Lake Maracaibo
Lake Maracaibo (Spanish: Lago de Maracaibo) is a large brackish tidal bay (or tidal estuary) in Venezuela. It is an "inlet of the Caribbean Sea".[1][2][3][4] It is often called a lake rather than a bay or lagoon.[5] In the north, a channel 55 km long connects it to the Caribbean Sea.
| Lake Maracaibo | |
|---|---|
 Lake Maracaibo, seen from space. The green swirls in the lake are patches of duckweed, which is infesting the lake. North is at the top of the image. | |
 Map | |
| Coordinates | 09°48′57″N 71°33′24″W / 9.81583°N 71.55667°W |
| Type | Coastal saltwater, bay |
| Primary inflows | Catatumbo River |
| Primary outflows | Gulf of Venezuela |
| Basin countries | Venezuela |
| Max. length | 99 miles (159 km) |
| Max. width | 67 miles (108 km) |
| Surface area | 13,210 km2 (5,100 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 60 m (200 ft) |
| Water volume | 280 km3 (230,000,000 acre⋅ft) |
| Surface elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Islands | 467 |
| Settlements | Maracaibo, Cabimas, Ciudad Ojeda |
The lake is named after the city Maracaibo, which lies on the east side of this channel. In Maracaibo, this channel is about 8.5 km wide. General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge spans this channel. It is one of the longest bridges in the world.[6]
The lake has a size of about 160 kilometres (99 mi) by 110 kilometres (68 mi). 135 rivers flow into the lake. The biggest of them is Catatumbo River, which is 500 km long. Others include Escalante River and Chama River.
In the northern part of the lake, there is brackish water. The southern part of the lake is freshwater. There are many islands in the lake.
Economic importance change
In most parts of the lake, the water is very shallow. For this reason, a canal has been built, so that oceangoing ships are able to access the ports of Maracaibo and Cabimas.
In 1914, crude oil was found in the lake, near Cabimas. The surrounding Maracaibo Basin contains large reserves of it; the lake is a major profit center for Venezuela.[7][8] Almost a quarter of Venezuela's population live in the basin around the lake.[9]
Thunderstorms change
Lake Maracaibo is not very deep, on average, it only has a depth of 5 metres (16 ft). Its biggest depth is 45 metres (148 ft). Its water is very warm, usually 30 °C (86 °F). During the day, a lot of water evaporates from the lake. At night, the air around the lake cools down faster than the air over the lake. This leads to the formation of clouds. Because of the difference in temperature, thunderstorms are frequent. Large flocks of cattle graze in the area around the lake. Very often, they are hit by lightning. Lightning may also hit one of the many oil extraction facilities in the lake, which often catch fire.
This weather phenomenon is known as Catatumbo lightning. It regularly occurs at Lake Maracaibo and produces more lightning than any other place on the planet.[10]
Environmental problems change
The environment of the lake has several problems. Part of the lake is infested with the duckweed Lemna. Duckweed are plants that float freely on the water. The problem with Lemna is that it spreads very fast. Its cover of the water can double in 48 hours. The plants can only be removed physically. In mid 2004, about 18% of the lake was covered with it.
Duckweed is not toxic to fish, but it takes oxygen out of the lake as it decays. This kills fish. Though officials say the weed has not harmed fish yet, it is harming the local fishing industry. The plant clogs the motors of small boats, making it impossible for fishers to launch their vessels.
Duckweed also threatens the local ecosystem because it shades the lake: Other plants in the lake do not get enough light, and die off. In certain conditions, the weed may concentrate heavy metals and bacteria such as Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera. Even though it causes many problems, the weed may also have some use: Duckweed can be treated to feed poultry, or to make paper.
The lake has other problems. Untreated sewage is released into it, and oil drilling operations cause pollution with crude oil.
References change
- ↑ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (16 June 2016). "Lake Maracaibo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster (2016). Webster's New Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. p. 727. ISBN 978-0-87779-446-2.
- ↑ Times Books (2014). Comprehensive Atlas of the World. HarperCollins. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-00-755140-8.
- ↑ Question Unlimited (2003). "Who Wants to Be a Judge at the National Academic Championship?". National Academic Championship. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
- ↑ John C. Murphy (2012). "Marine Invasions by Non-Sea Snakes, with Thoughts on Terrestrial–Aquatic–Marine Transitions". Integr. Comp. Biol. 52 (2). Oxford Journals Volume 52, Issue 2 Pp. 217-226.: 217–226. doi:10.1093/icb/ics060. PMID 22576813. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
...from Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. The mostly freshwater lake is a remnant of the Orinoco changing course, and has a direct flow of water from the Caribbean through the Strait of Maracaibo and Tablazo Bay.
- ↑ Baverstock, Alasdair (11 March 2015). "Venezuela's nightly lightning show". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ↑ Maracaibo, Lake Archived 2006-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
- ↑ Boschetti, Tiziano; Angulo, Beatriz; Cabrera, Frank; Vásquez, Jhaisson; Montero, Ramón Luis (2016). "Hydrogeochemical characterization of oilfield waters from southeast Maracaibo Basin (Venezuela): Diagenetic effects on chemical and isotopic composition". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 73: 228–248. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.02.020 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ↑ "LakeNet - Lakes". www.worldlakes.org.
- ↑ Albrecht, R. I.; Goodman, S. J.; Buechler, D. E.; Blakeslee, R. J.; Christian, H. J. (2016). "Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth?". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97 (11): 2051–2068. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97.2051A. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1.