List of presidents of Peru
Wikimedia list article
This is a list of presidents of Peru.
Republic of Peru (1839–present)
changeThe Republic of Peru was reestablished on August 25, 1839.
N | President | Term of office | Form of entry | Party | Born in | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | End | |||||||
José de San Martín and the Liberation Army of the South (1820–1823) | ||||||||
José de San Martín[1] Liberator and Protector |
3 August 1821 | 20 September 1822 | Liberator | Yapeyu | ||||
1 | José de la Riva Agüero[1] | 28 February 1823 | 23 June 1823 | Appointed by Congress[2] | Military | Lima | ||
2 | José Bernardo de Tagle[1] | 16 August 1823 | 18 November 1823 | Appointed by Congress[3] | Military | Lima | ||
18 November 1823 | 10 February 1824 | Election[4] | ||||||
Simón Bolívar, the Northern Expedition, and the end of colonial era (1823–1826) | ||||||||
Simón Bolívar[1] | 10 February 1824 | 27 January 1827 | Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Republic of Peru[5] Dictator of Peru[6] |
Military | Caracas | |||
3 | José de La Mar[1] | 10 June 1827 | 7 June 1829 | Election[7] | Military | Quito | ||
4 | Agustín Gamarra[1] | 7 June 1829 | 19 December 1829 | Coup d'état, in cahoots with Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente | Military | Cusco | ||
1 September 1829 | 19 December 1829 | Appointed by Congress[8] | ||||||
19 December 1829 | 19 December 1833 | Election[9] | ||||||
5 | Luis José de Orbegoso[10] | 21 December 1833 | 21 December 1833 | Election[11] | Military | La Libertad | ||
6 | Felipe Salaverry[12] | 25 February 1835 | 7 February 1836 | Coup d'état[13] | Military | Lima | ||
War of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836-1839) Rulers of the Peru-Bolivia Confederation | ||||||||
Result: Victory of Restorative United Army
Consequence: Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation | ||||||||
Restorative United Army | Peru–Bolivian Confederation | |||||||
Restoration of the Republic of Peru | ||||||||
7 | Agustín Gamarra[14] | 20 January 1839[15] | 15 August 1839 | Open Cabildo[16][17] Occupation of Ejercito Unido Restaurador |
Military | Cusco | ||
15 August 1839 | 10 July 1840 | Appointed by Congress[16] | ||||||
10 July 1840 | 18 November 1841 (†) | Election[18] | ||||||
Military anarchy (1842–1844) | ||||||||
8 | Manuel Menéndez[14] | 18 November 1841 | 16 August 1842 | Constitutional Succession[19] | Independent | Lima | ||
9 | Juan Francisco de Vidal La Hoz[14] | 20 October 1842 | 15 March 1843 | Constitutional Succession[19][20][21] | Military | Supe | ||
10 | Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco[14] | 27 March 1843 | 7 April 1843 | Coup d'état conspired between Vivanco and Pezet | Military | Lima | ||
7 April 1843 | 17 June 1844 | Coup d'état[22][23] | ||||||
Military anarchy (1842–1844) | ||||||||
11 | Manuel Menéndez[14] | 7 October 1844 | 20 April 1845 | Spare in office[24] | Independent | Lima | ||
12 | Ramón Castilla[25] | 20 April 1845 | 20 April 1851 | Election[26][27] | Military | Tarapaca | ||
13 | José Rufino Echenique[25] | 20 April 1851 | 5 January 1855 | Election[28] | Military | Puno | ||
14 | Ramón Castilla[25] | 5 January 1855 | 24 October 1858 | Coup d'état[29] | Military | Tarapaca | ||
24 October 1858 | 24 October 1862 | Election[30] | ||||||
15 | Miguel de San Román[25] | 24 October 1862 | 3 April 1863 (†) | Election | Military | Puno | ||
16 | Juan Antonio Pezet[25] | 5 August 1863 | 8 November 1865 | Constitutional Succession | Military | Lima | ||
17 | Mariano Ignacio Prado[25] | 28 November 1865 | 15 February 1867 | Coup d'état[31][32] | Military | Huanuco | ||
15 February 1867 | 31 August 1867 | Appointed by Congress[33] | ||||||
31 August 1867 | 7 January 1868 | Election[34] | ||||||
18 | Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho[35] | 7 January 1868 | 2 August 1868 | Pezet Constitutional Succession[36] | Military | Arequipa | ||
19 | José Balta[35] | 2 August 1868 | 22 July 1872 | Election[37] | Military | Lima | ||
20 | Manuel Pardo y Lavalle[35] | 2 August 1872 | 2 August 1876 | Election[38] | Civilista Party | Lima | ||
War of the Pacific started on 5 April 1879 | ||||||||
21 | Mariano Ignacio Prado[35] | 2 August 1876 | 18 December 1879 | Election[39] | Civilista Party | Huanuco | ||
22 | Luis La Puerta[35] | 18 December 1879 | 23 December 1879 | Constitutional Succession[40] | Civilista Party | Cusco | ||
23 | Nicolás de Piérola[35] | 23 December 1879 | 28 July 1881 | Open cabildo[41] | Independent | Arequipa | ||
31 July 1881 | 28 December 1881 | Appointed by the National Assembly of Ayacucho[42] | ||||||
24 | Francisco García Calderón[43] | 12 March 1881 | 10 July 1881 | Council of Notables[44] | Independent | Arequipa | ||
10 July 1881 | 6 November 1881 | Ratified by the Congress of Chorrillos[45][46] | ||||||
25 | Lizardo Montero[43] | 28 September 1881 | 28 October 1883 | Constitutional Succession
(Vice President) |
Civilista Party | Ayabaca | ||
26 | Miguel Iglesias[43] | 30 December 1882 | 1 March 1884 | Appointed by Constituent Assembly of the North[47] | Military | Celendín | ||
1 March 1884 | 3 December 1885 | Appointed by Constituent Assembly[48][49] | ||||||
War of the Pacific ended on 4 April 1884 | ||||||||
27 | Andrés Avelino Cáceres[43][50] | 3 June 1886 | 10 August 1890 | Election 1886 | Constitutional Party | Ayacucho | ||
28 | Remigio Morales Bermúdez[50] | 10 August 1890 | 1 April 1894 (†) | Election 1890 | Constitutional Party | Tarapaca | ||
29 | Justiniano Borgoño[51] | 1 April 1894 | 10 August 1894 | Sucesión Constitucional
(Vicepresidente) |
Constitutional Party | Trujillo | ||
30 | Andrés Avelino Cáceres[51] | 10 August 1894 | 20 March 1895 | Election 1894 | Constitutional Party | Ayacucho | ||
31 | Nicolás de Piérola[51] | 8 September 1895 | 8 September 1899 | Election 1895 | Democratic Party | Arequipa | ||
32 | Eduardo López de Romaña[51] | 8 September 1899 | 8 September 1903 | Election 1899 | Civilista Party - Democratic Party | Arequipa | ||
33 | Manuel Candamo[51] | 8 September 1903 | 7 May 1904 (†) | Election 1903 | Civilista Party | Lima | ||
34 | Serapio Calderón[51] | 7 May 1904 | 24 September 1904 | Constitutional succession
(2º Vice President) |
Civilista Party | Cusco | ||
35 | José Pardo y Barreda[52] | 24 September 1904 | 24 September 1908 | Election 1904 | Civilista Party | Lima | ||
36 | Augusto Leguía[52] | 24 September 1908 | 24 September 1912 | Election 1908 | Civilista Party | Lambayeque | ||
37 | Guillermo Billinghurst[52] | 24 September 1912 | 4 February 1914 | Election 1912 | Democratic Party | Arica | ||
38 | Oscar Benavides[52] | 4 February 1914 | 15 May 1914 | Coup d'état[53] | Military | Lima | ||
15 May 1914 | 18 August 1915 | Appointed by Congress[54] | ||||||
39 | José Pardo y Barreda[52] | 18 August 1915 | 4 July 1919 | Election 1915 | Civilista Party | Lima | ||
40 | Augusto Leguía[52] | 4 July 1919 | 12 October 1919 | Coup d'état 1919 | Independent | Lambayeque | ||
12 October 1919 | 12 October 1924 | Election 1919 | Reformist Democratic Party | |||||
12 October 1924 | 12 October 1929 | Election 1924 | ||||||
12 October 1929 | 25 August 1930 | Election 1929 | ||||||
41 | Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro[55] | 27 August 1930 | 1 March 1931 | Coup d'état 1930 | Military | Piura | ||
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro[55] | 8 December 1931 | 30 April 1933 (†) | Election 1931 | Revolutionary Union | ||||
42 | Oscar Benavides[56] | 30 April 1933 | 8 December 1939 | Appointed by Congress[57] | Military | Lima | ||
43 | Manuel Prado Ugarteche[58][59] | 8 December 1939 | 28 July 1945 | Election 1939 | Conservative Coalition | Lima | ||
44 | José Luis Bustamante y Rivero[60] | 28 July 1945 | 29 October 1948 | Election 1945 | National Democratic Front | Arequipa | ||
45 | Manuel Odría[61][62] | 1 November 1948 | 1 June 1950 | Coup d'état 1948 | Military | Tarma | ||
28 July 1950 | 28 July 1956 | Election 1950 | Odriist National Union | |||||
46 | Manuel Prado Ugarteche[63] | 28 July 1956 | 18 July 1962 | Election 1956 | Peruvian Democratic Movement | Lima | ||
47 | Ricardo Pérez Godoy[64] | 18 July 1962 | 3 March 1963 | Coup d'état 1962 | Military | Lima | ||
48 | Nicolás Lindley López[65] | 3 March 1963 | 28 July 1963 | Succession
(De facto) |
Military | Lima | ||
49 | Fernando Belaúnde Terry[66] | 28 July 1963 | 3 October 1968 | Election 1963 | Popular Action | Lima | ||
50 | Juan Velasco Alvarado[67][68] | 3 October 1968 | 30 August 1975 | Coup d'état 1968 | Military | Piura | ||
51 | Francisco Morales Bermúdez[69] | 30 August 1975 | 28 July 1980 | Coup d'état 1975 | Military | Lima | ||
52 | Fernando Belaúnde Terry[70][71] | 28 July 1980 | 28 July 1985 | Election 1980 | Popular Action | Lima | ||
53 | Alan García[72] | 28 July 1985 | 28 July 1990 | Election 1985 | American Popular Revolutionary Alliance | Lima | ||
54 | Alberto Fujimori[73][74] | 28 July 1990 | 5 April 1992 | Election 1990 | Cambio 90 | Lima | ||
22 April 1992 | 9 January 1993 | Coup d'état 1992 | ||||||
9 January 1993 | 28 July 1995 | Ratified by Democratic Constituent Congress | ||||||
28 July 1995 | 28 July 2000 | Election 1995 | Cambio 90 - New Majority | |||||
28 July 2000 | 21 November 2000 | Election 2000 | Peru 2000 | |||||
55 | Valentín Paniagua | 22 November 2000 | 28 July 2001 | Impeachment Against Alberto Fujimori | Popular Action | Cusco | ||
56 | Alejandro Toledo | 28 July 2001 | 28 July 2006 | Election 2001 | Possible Peru | Ancash | ||
57 | Alan García | 28 July 2006 | 28 July 2011 | Election 2006 | American Popular Revolutionary Alliance | Lima | ||
58 | Ollanta Humala | 28 July 2011 | 28 July 2016 | Election 2011 | Peruvian Nationalist Party | Lima | ||
59 | Pedro Pablo Kuczynski | 28 July 2016 | 23 March 2018 | Election 2016 | Peruvians for Change | Lima | ||
60 | Martín Vizcarra | 23 March 2018 | 9 November 2020 | Resignation of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski | Independent | Lima | ||
61 | Manuel Merino | 10 November 2020 | 15 November 2020 | Impeachment Against Martin Vizcarra | Popular Action | Tumbes | ||
62 | Francisco Sagasti | 17 November 2020 | 28 July 2021 | Resignation of Manuel Merino | Purple Party | Lima | ||
63 | Pedro Castillo | 28 July 2021 | 7 December 2022 | Election 2021 | Free Peru | Cajamarca | ||
64 | Dina Boluarte | 7 December 2022 | Incumbent | Impeachment Against Pedro Castillo | Independent | Chalhuanca |
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 298. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ "Nombramiento de José de la Riva Agüero como Presidente de la República, 28 febrero de 1823" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Nombramiento del Gran Mariscal José Bernardo de Tagle como Presidente de la República del Perú, 16 agosto de 1823" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Se nombra Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle y Portocarrero, 18 noviembre de 1823" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Decreto disponiendo que el Libertador Simón Bolívar asuma la suprema autoridad política y militar". Archived from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Decreto encargándole la autoridad suprema, 1 de setiembre de 1826". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Decreto mandando cumplir la ley que lo nombra Presidente de la República y vicepresidente a Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, 10 de junio de 1827" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Ley nombrándo Presidente de la República al Gral. Agustín Gamarra y Vicepresidente al general Antonio G. de La Fuente, 31 de agosto de 1829" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Ley proclamándolo Presidente de la República, 19 de diciembre de 1829". Archived from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 68. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ "Ley nombrándo Presidente Provisional de la República al Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso, 20 de diciembre de 1833" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-28. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú. Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ "Decreto asumiendo el mando de la República, Gral. Felipe Santiago Salaverry del Solar, 25 de febrero de 1835" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 130. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ * Proclaimed (Open cabildo): 24 August 1838
- De facto effective after victory in the Battle of Yungay: 20 January 1839
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Ley nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio al General Agustín Gamarra, 15 de agosto de 1839" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Acuerdo del Cabildo abierto encargando al Mariscal Agustín Gamarra el Poder Ejecutivo el 24 de agosto de 1838". Archived from the original on 2022-09-02.
- ↑ "Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, 11 de julio de 1840" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-01.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Congress of the Republic of Peru (November 10, 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)".
Art. 82º.- Cuando vacare la Presidencia de la República por muerte, pacto atentatorio, renuncia o perpétua imposibilidad física o moral, se encargará provisionalmente del Poder Ejecutivo el Presidente del Consejo de Estado, quien en estos casos convocará a los Colegios Electorales dentro de los primeros diez días de su Gobierno para la elección del Presidente.
- ↑ Congress of the Republic of Peru (November 10, 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)".
Art. 101º.- Para reemplazar al Presidente del Consejo en cualquiera ocurrencia, hará sus veces el Vicepresidente que también nombrará el Congreso, y asimismo un tercero para los casos
- ↑ "Proclama al Perú del Vicepresidente del Consejo de Estado, encargado del Poder Ejecutivo de la República, General Francisco Vidal, el 29 de octubre de 1842". Archived from the original on 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Proclama del Gral. Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco Iturralde, Supremo Director a los habitantes de la capital el 8 de abril de 1843". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Decreto declarando nulos sus actos administrativos del titulado Supremo DIrector, 12 de octubre de 1844". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Resignando la autoridad en el Presidente del Consejo de Estado". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 222. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ "Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al General Ramón Castilla, 19 de abril de 1845". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Juramento del Presidente de la República" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Ley 2 abril 1851 proclamando Presidente de la República al general Echenique" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Proclama del libertador Ramón Castilla a los pueblos del Perú, el 6 de enero de 1855". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Proclamando Presidente de la República al Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de noviembre de 1865". Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Ley que lo nombra Presidente Provisorio de la República, 15 de febrero de 1867". Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Ley que lo proclama Presidente de la República el 29 de agosto de 1867" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-28. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 102. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ "Bando reconociendo la autoridad del Segundo Vicepresidente de la República, Gral. Pedro Diez Canseco, 7 de enero de 1868". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Ley 1 de agosto Proclamando Presidente Constitucional de la República al ciudadano Don Jose Balta" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Ley que proclama Presidente Constitucional de la República a Manuel Pardo y Lavalle, 1 de agosto de 1872". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Ley 1 de agosto de 1876 eligiendo y proclamando Presidente Constitucional a Mariano Ignacio Prado" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Decreto 18 de diciembre de 1879. Asumiendo la Presidencia de la República el primer Vice-Presidente, Luis La Puerta" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Cabildo Abierto le encarga la suprema magistratura, Lima, 23 de diciembre de 1879". Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "La asamblea nacional nombrea Nicolas de Piérola Presidente de la República, Ayacucho, 31 de julio 1881". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 208. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Cuya Vera, Ricardo (October 13, 2017). "Francisco García Calderón Landa: Presidente del Perú".
en Lima, los "vecinos notables" se reunieron el 12 de marzo de 1881 y eligieron a Francisco García Calderón como Presidente Provisional de la República.
- ↑ Ayllón Dulanto, Fernando. "FRANCISCO GARCÍA CALDERÓN LANDA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
El Congreso ratificó el nombramiento de García Calderón como Presidente Provisorio
- ↑ "Mensaje a la nación ante el Congreso de Chorrillos el 10 de julio de 1881". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Ley eligiéndolo Presidente Regenerador de la República al General Miguel Iglesias, Cajamarca, 30 de diciembre de 1882". Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Decreto nombrándo al Gral. Miguel Iglesias Presidente Provisorio de la República, 1 de marzo de 1884". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "Renuncia del Presidente Provisorio de la República, Gral. Miguel Iglesias, 3 de diciembre de 1885". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 200. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5 Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 66. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 186. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ "Proclama del coronel don Oscar Benavides, quien se ha hecho cargo del mando supremo de la República" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ "RESOLUCIÓN LEGISLATIVA Nº 1958 ENCARGA LA PRESIDENCIA PROVISORIA DE LA REPÚBLICA AL CORONEL ÓSCAR R. BENAVIDES". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 284. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 25. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ "MENSAJE DEL PRESIDENTE DEL PERÚ, GENERAL DE DIVISIÓN ÓSCAR R. BENAVIDES LARREA, ANTE EL CONGRESO NACIONAL, EL 30 DE ABRIL DE 1933". www.congreso.gob.pe. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 30. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 31. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 34. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 110. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 111. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 144. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 147. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 149. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 176. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 180. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 190. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 213. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 214. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 225. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 237. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ↑ Basadre, Jorge (2014-12-04). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 249. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.