Raorchestes
Raorchestes is a genus of frogs. This genus is in the subfamily Rhacophorinae.[2] These frogs live in the mountains in China and other parts of Asia.[3] Scientists say Raorchestes is a sister taxon of Pseudophilautus.[2][4] Scientists started using this genus in 2010. Before that, the frogs now in Raorchestes had been in Ixalus (which scientists do not use now), Philautus, and Pseudophilautus.[2]
| Raorchestes | |
|---|---|
| |
| Raorchestes signatus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Rhacophoridae |
| Genus: | Raorchestes Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta, and Bossuyt, 2010[1] |
| Type species | |
| Ixalus glandulosus Jerdon, 1854
| |
| Diversity | |
| See text | |
The genus is named for C. R. Narayan Rao. He worked on Indian batrachology.[3] The part of the name, orchestes, is from the name of an older genus, Orchestes Tschudi 1838.[5] Scientists have gone to the Western Ghat Mountains in India to look for these frogs, and they say there are even more species than people think.[6][7][8] Scientists believe that the fact that groups of Western Ghat mountains are far from each other caused these frogs to become so many different species.[7]
Description
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Most frogs in Raorchestes move around at night instead of during the day. They are small frogs. The adult frog is 15–45 mm (0.6–1.8 in) from nose to rear end. They do not have vomerine teeth in their jaws. Male frogs have a large vocal sac that they use to sing for female frogs. The skin of the vocal sack is transparent—the human eye can see through it. All species in Raorchestes grow from frogs into eggs in direct development: they do not swim as tadpoles.[9][9] Raorchestes tinniens eggs hatch in 36 days, but it can be longer or shorter depending n how hot or cold it is.[10] Different frogs in the same species can look very different from each other because they can be different colors.[6] Species of the genus Raorchestes also have different variations in their iris and pupil coloration.[3] This makes it difficult for scientists to tell species apart [11] and where they live.[12]
People call the frogs in Raorchestes "bush frogs" in English. All of them live in trees[7] except for Raorchestes resplendens. It lives on the ground high in the mountains, on Anamudi.[13]
Distribution
changeOne group of frogs live in the mountains in southern India (in the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats). Others live in northeastern India to Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos to southern China and Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia.[3] Many species live in the Western Ghats of India. Only eight species live in southeast Asia and China.[3][12][14]
Conservation
changeThe IUCN has looked at 38 species of Raorchestes. Many are Critically Endangered. Scientists thought Raorchestes travancoricus was extinct,[15] but they found more in 2004.[15][3][16] Of the 38 speices, eight are data deficient and 23 are in the critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable Red List groups.[15] The Amphibian Specialist Group's list of "lost frogs" (frogs not seen for decades) includes 10 Raorchestes species.[16] There are not enough data or detailed studies about these frogs.[3][6][11] Many of the frogs live in only a few places and can only live in places where the habitat is just right.[7][13]
Several species in Raorchestes live in protected areas.[17][18]
Species
changeScientists have found many more species in India since 2000.[19][20] The following species are in the genus Raorchestes:.[2]
- Raorchestes agasthyaensis Zachariah et al., 2011
- Raorchestes akroparallagi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes andersoni (Ahl, 1927)
- Raorchestes anili (Biju and Bossuyt, 2006)
- Raorchestes annandalii (Boulenger, 1906)
- Raorchestes archeos Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu, and Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes aureus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu, and Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes beddomii (Günther, 1876)
- Raorchestes blandus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu, and Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes bobingeri (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005)
- Raorchestes bombayensis (Annandale, 1919)
- Raorchestes cangyuanensis Wu, Suwannapoom, Xu, Murphy, and Che, 2019
- Raorchestes chalazodes (Günther, 1876)
- Raorchestes charius (Rao, 1937)
- Raorchestes chlorosomma (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes chotta (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes chromasynchysi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes coonoorensis (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes crustai Zachariah et al., 2011
- Raorchestes dubois (Biju and Bossuyt, 2006)
- Raorchestes drutaahu Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee and Biju, 2021
- Raorchestes echinatus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu, and Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes flaviocularis Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu, and Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes flaviventris (Boulenger, 1882)
- Raorchestes ghatei Padhye, Sayyed, Jadhav, and Dahanukar, 2013
- Raorchestes glandulosus (Jerdon, 1854)
- Raorchestes graminirupes (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005)
- Raorchestes griet (Bossuyt, 2002)
- Raorchestes gryllus (Smith, 1924)
- Raorchestes hassanensis Dutta, 1985
- Raorchestes hillisi Jiang et al., 2020
- Raorchestes honnametti Gururaja, Priti, Roshmi, and Aravind, 2016
- Raorchestes huanglianshan Jiang et al., 2020
- Raorchestes indigo Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu, and Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes jayarami (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes johnceei Zachariah et al., 2011
- Raorchestes kadalarensis Zachariah et al., 2011
- Raorchestes kaikatti (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes kakachi Seshadri, Gururaja, and Aravind, 2012
- Raorchestes kakkayamensis Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee and Biju, 2021
- Raorchestes keirasabinae Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee and Biju, 2021
- Raorchestes kollimalai Gowande, Ganesh, and Mirza, 2020
- Raorchestes lechiya Zachariah et al., 2016
- Raorchestes leucolatus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu, and Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes longchuanensis (Yang and Li, 1978)
- Raorchestes luteolus (Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003)
- Raorchestes manipurensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
- Raorchestes manohari Zachariah et al., 2011
- Raorchestes marki (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes menglaensis (Kou, 1990)
- Raorchestes munnarensis (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes nerostagona (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005)
- Raorchestes ochlandrae (Gururaja et al., 2007)
- Raorchestes parvulus (Boulenger, 1893)
- Raorchestes ponmudi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005)
- Raorchestes primarrumpfi Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu, and Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes ravii Zachariah et al., 2011
- Raorchestes resplendens Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta, and Bossuyt, 2010
- Raorchestes rezakhani Al-Razi, Maria, and Muzaffar, 2020
- Raorchestes sahai (Sarkar and Ray, 2006)
- Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus (Das and Chanda, 1997)
- Raorchestes sanjappai Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee and Biju, 2021
- Raorchestes shillongensis (Pillai and Chanda, 1973)
- Raorchestes signatus (Boulenger, 1882)
- Raorchestes silentvalley Zachariah, Cyriac et al., 2016
- Raorchestes sushili (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes theuerkaufi Zachariah et al., 2011
- Raorchestes thodai Zachariah et al., 2011
- Raorchestes tinniens (Jerdon, 1854)
- Raorchestes travancoricus (Boulenger, 1891)
- Raorchestes tuberohumerus (Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003)
- Raorchestes uthamani Zachariah et al., 2011
- Raorchestes vellikkannan Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee and Biju, 2021
References
change- ↑ Biju, S. D.; Yogesh Shouche; Alain Dubois; S. K. Dutta; Franky Bossuyt (2010). "A ground-dwelling rhacophorid frog from the highest mountain peak of the Western Ghats of India" (PDF). Current Science. 98 (8): 1119–1125.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Raorchestes Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta, and Bossuyt, 2010". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Biju, S. D.; Bossuyt, F. (2009). "Systematics and phylogeny of Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Anura, Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats of India, with descriptions of 12 new species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 155 (2): 374–444. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00466.x.
- ↑ Alexander Pyron, R.; Wiens, John J. (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
- ↑ Tschudi, Johann Jakob von; Agassiz, Louis (1838). Classification der Batrachier : mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien / von J. J. Tschudi. Neuch©Øtel. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4883.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Vijayakumar, S. P.; Dinesh, K. P.; Prabhu, Mrugank V.; Shanker, Kartik (2014-12-10). "Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes , Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment". Zootaxa. 3893 (4): 451–488. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 25544534.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Vijayakumar, S. P.; Menezes, Riya C.; Jayarajan, Aditi; Shanker, Kartik (2016-08-17). "Glaciations, gradients, and geography: multiple drivers of diversification of bush frogs in the Western Ghats Escarpment". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1836): 20161011. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1011. PMC 5013767. PMID 27534957.
- ↑ Priti, H.; Roshmi, Rekha Sarma; Ramya, Badrinath; Sudhira, H. S.; Ravikanth, G.; Aravind, Neelavara Anantharam; Gururaja, Kotambylu Vasudeva (2016-03-02). "Integrative Taxonomic Approach for Describing a New Cryptic Species of Bush Frog (Raorchestes: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats, India". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0149382. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1149382P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149382. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4774957. PMID 26934213.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Meegaskumbura, Madhava; Senevirathne, Gayani; Biju, S. D.; Garg, Sonali; Meegaskumbura, Suyama; Pethiyagoda, Rohan; Hanken, James; Schneider, Christopher J. (2015). "Patterns of reproductive-mode evolution in Old World tree frogs (Anura, Rhacophoridae)". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (5): 509–522. doi:10.1111/zsc.12121. S2CID 21720173.
- ↑ "Development of endemic Nilgiri Bush Frog, Raorchestes tinniens (Jerdon, 1853) (Anura, Rhacophoridae) in the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India". ISSCA. Archived from the original on 2020-02-25. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Priti, H.; Roshmi, Rekha Sarma; Ramya, Badrinath; Sudhira, H. S.; Ravikanth, G.; Aravind, Neelavara Anantharam; Gururaja, Kotambylu Vasudeva (2016-03-02). Joger, Ulrich (ed.). "Integrative Taxonomic Approach for Describing a New Cryptic Species of Bush Frog (Raorchestes: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats, India". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0149382. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1149382P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149382. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4774957. PMID 26934213.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Yu, Guohua; Liu, Shuo; Hou, Mian; Li, Song; Yang, Junxing (2019-04-05). "Extension in distribution of Raorchestes parvulus (Boulenger, 1893) (Anura: Rhacophoridae) to China". Zootaxa. 4577 (2): 381–391. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4577.2.10. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 31715729. S2CID 133261512.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Biju, S. D.; Shouche, Yogesh; Dubois, Alain; Dutta, S. K.; Bossuyt, Franky (2010). "A ground-dwelling rhacophorid frog from the highest mountain peak of the Western Ghats of India". Current Science. 98 (8): 1119–1125. ISSN 0011-3891. JSTOR 24111771.
- ↑ "AmphibiaWeb -- Search Results". amphibiaweb.org. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 IUCN (2014). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>". Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Amphibian Specialist Group (2013). "Lost frogs". Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
- ↑ Handbook of climate change and biodiversity. Leal Filho, Walter,, Barbir, Jelena,, Preziosi, Richard. Cham, Switzerland. 2018-08-28. ISBN 978-3-319-98681-4. OCLC 1050437289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Murali, R.; Raman, T. R. S. (2012-08-26). "CEPF Western Ghats Special Series : Streamside amphibian communities in plantations and a rainforest fragment in the Anamalai hills, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa: 2849–2856. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o2829.2849-56. ISSN 0974-7907.
- ↑ Manoj, E. M. (August 7, 2011). "New species of frogs found in Western Ghats". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
- ↑ "26 new species of frogs and insects discovered in India". Hindustan Times. June 15, 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.