American robin
The American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory songbird. Also known as the North American robin,[2] it belongs in the thrush family, Turdidae. It was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related.[3] The American robin has seven subspecies. T. m. confinis is the most different subspecies.[4]
| American robin | |
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| Adult | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
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| Order: | |
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| Binomial name | |
| Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, 1766
"in America septentrionali" | |
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Breeding range Year-round range Wintering range
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The American robin lives throughout North America. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe (a vagrant is a bird that is found outside its normal species' range). It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize.[4] The American robin can be found in many different kinds of habitats.[5] It likes open areas of ground to feed and areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep.[6] Because it has a large range, the IUCN Red List says that the American robin will not decline, and is listed as of least concern.[1]
The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south.[6] The female will choose where to build the nest. She will make the nest with grass, sticks, paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. Once the nest is built, she will lay 3 to 5 eggs.[5] After the chicks leave the nest, both parents will continue to take care of them, until they can live on their own.[6]
American robin eggs and juveniles are eaten by squirrels, snakes, blue jays, common grackles, American crows, and common ravens. The adults are eaten by hawks, cats, and larger snakes.[6] Sometimes, the brown-headed cowbird lays its eggs in the Robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. However, the robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs.[7]
Etymology
changeThis species was first described in 1766 by Linnaeus. It was described in the twelfth edition of his Systema naturae. He called it Turdus migratorius.[8][9]
Description
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The American robin is large songbird. It has a round body. Its legs are long. It has a long tail.[5] It has a long, yellow bill.[10] It is dark gray-brown on its head, back, wings, and tail. It has an orange-red breast. There is a white patch on the underside of the belly, near the tail. This can be seen when it is flying.[5] American robins that live in western North America are very pale (pale means light in color). American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright.[5] They have a white throat. It has black stripes in it.[6] Females have lighter gray-brown heads than males.[5] They also have lighter orange-red breasts.[4] A young American robin (called a juvenile) is also lighter than the male. It has dark spots on its breast.[6] Both sexes are 20–28 cm (7.9–11 in) long. They have a wingspan of 31–40 cm (12.2–15.7 in).[5] American robins that live in western North America are very pale. American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright.[5]
The American robin was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related.[3]
The American robin has seven subspecies. They are very hard to tell apart and they do breed with each other.
Range and distribution
changeThe American robin can be found all over North America. It is found from Alaska and Canada south to Mexico.[5] Most American robins winter in Florida and the Gulf States to Mexico to the Pacific Coast. They will sometimes winter in southern Canada and the northern United States.[6]
The American robin is a rare vagrant to western Europe. Most of the American robins have been found in Britain.[4] The most recent sighting of an American robin in Britain was in January 2007.[11] It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize.[4]
Habitat
changeAmerican robins are found in many different kinds of habitats. Some of them are gardens, parks, yards, fields, pastures, tundra, woodlands, pine forests, and shrublands.[5] They like open areas of ground to feed. They like areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep.[6]
Status
changeThe American robin has a large range. It is estimated that its range is 16 million square kilometers (6 million square miles). It is also estimated that there are about 320 million individual American robins. The IUCN Red List says that the species is not believed to reach the threat of decline. It is therefore considered Least Concern.[1]
American robins used to be killed for their meat.[6] They were killed in the southern states. The meat was thought as a very good food. The American robin is now protected in the United State by the Migratory Bird Act.[6]
Behavior
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The American robin is most active during the day. During the winter, it groups together in large flocks at night. They sleep together in thick vegetation. During the day, these large winter flocks break up into smaller flocks. They feed in these smaller flocks. During the summer, American robins are less social. This is because they are defending their breeding territories.[6]
Juvenile robins spend their first four months of life near their nesting place. They then flock together with other American Robins before they migrate to their wintering places.[6]
Diet
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The American robin eats invertebrates. In the spring, they like to eat earthworms and snails.[5] Some other invertebrates that American robins eat are beetles, grubs, and caterpillars. It will also eat fruits and berries. Some kinds of berries that they like to eat are chokecherries, hawthorn berries, dogwood berries, sumac fruits, and juniper berries.[5]
Breeding
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The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. It is one of the first North American birds to lay eggs. It has two to three broods (a brood is a group of offspring) each breeding season. The breeding season starts in April and ends in July.[6] It is one of the first birds to sing at dawn. Its song is made up of several small groups of sounds that are repeated.
Nest
changeThe female chooses where to make the nest. She will usually make the nest on one or many branches that are hidden in leaves. In the west, the female will make the nest on the ground or in thickets. In Alaska, the female will make the nest on a cliff.[5] The female makes the nest. She starts with the inside. She uses grass and sticks to make a cup-shaped center. Other things that the female will use are paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. After the center is done, she uses mud on the outside of the nest to make it stronger. She then puts soft grass in the cup. The nest is usually 15.2 to 20.3 cm (6 to 8 in) long. It is 7.6 to 15.2 cm high (3 to 6 in).[5]
Eggs and young
changeThe female will lay 3 to 5 eggs in the nest. They are blue or blue-green. They are 2.8 to 3 cm (1.1 to 1.2 in) long. They are 2.1 cm (0.8 in) wide.[5] Only the female incubates the eggs (incubate means that the adult will sit on the eggs and keep them warm and help the babies inside grow).[6] It takes 12 to 14 days for the eggs to hatch.[5]
For the first few days, the chicks have no feathers and their eyes are closed.[12] The young live in the nest for about 13 days.[5] As the chicks grow older, the female will protect them only at night and during bad weather. After the juveniles leave the nest, they will follow their parents around and beg them for food.[6]
Both parents help feed and protect the fledged (fledged means a young bird that has just learned how to fly) juveniles until they can live on their own. The adults will give an alarm call to warn the juveniles that there is a predator near by. The parents will then attack the predator. Some of the predators they will attack are cats and dogs. They will even go after humans if the human gets close to their young. Fledged juveniles are only able to fly short distances. The coloring of the juveniles helps them hide better in bushes or trees. This kind of coloring is called camouflage.[6]
Bird banders have found that only 25% of juvenile American robins live through their first year. The average life of an American Robin lasts about 2 years. The longest known lifespan of a wild American Robin is 14 years.[6]
Threats
changePredators
changeEggs and juvenile robins that still live in the nest are eaten by squirrels and snakes. Some birds also eat eggs and juvenile robins. When feeding together in flocks, American robins will watch each other for signs of predators. If a predator is seen, they will make a warning call.[6] Sometimes, the Brown-headed Cowbird lays its eggs in the robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. The robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs. Because of this, brood parasitism by the cowbird is rare.[7]
Disease
changeThe American robin is known to carry a disease called the West Nile Virus. This disease comes from mosquitoes. Crows and jays are the first to die from this disease. The American robin is more responsible for the transmission of the disease to humans. This is because it lives longer with the disease than the crows and jays. This allows it to spread the disease to more mosquitoes which then spread the disease to humans and other animals.[13][14]
In culture
changeThe American robin is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.[15] It was also shown on a 1986 Canadian $2 note, but it is no longer on the bill.[16][17]
There is color named after the American robin's eggs. It is called robin's egg blue.[9]
The robin is considered a symbol of spring.[18] A good example is a poem by Emily Dickinson. It is called I Dreaded That First Robin So. There are other poems about the first robin of spring. One of them is The First Robin by Dr. William H. Drummond. According to the author's wife, it is based on a Quebec false belief. The belief says that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck.[19]
References
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 BirdLife International (2004). Turdus migratorius. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
- ↑ Manwell, Reginald D.; Sessler, Gloria J. (1973), "Blood Parasites of Pekin Robins (Liothrix luteus)", Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 20 (3), Syracuse: Department of Biology, Syracuse University: 363–364, doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1973.tb00900.x, PMID 4199914[permanent dead link]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 McCrum, Robert; William Cran, Robert MacNeil (1992). The Story of English. Faber and Faber. p. 123. ISBN 0-571-16443-9.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Clement, Peter; Hathway, Ren; Wilczur, Jan (2000). Thrushes (Helm Identification Guides). Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-7136-3940-7
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 "American Robin". The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 Dewey, Tanya; Middleton, Candice (2002). "Turdus migratorius". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wolfe, Donald H. (December 1994), "Brown-headed Cowbirds fledged from barn swallow and American robin nests", The Wilson Bulletin, 106 (4): 764–766
- ↑ (in Latin) Linnaeus, C (1766). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 292.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 J. A. Simpson; E. S. C. Weiner (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-861186-2. OCLC 17648714.
- ↑ "American robin Turdus migratorius". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ↑ "Village braced for invasion of twitchers as rare visitor flies in" Archived 2006-05-08 at the Wayback Machine, John Roberts, Yorkshire Post, 26 January 2007
- ↑ "American Robin (Turdus migratorius)". International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
- ↑ National Science Foundation: West Nile Virus: the search for answers in Chicago’s suburbs
- ↑ "Diversity of birds buffer against West Nile virus". Science Daily. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
- ↑ 50 States. "50 States". Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Canadian Paper Money Society. "Canadian Paper Money". Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ↑ Bank of Canada. "1986 Birds of Canada Series". Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ↑ Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel (1995). Literary Studies in Action. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 9780415029452. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
- ↑ Drummond, William Henry; Drummond, May Harvey (preface) (1908). The Great Fight. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. xi, 81–86. Retrieved 2008-02-01.