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Josip Broz Tito

Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman (1892−1980)
(Redirected from Joseph Broz Tito)

Josip Broz, nicknamed Tito, (May 7, 1892 – May 4, 1980) was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary, World War II Hero, statesman and dictator who was the leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, from 1945 until his death in 1980.[1][2] From 1945 to 1953 he was Prime Minister, and from 1953 to 1980 he was the President. His funeral on May 4, 1980, was attended by representatives of 128 out of 154 UN member countries.[3] Tito was a controversial person, with people having strong and differing views about his leadership. He has been described by some critics as an authoritarian and a benevolent dictator.

Josip Broz Tito
Josip Broz Tito
2nd President of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia
In office
January 14, 1953 – May 4, 1980
Preceded byIvan Ribar
Succeeded byLazar Koliševski
1st Prime Minister of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
In office
November 29, 1945 – January 14, 1953
Succeeded byPetar Stambolić
1st Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement
In office
September 1, 1961 – October 10, 1964
Succeeded byGamal Abdel Nasser
Personal details
Born(1892-05-07)May 7, 1892
Kumrovec, Croatia, Austria-Hungary
DiedMay 4, 1980(1980-05-04) (aged 87)
Ljubljana, Slovenia, Yugoslavia
Political partyLeague of Communists of Yugoslavia
Spouse(s)Pelagija Broz (married and divorced)
Jovanka Broz (married)

Early life

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Tito was born in Komrovec, Croatia, where his parents had a small farm.[4] He went to the village elementary school until 1905. In 1907 he was machinist's apprentice in Sisak. In 1910 he joined the union of workers and social-democratic party of Croatia and Slavonia. In 1913 he entered the Austro–Hungarian Army and later was imprisoned for anti-war propaganda. During World War I he was wounded, captured, then imprisoned by Russians.[4] After being set free, he became active in the bolshevik movement. After the October Revolution, he joined the Red Guards (Russia). In 1920 Tito came back to the new nation Yugoslavia and joined the Communist party. This was later renamed Yugoslav Communist League in 1952. Tito (Babo) was the leader of the Communist party from 1937 until his death. In 1921 the Yugoslav communist party was banned. Tito was imprisoned from 1928 until 1933 for being a communist.[4] In 1934 he went back to Soviet Union and he was involved as secret agent in NKVD.

Military chief

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In 1937 Tito came back to Yugoslavia. During the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in World War II, a civil war erupted between the collaborationists of Axis occupators (Ustaše, Croatian Home Guard, Slovene Home Guard, Serbian State Guards), royalist Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland who wanted to bring back the monarchy, and the self-organized guerilla force of Yugoslav Partisans. Tito had the leading role in organizing the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army and liberating Yugoslavia. Their struggles were recognized by the Allies of World War II as the true liberators of Yugoslavia. In 1945, Tito ordered the end of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and created the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with six republics: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia, and two autonomous provinces in Serbia: Vojvodina in the north, and Kosovo in the south, next to Albania.

Presidency

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Tito, under various positions, ruled Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1980. To be safe from assassination attempts, he was dramatically supported by the spy ring OZNA and political police UDBA. Following the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, Yugoslavia heavily opposed the influence of Soviet Union. His rule supressed all non-Titoist parties from forming, including nationalist, monarchist and liberal.[5] He, along with other political personalities in third-world countries, started the Non-Aligned Movement. In the mid-1970s, federal republics of Yugoslavia were granted more autonomy, and the country underwent political decentralization. When he died in 1980 the political situation worsened, as the nationalist parties gained ground. The centralist rule of Slobodan Milošević culminated into brutal and bitter Yugoslav Wars during the 1990s, just ten years later.

Death

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See the main article: Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito

Tito became ill over the course of 1979. On 7 January and again on 11 January 1980, Tito was admitted to the Medical Centre in Ljubljana, the capital city of the SR Slovenia, with circulation problems in his legs. His left leg was amputated soon afterward due to arterial blockages and he died of gangrene at the Medical Centre Ljubljana on 4 May 1980 at 3:05 pm, three days short of his 88th birthday. Many world leaders came to his funeral.[6]

Historical criticism

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I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself firmly established there as a dictator

— President of the United States Harry S. Truman [7]

Accusations of culpability are related with crimes perpetrated during and after WWII, in pursuit of fleeing Nazi collaborators, such as the massacres of Foibe and Kočevski Rog butchery.[8][9][10] Mass graves are evidences of massacres;[11][12] accusations of genocide and ethnic cleansing by historians.[13][14] Accusations of guilt in the Bleiburg massacre, the repression of the Croatian Catholic Church, and the crackdown on the Croatian Spring or MASPOK.[15] Accusation of Vojvodina massacre consists in retaliation against Germans and Hungarians citizen and supposed Chetnik Serbs but some historians consider these incidents also ethnic cleansing against Germans and Hungarians because during World War II, the German minority in occupied Yugoslavia enjoyed a status of superiority over the Yugoslav population.[16] The AVNOJ Presidium issued a decree that ordered the government confiscation of all property of Nazi Germany and its citizens in Yugoslavia, persons of German nationality (regardless of citizenship), and collaborators. The decision acquired the force of law on February 6, 1945.[17]

Tito's repression involved many of the his old friends such as Milovan Dilas and Vladimir Dedijer, who were both imprisoned but later wrote several books with gross accusations against him;[18] with criticism heaped on Tito's lustful lifestyle: by 1974 he had 32 official residences, one of the ten richest men in the Balkans, a communist who lived like a king.[19] Tito constructed huge personality cult around him, which kept Yugoslavia from falling apart.[20]

Funeral

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State funeral of Josip Tito

The funeral of Josip Tito, President of Yugoslavia, was held on 8 May 1980, four days after his death on 4 May. His funeral was visited by most of world statesmen.[6]

They included four kings, 31 presidents, six princes, 22 prime ministers and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. They came from both sides of the Cold War, from 128 different countries out of 154 UN members at the time.[21]

The "Plavi voz" (Blue train, official presidential train) brought his body to the capital Belgrade and he lay in state in the Federal Parliament building until the funeral.

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References

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  1. ↑ "Josip Broz Tito". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  2. ↑ encyclopedia
  3. ↑ Vidmar, Josip (1981). Josip Broz Tito – Ilustrirani življenjepis. Rajko Bobot, Miodrag Vartabedijan, Branibor Debeljaković, Živojin Janković, Ksenija Dolinar. Jugoslovenska revija. p. 166.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Marshal Tito Biography". notablebiographies.com. 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  5. ↑ Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (1992). TITO: YUGOSLAVIA'S GREAT DICTATOR, A REASSESSM (9780814206010): STEVAN K. PAVLOWITCH: Books. ISBN 0814206018.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jimmy Carter (4 May 1980). "Josip Broz Tito Statement on the Death of the President of Yugoslavia". Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
  7. ↑ Lees, Lorraine M. (2010). Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War, 1945-1960. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-04063-9.
  8. ↑ "European Public Hearing on "Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-11-18. page 156 <<Most of the mass killings were carried out from May to July 1945; among the victims were mostly the “returned” (or “home-captured”) Home guards and prisoners from other Yugoslav provinces. In the following months, up to January 1946 when the Constitution of the Federative People’s Republic of Yugoslavia was passed and OZNA had to hand the camps over to the organs of the Ministry of the Interior, those killings were followed by mass killing of Germans, Italians and Slovenes suspected of collaborationism and anti-communism. Individual secret killings were carried out at later dates as well. The decision to “annihilate” opponents must had been adopted in the closest circles of Yugoslav state leadership, and the order was certainly issued by the Supreme Commander of the Yugoslav Army Josip Broz - Tito, although it is not known when or in what form.>>
  9. ↑ Book and article about Kocevje extermination
  10. ↑ The South Slav Journal. Dositey Obradovich Circle. 1999.
  11. ↑ "Article". Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  12. ↑ "linked dossier". Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  13. ↑ Merrill, Christopher (2001). Only the Nails Remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7425-1686-1.
  14. ↑ Karapandzic, Bor. M. (1980). The bloodiest Yugoslav spring, 1945 Tito's Katyns and Gulags. Carlton Press. ISBN 978-0-8062-1455-9.
  15. ↑ Bousfield, Jonathan (2003). Croatia. Rough Guides. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-84353-084-8.
  16. ↑ Michael Portmann, Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After WWII (1943–50)
  17. ↑ Tomasevich 1969, p. 115, 337.
  18. ↑ N. Y. Times article
  19. ↑ N. Y. Times articles
  20. ↑ read note number 11
  21. ↑ Ridley, Jasper (1996). Tito: A Biography. Constable. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-09-475610-6.

Bibliography

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Other websites

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  Media related to Josip Broz Tito at Wikimedia Commons

 
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