Umar
ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (Arabic: عمر بن الخطاب, also spelled Omar, c. 583/584 – 644) was the second Rashidun caliph. He ruled from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. Umar was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was also a father-in-law of Muhammad. Umar was an expert Muslim jurist. He was known for his pious and just nature. It earned him the epithet al-Farooq. This meand "the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)".
| Umar عمر | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 2nd Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate | |
| Reign | 23 August 634 – 3 November 644 |
| Predecessor | Abu Bakr |
| Successor | Uthman ibn Affan |
| Born | c. 583 or 584 CE Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia |
| Died | November 644 CE
(Dhu al-Hijjah 23 AH/Muharram 24 AH) (aged 60–61) Medina, Hejaz, Rashidun Caliphate |
| Burial | Prophet's Mosque, Medina |
| Spouse | |
| Issue (among others) | |
| Tribe | Quraysh (Banu Adi) |
| Father | Khattab ibn Nufayl |
| Mother | Hantamah bint Hisham |
| Religion | Islam |
| Signature |  |
At first, Umar opposed Muhammad. After his conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. Umar fought in almost all battles under Muhammad. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first caliph. Umar served as the closest adviser to the Bakr until August 634. It was then that the dying Abu Bakr made Umar his successor.
Under Umar, the caliphate expanded. It ruled the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire.[3] His attacks on the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years. Jewish tradition says that Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and let them into Jerusalem and to worship.[4] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in November 644.[a]
Umar is said to be one of the most powerful Muslim caliphs.[6] He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition.[7] Some hadiths say he was second greatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.[8][9] He is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition.[10]
NotesEdit
- ↑ The date of Umar's death in the Islamic calendar is disputed. Although the sources are unanimous that Umar was stabbed in the last week of Dhu al-Hijjah, he reportedly died a few days later. According to an account of the 8th-century Medinian historian Ibn Ishaq (d. 767), Umar was stabbed on the 27th of Dhu al-Hijjah and died on the 1st of Muharram. In the work of al-Tabari (d. 923), Umar is variously reported to have died on 26th of Dhu al-Hijjah, 27th of Dhu al-Hijjah or the 1st of Muharram.[5]
Related pagesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Mir'at ul-Oqool. Vol. 21. p. 199.
- ↑ Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot. Vol. 4. p. 272.
- ↑ Hourani (1991), p. 23.
- ↑ Dubnow, Simon (1968). History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period. Vol. 2. Cornwall Books. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-8453-6659-2.
- ↑ Smith, 2015 & 93–95.
- ↑ Ahmed, Nazeer (2000). Islam in global history : from the death of prophet Muhammed to the first World War. Concord, CA: American Institute of Islamic History and Culture. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X.
- ↑ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.
- ↑ "Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com.
- ↑ "Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com.
- ↑ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.
Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.
BibliographyEdit
- Ibn Sa'ad. The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra).
- Guillaume, A., The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955.
- Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Donner, Fred, The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton University Press, 1981.
- Hourani, Albert (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. Faber and Faber.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press.
- Madelung, Wilferd (15 October 1998). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52-164696-3.
- Levi Dela Vida, G. & Bonner, M. (2000). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818−821. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7.
- Allenby, Viscount (2003), Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 0-7661-3984-0
- Hart, Michael H. (1978). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 9780806513508.
- Fayda, Mustafa; Koçak, Muhşin (2007). ÖMER b. el-Hattâb - An article published in 34th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam (in Turkish). Vol. 34. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 44–53. ISBN 978-97-53-89456-2.
- Barnaby Rogerson (2008), The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split, Overlook, ISBN 978-1-59-020022-3
- Barnaby Rogerson (4 November 2010), The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism, Little, Brown Book Group, ISBN 978-0-74-812470-1
- Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Other websitesEdit
- Excerpt from The History of the Khalifahs by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti
- Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya al-Husayni al-Ninowy.
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Umar Cadet branch of the Quraysh Born: c.584 Died: 3 November 644
| ||
| Sunni Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Abū Bakr |
Caliph of Islam Rashidun Caliph 23 August 634 – 3 November 644 |
Succeeded by Uthman ibn Affan |