Hawaiian Kingdom

historical kingdom in the Hawaiian Islands (1778–1893)

The Hawaiian Kingdom, or Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, was a sovereign state located in the Hawaiian Islands.

Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
Aupuni Mōʻī o Hawaiʻi
1795–1893
Coat of arms of Hawaii
Coat of arms
Motto: 
Anthem: 
Capital
Common languagesHawaiian, English
Religion
Church of Hawaii
Demonym(s)Hawaiian
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy (until 1840)
Constitutional monarchy (from 1840)
Monarch 
• 1795–1819
Kamehameha I
• 1819-1824
Kamehameha II
• 1825-1854
Kamehameha III
• 1855-1863
Kamehameha IV
• 1863-1872
Kamehameha V
• 1873-1874
Lunalilo
• 1874-1891
Kalakaua
• 1891–1893
Liliʻuokalani
Kuhina Nui 
• 1819–1832 (first)
Kaʻahumanu
• 1863–1864 (last)
Kekūanāoʻa
LegislatureLegislature
House of Nobles
House of Representatives
History 
• Inception
May, 1795
March/April 1810[10]
October 8, 1840
February 25 – July 31, 1843
November 28, 1843
August 22, 1849 - September 5, 1849
January 17, 1893
• Forced abdication of Queen Liliʻuokalani
January 24, 1895
Population
• 1780
400,000–800,000
• 1800
250,000
• 1832
130,313
• 1890
89,990
Currency
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Ancient Hawaii
Paulet affair
French invasion of Honolulu
Paulet affair
Provisional Government of Hawaii
French invasion of Honolulu
Today part of

Establishment change

The country was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great, of the independent island of Hawaiʻi, conquered the independent islands of Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi and Lānaʻi and unified them under one government. In 1810, the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the Hawaiian Kingdom voluntarily. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.

Recognition change

Major European powers recognised the country. The United States became its chief trading partner and watched over it to prevent some other power (such as Britain or Japan) from threatening to seize control. Hawaiʻi was forced to adopt a new constitution in 1887. King Kalākaua signed it, because the Honolulu Rifles, an anti-monarchist militia, thratened him. Queen Liliʻuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to replace the 1887 constitution with a new one. She was but was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of the Committee of Safety, a group of residents consisting of Hawaiian subjects and foreign nationals of American, British and German descent, many of whom had been educated in the US, had lived there for a time.[11] Hawaiʻi was an independent republic until the U.S. annexed it through the Newlands Resolution, on July 4, 1898. This created the Territory of Hawaii. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993 (informally known as the Apology Resolution), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum."[12]

References change

  1. Kanahele, George S. (1995). "Kamehameha's First Capital". Waikiki, 100 B.C. to 1900 A.D.: An Untold Story. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 90–102. ISBN 978-0-8248-1790-9.
  2. FAP-30 (Honoapiilani Highway) Realignment, Puamana to Honokowai, Lahaina District, Maui County: Environmental Impact Statement. 1991. p. 14.
  3. Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 November 2013). The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4.
  4. Patrick Vinton Kirch; Thérèse I. Babineau (1996). Legacy of the landscape: an illustrated guide to Hawaiian archaeological sites. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8248-1816-6.
  5. Patricia Schultz (2007). 1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die. Workman Pub. p. 932. ISBN 978-0-7611-4738-1.
  6. Bryan Fryklund (4 January 2011). Hawaii: The Big Island. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-58843-637-5.
  7. Benjamin F. Shearer (2004). The Uniting States: Alabama to Kentucky. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-313-33105-3.
  8. Roman Adrian Cybriwsky (23 May 2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 352. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.
  9. Engineering Magazine. Engineering Magazine Company. 1892. p. 286.
  10. Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-87022-431-X.
  11. Schulz, Joy (2017). Hawaiian by Birth: Missionary Children, Bicultural Identity, and U.S. Colonialism in the Pacific. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–238. ISBN 978-0803285897.
  12. "Public Law 103-150 - Wikisource, the free online library".