Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 – July 12, 1804) was a statesman, a political theorist and an economist. He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Hamilton was the United States' first Secretary of the Treasury. He was known for the creation of a national bank. Born on the island of Nevis in the Caribbean, Hamilton moved to New York City. When the American Revolutionary War started, Hamilton served in the Continental Army. He was a close aide to General George Washington. After leaving the military he started a bank. He was one of the framers of the United States Constitution. Along with James Madison and John Jay, he wrote the Federalist Papers, which supported the new Constitution.
Alexander Hamilton | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 1st United States Secretary of the Treasury | |
| In office September 11, 1789 – January 31, 1795 | |
| President | George Washington |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Oliver Wolcott Jr. |
| Senior Officer of the United States Army | |
| In office December 14, 1799 – June 15, 1800 | |
| President | John Adams |
| Preceded by | George Washington |
| Succeeded by | James Wilkinson |
| Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from New York | |
| In office November 3, 1788 – March 2, 1789 | |
| Preceded by | Egbert Bensonor |
| Succeeded by | Seat abolished |
| In office November 4, 1782 – June 21, 1783 | |
| Preceded by | Seat established |
| Succeeded by | Seat abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 11, 1755 or 1757 Charlestown, Nevis, British Leeward Islands |
| Died | July 12, 1804 (aged 47 or 49) New York City, New York |
| Resting place | Trinity Church Cemetery |
| Political party | Federalist |
| Spouse(s) | |
| Children | Philip Hamilton Angelica Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Jr. James Alexander Hamilton John Church Hamilton William S. Hamilton Eliza Hamilton Holly Philip Hamilton (the second) |
| Parents | James A. Hamilton Rachel Faucette |
| Education | King's College (renamed Columbia) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  New York United States (1777–1800) |
| Branch/service | New York Provincial Company of Artillery Continental Army United States Army |
| Years of service | 1775–1776 (Militia) 1776–1781 1798–1800 |
| Rank |  Major general |
| Commands | U.S. Army Senior Officer |
| Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War • Battle of Harlem Heights • Battle of White Plains • Battle of Trenton • Battle of Princeton • Battle of Brandywine • Battle of Germantown • Battle of Monmouth • Siege of Yorktown Quasi-War |
Hamilton became the Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington. He helped set up the United States' financial system. Hamilton supported a national bank as well as the funding of the national debt. A leader of the Federalist Party, he was a long time rival of Thomas Jefferson. He was killed in a duel with political rival Aaron Burr, who was one of his first friends, in 1804.
Today, Hamilton is usually thought of as one of the most important of the early leaders. Hamilton's portrait appears on the United States ten-dollar bill.
Early life
changeHamilton was not born in the United States. He was from the Caribbean island of Nevis. His father was James Hamilton and his mother was Rachel Fawcett Lavien. Hamilton's mother had a child from a previous marriage that she left behind when she moved to Nevis. At the time, she was still married to another man. This meant that Hamilton was illegitimate. He was very sensitive about this fact. His father had left him as a child. Two years after this tragedy both Hamilton and his mother became sick. Hamilton recovered, but unfortunately his mother died. He was grief-stricken and moved in with his cousin. His cousin committed suicide.
In 1772 Hamilton went to New York to continue his education. He attended Kings College, now called Columbia University, until 1776.
Career
changeEarly in the American Revolution Hamilton was an artillery officer. Later he served on George Washington's staff. Hamilton believed by the late 1780s that the Articles of Confederation made a government that was too weak to work well, and he supported drafting a new document. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and he was a signer of the Constitution. In 1789 he was co-author of the Federalist Papers, a series of letters written by Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius."[1] Hamilton wrote about two-thirds of the essays.[1] They were published in newspapers in New York and supported the new Constitution.[1] These writings are usually thought of as being one of the most important American works on politics and government. They are still widely read today.[1]
George Washington, who became president in 1789, chose Hamilton to be the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.[2] While in this job, he supported a national bank and invented a way to pay the debt that the country owed for the Revolutionary War.[source?] He helped start the Federalist Party. John Adams was a member, and Washington supported the party though he was not a member. After being Secretary of the Treasury he worked as a lawyer and continued to lead the Federalist Party.
Hamilton said he was very anti-slavery. Along with John Jay he was a leader of the New York Manumission Society. The society worked to end slavery in New York by getting slave owners to choose to free their slaves. However, he bought and sold slaves for himself, his family, and his friends.[3]
Hamilton also had great respect for the small Jewish community in America and was a major supporter of religious freedom.[source?]
In 1800 Hamilton's political rival Thomas Jefferson beat the Federalist John Adams. Jefferson and Hamilton had very different ideas about the direction the new country should take, although both were important founding fathers.
Gunning and death
changeHamilton had a long-time rivalry with Jefferson's vice president Aaron Burr. This resulted in the Burr–Hamilton duel of 1804 in which Burr killed Hamilton. Hamilton kept Burr from being re-nominated for vice president.[4] He also kept him from becoming Governor of New York.[4] Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel.[4] They agreed to meet July 11, 1804 at Weehawken, New Jersey.[5] Dueling was illegal in New York which is why they chose Weehawken.[6] It was also the site where Philip Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton's son, had been killed in a duel three years earlier.[6] The night before the duel, Hamilton wrote his will, letters to friends, and finally a letter to his wife.[7] At dawn the next morning the two met at Weehawken. Without any discussion, the two men took their positions.[7] Unusual for a duel of this kind, the two fired about 4–5 seconds apart.[7] Who fired first is not known today. Burr's bullet struck Hamilton and knocked him down.[7] Then Burr promptly turned and left. The bullet went through Hamilton's ribs, and damaged his lungs and liver. Hamilton was taken to a friend's house in Manhattan where his wife and children joined him.[7] He asked two ministers to give him Communion but was refused.[7] Finally the Episcopal Bishop Benjamin Moore gave him the sacrament.[7] Hamilton died the next morning.[7]
Legacy
change
Hamilton is shown on the face of the U.S. 10-dollar bill. Hamilton is one of only two non-presidents honored on commonly used notes.[8] Some of Hamilton's words are still quoted. For example,
"I never expect a perfect work from imperfect man." -The Federalist #25[9]
Hamilton was the founder of the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which in 1915 became the United States Coast Guard.[10] For that reason, he is considered the father of the United States Coast Guard.[10] He was a staunch constitutionalist who, unlike several of the founding fathers, believed in a strong central government.[11] During his life he was involved in nearly every major political event from the Revolution to the election of 1800.[12] His writings fill a staggering 27 volumes.[12] Yet he is probably the least well understood of any of the founding fathers.[12] By the time of Hamilton's death, the Federalist Party he had helped start was in decline.[13] Hamilton and the Federalists had convinced Washington to create a central bank, assume the debts of the states and pass tax laws.[13] There is little doubt these moves helped save the new democracy.[13]
Hamilton is the subject of the 2015 Broadway Musical, Hamilton. It was written by and stars Lin-Manuel Miranda in the title role.[14]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Federalist Papers". History. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Alexander Hamilton (1789 - 1795)". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Did Hamilton own slaves? New research paper says he did". Yahoo! Finance. November 10, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Duel At Dawn, 1804". Eyewitness to History.com. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
- ↑ "Weehawken Dueling Grounds". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Thomas J. Fleming, Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Future of America (New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. 87
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 John Sedgwick, War of Two: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Duel That Stunned the Nation (New York: Berkley Books, 2015), pp. 339–342
- ↑ The other non-president honored on US money is Benjamin Franklin.
- ↑ GoodReads.com, "Alexander Hamilton Quotes"; retrieved 2012-10-9.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Katie Braynard (March 3, 2016). "The Long Blue Line: Alexander Hamilton – first member of the long blue line". Coast Guard Compass. United States Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
- ↑ Michael Federici (July 12, 2012). "The Legacy of Alexander Hamilton". The Imaginative Conservative. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Douglas Ambrose; Robert W. T. Martin, The Many Faces of Alexander Hamilton: The Life and Legacy of America's Most Elusive Founding Father, (New York: New York University Press, 2007), pp. 1–2
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "The Federalist Party". The American Experience. PBS; WGBH. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
- ↑ Kelly Lawler (December 25, 2016). "USA TODAY Entertainer of the Year runner up: Lin-Manuel Miranda". USA Today. Retrieved December 25, 2016.