-1.
  18. ↑ Baker, Kevin (1993). Identification guide to European non-passerines. BTO Guide 24. Thetford: British Trust for Ornithology. pp. 174–176. ISBN 0903793180.
  19. ↑ del Hoyo et al. 1994. p. 158

References

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  • Newton, Ian 1986. The sparrowhawk. Poyser, Calton. ISBN 0-85661-041-0
  • del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi 1994. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-15-6
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