Amb (princely state)
Amb was a princely state of the former British Raj. It governed itself (it had autonomy), but was under the overall suzerainty of the British monarch. Amb was ruled by a hereditary prince with the title of Nawab. The Nawab of Amb was the chieftain of the Tanoli tribe of Pashtun from Ghilji confederation in the Hazara. In the Partition of India in 1947, the Nawab of Tanolis/TanoKhel gave up the independence the state had previously enjoyed by joining the new country of Pakistan. Amb continued as a distinct state within Pakistan until 1969, when it was merged into the former North-West Frontier Province. The royal status of the Nawab was abolished by the Government of Pakistan in 1972.
The area in which Amb was located is historically known as Tanawal. This is in the Hazara region in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The part covered by Amb is called "Upper Tanawal", and is now part of Mansehra District. "Lower Tanawal" is in the Abbottabad District. The name "Tanawal" comes from the name of the tribe that lives there, the Tanoli (or Tanawali). The Tanoli are Muslims. They speak Hindko.
History
changeAmb and the area around it have a long history, which goes back to the time of the invasion of the region by Alexander the Great. A settlement called Embolina, located on the Indus River, is mentioned in writings by Arrian and Ptolemy. This is the place from which the Nawabs of Amb took their title.[1]
Amb was once formally known as Mulk e Tanawal (meaning the country of Tanawal). The early history of the region goes back to the centuries before the Mughal Empire. In the early 14th century, the Tanoli or Tanawali tribe arrived here from Central Asia, after coming through Afghanistan. They conquered it and settled here on the banks of the river Indus and a wide area around it, which thus came to be known as Tanawal.
From early on, the Tanawal area stayed mostly free from the influence of the Mughals and Sikhs and later had only limited contact with British. The people of Tanawal thus had little or no contact with other places for a long period and remained ignorant and backward. At most times, they would resist outside authority, preferring to be ruled by their own chiefs at a local level. Until the late-18th or early-19th centuries, Tanawal was not one state. It was rather an area where several important Tanoli chiefs had authority over an area of influence. The Hindwal section chiefs remained stronger than the other. In 1772, Mir Haibat Khan, the eldest son of Mir Gul Muhammad Khan, was declared to be the chief of Upper Tanawal. Later, his descendants were made as the Nawabs of Amb under the British Raj, and continued ruling over this territory until 1972.
Rulers
change
The rulers of Amb belonged to the Hindwal branch of the Tanoli. The Tanoli are of Mughal ancestry.[2][3] The rulers are descendants of a Barlas Turk probably named Ameer Khan Turk[note 1] but authentic records of the tribe no longer exist beyond the 18th century.[5]
List
changeThe Nawabs, or rulers of Amb were:
- Mir Haibat Khan and what are the names of all sons?
- Mir Navab Khan and what are the names of all sons?
- Mir Painda Khan (died 1843)
- Mir, later Nawab Jehandad Khan (1843–1868)
- Sir Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan (1868–1907)
- Sir Nawab Khan i Zaman Khan (1907–1936)
- Sir Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan (1936–1971)(state and all titles etc. formally abolished)
- Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan (1971–1972; titlular only 1972–1973)
The concept of hereditary rulerships was abolished in Pakistan on 1 January 1972. It was done by a change to the constitution.[6][7] This meant that the Nawab of Amb would no longer be recognised as a ruler. They could also no longer use their old styles and titles.[8]
The current head of the old/former royal family is Salahuddin Saeed Khan, since 1973. He is the son of the last Nawab[9] and is allowed to use the courtesy title of 'Nawabzada' (son of a Nawab).
Notes
change- ↑ This has been mentioned in many historical books, such as The Royal Asiatic Journal and the Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia (1841). "There is one chief who, though not a Eusofzye, yet from his position in the midst of, and intimate connection with, the Eusofzyes, and his singular history and character, must not be omitted in a description of the Eusofzye country. Paieendah Khan, of Tanawul, is a Mogul of the Birlas tribe, the same from which the Ameer Timoor was descended. All record of the first settlement in Tanawul of his family is lost, and it has long ago broken off all connection with the other branches of the Birlas, which are still to be found in Turkestan."[4]
References
change- ↑ On Alexander's Track to the Indus By Aurel Stein, Published by B. Blom, 1972, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 2 September 2008, 182 pages
- ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 23, Singhbhum to Trashi-Chod-Zong, p. 219. 1908, by India Office of Great Britain, Sir William Wilson Hunter, edited by Henry Frowde, publisher to the University of Oxford. "Its real rulers, however, were the Tanawalis, a tribe of Mughal descent divided into two septs, the Pul-al and Hando-al or Hind-wal."
- ↑ Maharaja Kharak Singh, 27 June 1839 – 5 November 1840: select records preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi By Fauja Singh, National Archives of India Published by Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, 1977 Original from the University of California. Digitized 12 February 2009. 458 pages: "The family of Paeendah Khan is a branch of the Birlas, a Mogul House, well known in history. All record of its first settlement in Tanawul is lost. It may perhaps have been left there by the Emperor Babur. Among the list of whose nobles, the name Birlas is found."
- ↑ The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia Published by Parbury, Allen, and Co., 1841, Item notes: v. 39, Original from the New York Public Library, Digitized 1 April 2008, pg 220–224
- ↑ Panni, Dr SB, 'Tarikh i Hazara' 1969
- ↑ Order 15 of 1972: "Rulers of Acceding States (Abolition of Privy Purses and Privileges)"; cited in the Constitution of Pakistan: First Schedule, Part II, § I. The federal government amended this order in 2009 to allow for the increasement of "maintenance allowances" afforded to former rulers or their dependents; see "Amendment of Art. 5 of Order 15 of 1972".
- ↑ Buyers, Christoper. "Pakistan: Brief History". The Royal Ark. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ Buyers, Christoper. "India: Introduction". The Royal Ark. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
- ↑ Soszynski, Henry. "Amb". Genealogical Gleanings of Indian Princely States and Jagirs. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-04-12.