Para-alpine skiing
Alpine skiing is a winter sport. This sport has been adapted to the needs of people with a disability, and is called Para-alpine skiing. The sport started in Germany and Austria during and after the Second World War. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee Sports Committee. The adaptations used include ski poles (outrigger skis), and a chair on a ski (sit-skis, and mono-skis). Para-alpines skiing types are Downhill, Super-G, Giant Slalom, Slalom, Super Combined, and Snowboard.
Para-alpine skiing classification is the order system for para-alpine skiing. It is designed to give equal competition between alpine skiers with different types of limited physical powers and vision. The ordering system is grouped into three general conditions of being unable: standing, unable to see, and sitting. A factoring system was made for para-alpine skiing. It lets the three classification groups fairly race against other people with the same type of disability. [1]
Alpine skiing was one of the sports at the first Winter Paralympics in 1976, with Slalom and Giant Slalom being raced. Different types of Alpine skiing were made to be at the Paralympic Games over time. The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing races were at Whistler Creekside. The race types at Whistler included Downhill, Super-Combined, Super-G, Slalom, and Giant Slalom.
History
changeDisability skiing started around the Second World War because many soldiers got hurt. In Germany, Franz Wendel, an amputee who was missing his leg, used pair of crutches to make short skis. Sepp "Peppi" Zwicknagel is an Austrian veteran who was wounded by a hand grenade and lost his leg. Zwicknagel learned to ski on his own and then became a ski instructor. He worked at Kitzbühel and created a division of the Austrian Ski Association for disability skiers. By 1947, disability ski races were being held in Austria. Next, Ludwig Guttman helped make ski events for people with disabilities. In the United States, Gretchen Fraser started teaching skiing to amputees in the army hospitals. By the 1960s, ski groups for people with disabilities were being made. Disability skiing was only for people with amputations until 1968. In 1969, blind skier Jean Eymore began a skiing program in Aspen, Colorado for skiers who cannot see. Eymore was ski instructor before he lost his vision. The first international competition, the World Disabled Alpine Championships, was held in France in 1974.[2]
Paralympics
change
Standing alpine skiing was one of the first sports at the first Winter Paralympics in 1976. Slalom and Giant Slalom were the race types held. [3][4] At the 1984 Winter Paralympics, the downhill event was added to the para-alpine program. [3] Sit-skiing was an example sport in 1984.[5] At the 1992 Winter Paralympics in Albertville, Canada, downhill, giant slalom and slalom events were on the Paralympic program.[6] At the 1994 Winter Paralympics, Super Giant Slalom was raced.[3][7] In 1998, sit-skiers and blind skiers could get medals. Before 1998, only standing skiers could get medals at the Winter Paralympics.[3][5]
At the 2002 Winter Paralympics, women's downhill and men's unable to see downhill were on day 1. Men's standing and being seated downhill were on day 2. Men's standing and being seated Super-G was on day 3. Men's unable to see, and women's Super-G was on day 5. Men's standing and being seated Giant Slalom was on day 7. Women's and men's unable to see Giant Slalom was on day 8. Men's standing and being seated Slalom was on day 9. Women's and men's unable to see Slalom was on day 10.[8]
At the 2006 Winter Paralympics, a new classification system was used. It made 14 classes into three groups and used factored results for each of the three groups.[3] At the 2006 Games, there were 55 male competitors in the Super-G compared to 18 women in the standing group.[7]
The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing race was at Whistler Creekside.[9] The types of races at Whistler included downhill, Super-Combined, Super-G, slalom, and giant slalom.[4][10] Super-combined was raced in 2010. It was the first time it was raced at the Paralympic Games.[7] In the downhill races, there were 25 men and 18 women in the standing group, 25 men and 10 women in the seating group, and 12 men and 10 women in the cannot see the group.[9] In the Super-Combined races, 18 men and 14 women for standing, 18 men and 10 women for being seated, and 10 men and 10 women for cannot see.[9] The slalom race was the shortest racecourse for para-alpine events at the 2010 Games.[11] The downhill was on day 2 for men and women skiers in all groups. The Super-G for men and women in standing classes was on day three cannot, anding seated skiers raced in the Super-G on day 4. The Super Combined races were on day 5 for all skiers. The standing Giant Slalom for men and women was on day 7. The being seated and cannot skiers raced on day 8. The slalom was for standing men and women was on day 9. The other skiers raced the slalom on day 10.[12]
Rules and events
changePara-alpine ski events held with skiers worldwide and skiers from specific countries include the Winter Paralympics, World championships World cups, Continental cups, National championships IPCAS competition, and IPCAS Para-Snowboard. [13] Skiers from 39 different countries race in para-alpine skiing races.[5] The sport is that one of eight given government by the International Paralympic Committee Sports Committee,[14][10] with rules for para-alpine skiing put forth in the IPCAS Rules and Regulations.[5] Special rules may be used for events like the Paralympic Games. One group of special rules was used in 1994 and were detailed in the IPC Handbook. This was used to make necessary IPC-sanctioned events like the Paralympic Games for many years.[15] Competition rules for classes use rules put by or made an adjustment from rules made come into existence by the International Ski Federation (FIS).[16] These rules were put at the 42nd International Ski Conference in 2000. The two rule groups worked in united ways with each other, with the FIS rules specifying the rules for alpine skiing and the IPC making ready adjustments for para-alpine skiing.[15] The IPC Alpine Sports Assembly Executive Committee can decide if skiers have the necessary qualities to race in IPC sanctioned events without thought or attention to what the rules say.[17] National Paralympic Committees can have their own rule for races they organize.[18]
Equipment
change
The first necessary things used in the sport includes outrigger skis, sit-skis, and mono-skis.[19][10] Being dependent on if a skier sits, stands or cannot see, other necessary things may be used by skiers other equipment may be used by skiers including guide skiers, short ski poles, orthopedic aids, or prostheses. For skiers with seeing problems, guides are used to help the skier know the direction to ski. [11] [10] For skiers who stand. Different part rules decide what sort of necessary things is let in competition, such as one long ski pole, two ski poles, zero ski poles, or one or two skis.[20] Rules for necessary things use in competition are made by FIS and the IPC.[21]
There are least long distance for skis used in competition is at least 165 centimetres (65 in) for men and 155 centimetres (61 in) for women. Bindings used for skis have a greatest point high level of 55 millimetres (2.2 in).[5]
Sit-skis are for wheelchair users or other skiers who have paraplegia. The first sit-ski was made in 1967 by Josef Shrall. Shrall is from the Bavaria in Germany. The first sit-skis had two wide skis, brakes, and were made special to fit a skier. The weight of the sit-ski made it so no skiers could ski moguls or on steep slopes. Sit-ski kept getting made better in the 1980s. A new type of sit-ski was made in Engelberg, Switzerland in 1987, and people were able to see it at a workshop made by the Swiss Association of Paraplegics. As the technology got better, a chair was made that could be added to the skis, made for skiers who had no disability. Now sit-skis are made from fiberglass and polyester. Sit-skis now have much less weight, allowing skiers to ski on steeper slopes and race in the moguls.[19] Now sit-skis include seat belts.[5] Sit-skis for people with disabilities and skis for people who do not have disabilities have improved to become special for different types of alpine skiing races.[19]
Some standing skiers can use outrigger skis when racing. These are ski poles with small skis on the end.[19][11][10] They help a skier balance when they ski down a mountain,[10] and help in going short distances up a mountain. Outrigger skis also help skiers to do things like a climb a hill to get on a ski lift.[19]
Guide skiers can see. They help skiers who cannot ski go down the mountain by telling the cannot see skier where to go using a radio or talking to them.[10] Skiers can use more than one guide during a race type, but the guide can only win a medal if they raced with the same skier for the whole race type.[22] Like the skier, the guide has to have an IPCAS Licence to compete in races.[23] Guide skiers need to follow to anti-doping rules.[24]
Skiers also wear special boots, helmets, ski suits, and goggles.[10] Ski equipment cannot have advertisements on it at the Paralympic Games.[21] Ski boots are made to connect to the ski at the heel and toe. They help support the foot and ankle with the use of materials like hard plastics. All helmets used in races must be hard-shell helmets.[5]
Types of skiing
changePara-alpine skiing types are downhill, Super-G, Giant Slalom, Slalom, Super Combined and Snowboard. [11][25] The rules are based on the rules of the International Ski Federation, though some rules have been adjusted for skiers with limited physical powers.[11] While skiing, skiers go as quickly as 100 kilometres (62 mi) an hour.[5]
Downhill
change
This is a go quickly based timed ski race, where skiers go over snow quickly down a sloping sharply direction that can be 450 metres (1,480 ft) to 800 metres (2,600 ft) lower than it started[26] while having in it many turns and jumps.[11][27] The first skier to finish is based on one run down the mountain, with the skier with the fastest time being the first. [11] Skiers move between gates in the downhill. Downhill has the least number of gates among all para-alpine types. If a skier does not ski between the gates, they do not finish.[28][18] Some ski races make a skier first show they are good enough to ski. They can make this be seen in the downhill or Super-G. [27] Skiers can get points for competitions with skiers from other countries in races by International Ski Federation. [27] Skiers can race in the downhill at the Paralympic Games.[5]
Skis for women must be at least 200 centimetres (79 in) long. For men, skis must be at least 205 centimetres (81 in) long. Women and men's skis need a least possible or recorded straight line from middle to edge circle turn of 45 metres (148 ft).[29] Skiers used curved narrow ski poles for this event. Men and women both need their skis to have a straight line from middle to edge circle of 67 millimetres (2.6 in).[10] Top speed in this event can be up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) an hour.[28] Before the start of the race, the skier needs to do a practice run, and need to wear a helmet to keep safe during all their runs. [30]
Super-G
changeMade in the 1980s,[26] the Super-G is less scientific with skiers going very fast.[7][27] From top to bottom part of the mountain, skiers go down 400 metres (1,300 ft) to 600 metres (2,000 ft) high.[26] Acomparison to other para-alpine sking types, this type has a tendency to be mid-length. It is longer than the Giant Slalom and the Slalom but shorter than the downhill type. [11] In this type, skiers go quickly between alternating red and blue gates [26] that are 25 metres (82 ft) apart, [11] with men needing to go between 35 gates and women needing to go between 30 gates. [7]
Giant Slalom
changeWith a drop of 300 metres (980 ft) to 400 metres (1,300 ft),[26] this is one of the more need to be very correct when turning the para-alpine disciplines.[31] This skiing type gets two runs down a straighter and shorter mountain than the downhill.[11] It is longer and having fewer turns than the Slalom.[31] After the first race down the mountain, the last 20% of finishers can be taken away from the competition at the authority of the judges.[32] The starting order for the second run starts with the slowest of the top 15 skiers, with the fastest skier in the first race racing 15th. Any skiers who completed outside the top 15 then race based on their times from the first run. For example, the 18th fastest finisher in the first run skis 18th in the second run.[21] In some competitions, an adjustment is made using 30 skiers instead of 15.[26] The IPC/FIS run together make the rules for Slalom race.[27] Giant Slalom is a race on the current Paralympic schedule.[5] Skiers use straight ski poles in Giant Slalom.[10]
Slalom
change
The name for this race is from a Norwegian word that is "sloping footway."[33] This event is the most complex ski discipline,[33][18] with a drop of only 140 metres (460 ft) to 220 metres (720 ft) on an purposely iced mountain.[26] This is the shortest of all the para-alpine race events and uses two different races with different directions down a mountain. Skiers go down each different race once, with their coming to an end position being marked based on their complete-time from both races.[11][33] There are gates in this race, about 55-75 for men and 40-60 for women,[18] and if a skier does ski between the gate, they are unable to finish the race because of the rules.[11] After the first race, the last 20% of finishers can be taken away from the competition at the authority of the judges.[32] The starting order for the second run starts with the slowest of the top 15 skiers, with the fastest skier in the first run skiing 15th. Any skiers who completed outside the top 15 then skiers race based on their times from the first run. For example, the 18th fastest finisher in the first run skis 18th in the second run.[21] Skiers use straight ski poles in this race.[10] In some competitions that need to show people you should be allowed to race in it, a skier can show they should be allowed to race using finish race times from downhill, Slalom, or Super-G. [27] The IPC/FIS make the rules for Slalom.[27] Slalom is a race on the current Paralympic schedule.[5] Skiers often wear extra protective equipment when racing in slalom.[10]
Super Combined
changeThe Super Combined is a mix of two disciplines: Slalom and Super-G,[11] or the downhill and the Slalom. In the event, skiers go down the downhill mountain race once and the Slalom mountain race twice. The three races are put together, with the fastest time for all three races being the skier who finishes first.[7]
Snowboard
changeSnowboard has drops between 100 metres (330 ft) and 240 metres (790 ft) for both men's and women's races with the race being run over a distance of 400 metres (1,300 ft) to 900 metres (3,000 ft). The race has alternating ski gates.[25] The sport is only open to standing racers.[13]
Classification
changePara-alpine skiing classification is designed to give insurance equal competition between alpine skiers with different types of limited physical and seeing powers.[34] The system of orders is grouped into three general conditions of being unable sorts: standing, unable to see, and sitting.[35] The International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing is the boss of the classification.[36] Skiers are put in order based on medical problems and their body position when they ski. [11] Skiers cannot see are valued only on a medical doctors saying how bad their vision is.[37] Prior to International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing being in charge, several sport groups handled classification. They included the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD), International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMWSF), International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) and Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA).[38][39] Some order systems are persons given organizations other than International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. These order systems are not used in international competition.[40] The sport is open to all competitors with a seeing or physical condition of being unable. It is not open to people with to do with intellectual disabilities.[36][40]
The first order systems for para-alpine classification were made in Scandinavia, with early systems designed for skiers with amputations.[41] At the time, there was no ski tools for skiers with spinal cord wounds.[38] The purpose of the early order systems was to be made from able to use your body but ended up being medical order systems.[42][41] At the first Winter Paralympics in 1976, there were two systems of classification for the sport.[41] By the 1980s, skiers with cerebral palsy had a classification system.[43] At that time, with inspiration from wheelchair basketball order, efforts were made to make order more of an ability to use the body classification system. [41] Ten classes had existence by the 1980s.[44] Since then, efforts have been made to make better the classification system by lowering the number of classes so fewer medals can be awarded.[35]
| Type | What | Equipment |
|---|---|---|
| LW 1 | Both legs removed above the knee, middle to serious cerebral palsy, or equal disability | two skis, two outrigger skis |
| LW 2 | One leg removed above the knee | two skis, two outrigger skis |
| LW 3 | Both legs removed below the knee, cerebral palsy, or equal disability | Two skis, two ski poles |
| LW 4 | One leg removed below the knee | Two skis, two ski poles |
| LW5/7-1 | Both arms removed above the elbow | Two skis, no ski poles |
| LW 5/7-2 | Both arms removed, one above and one below the elbow | Two skis, no ski poles |
| LW 5/7-3 | Both arms removed below the elbow | Two skis, no ski poles |
| LW6/8.1 | One arm removed above the elbow | Two skis, one ski pole |
| LW 6/8.2 | One arm removed below the elbow | Two skis, one ski pole |
| LW9.1 | Removal or equal impairment of one arm and one leg above the knee | skier can choose |
| LW9.2 | Removal or equal impairment of one arm and one leg below the knee | skier can choose |
| Type | What |
|---|---|
| LW10.1 | Paralysis of the legs and lower half of the body with no upper stomach-related group event and no ability to use being seated balance |
| LW 10.2 | Paralysis of the legs and lower half of the body with some upper stomach-related group event and no ability to use being seated balance |
| LW11 | Paralysis of the legs and lower half of the body with equal ability to use being seated balance |
| LW12.1 | Paralysis of the legs and lower half of the body with some leg purpose, use, and good being seated balance |
| LW 12.2 | Both legs removed above the knees |
| Type | What |
|---|---|
| B1 | Completely unable to see |
| B2 | Visual acuity of less than 2/60 |
| B3 | Visual acuity of 2/60 to 6/60 |
Factor system
changeA factoring system was made to come into existence for para-alpine skiing for three general groups: being seated, standing, and not seeing. Each group races against only people in the same group. A skier can finish in the top three for only seated, standing, or not seeing. People from one group do not race against other skiers in a different group. Inside each group, there is a wide range of ability to move and medical problems or see. Skiers are classed inside one of the three groups. The factoring system works by having a number for each class, where the results are worked out by increasing in number the look time by the factored number. The coming out number is used to decide on the one who came out best in events where the cause system is used. This means the quicker skier down a hill may not be the first event in events where the factor system is used. This means the faster skier down a hill may not be the winner of an event.[45] The factor system is used at Alpine Cup, North American Races, European Cup, World Cup races, World Championships, and the Winter Paralympics.[45]
Notes
change- ↑ "Four Track Skiing". SPINE. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
- ↑ "From Rehab Tool to Elite Sport: A History of Adaptive Skiing". Disaboom. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Goldman 2010, p. 21.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Adani, Anastasia, ed. (2011). Winning, A celebration of Paralympic sport in Canada (in French and English). Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Paralympic Committee. p. 90.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 "About the Sport". International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ↑ 92 Ves Jeux Paralympiques : Tignes — Albertville. Albertville, France: COPTA 92. 1992. OCLC 222023213.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Johnson 2009, p. 12-13.
- ↑ Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 3.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Goldman 2010, p. 19.
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 Johnson 2009, p. 5.
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 Goldman 2010, p. 22.
- ↑ Goldman 2010, p. 66.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 5.
- ↑ Brittain, Ian (2010). The Paralympic Games explained. London: Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 9780415476584. OCLC 244057438.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 11.
- ↑ Goldman 2010, p. 22-24.
- ↑ Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 19.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "Alpine Skiing". Canadian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 International Paralympic Committee 2006, p. 100.
- ↑ Goldman 2010, p. 24.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 13.
- ↑ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 6.
- ↑ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 7.
- ↑ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 9.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 40.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 "Paralympic Alpine Skiing - overview, rules and classification". British Paralympic Association. 24 September 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 17.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Johnson 2009, p. 6-7.
- ↑ International Paralympic Committee 2012, p. 1.
- ↑ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing 2012, p. 33.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Johnson 2009, p. 10-11.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002, p. 11-13.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Johnson 2009, p. 8-9.
- ↑ Jan Broekhoff (June 1986). The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings). Human Kinetics Publishers. ISBN 978-0-87322-006-4. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Steadward, Robert D; Peterson, Cynthia (1997). Paralympics : where heroes come. Edmonton: One Shot Holdings Publ. Division. pp. 159–164. ISBN 0968209203. OCLC 716890782.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Michael Hutson; Cathy Speed (17 March 2011). Sports Injuries. Oxford University Press. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-19-953390-9. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ↑ Gilbert, Prof., Keith; Schantz, Prof., Otto J (2008). The Paralympic Games : empowerment or side show?. Maidenhead : New York: Meyer & Meyer Sports. p. 96. ISBN 9781841262659. OCLC 284731843.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 International Paralympic Committee 2006, p. 78.
- ↑ "Sports". CP-ISRA. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Joseph P. Winnick (27 October 2010). Adapted Physical Education and Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 560–568. ISBN 978-0-7360-8918-0. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 International Paralympic Committee 2006, p. 82.
- ↑ International Paralympic Committee 2006, p. 28.
- ↑ Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983). Classification and sport rules manual (Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. p. 1. OCLC 220878468.
- ↑ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 120. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Goldman 2010, p. 25.
Sources
change- Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts". Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March (PDF). Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
- International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (2012). IPC Alpine Skiing Rules and Regulations (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 8 October 2012.[permanent dead link]
- International Paralympic Committee (2006). Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik—Torino. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. sirsi: a667757. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
- International Paralympic Committee (2012). Equipment Regulations for IPCAS Competition (Seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 ed.). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee.
- Johnson, Robin (2009). Paralympic Sports Events. St. Catherines, Ontario: Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7787-4025-4.
- Salt Lake Organizing Committee (2002). Alpine Skiing Technical Manual (This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC). Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2013-05-16.