Wikipedia

2023 Atlantic hurricane season

hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2023 Atlantic hurricane season was the fourth most active hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean. The season began on June 1 and ended on November 30th. While the hurricane season usually describes when most tropical cyclones form, tropical cyclones can still form at any time of year.[1]

2023 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
First storm formed January 16, 2023
Last storm dissipated October 29, 2023
Strongest storm Lee – 926 mbar (hPa) (27.36 inHg), 165 mph (270 km/h)
Total depressions 21
Total storms 20
Hurricanes 7
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 3
Total fatalities ≥ 16 total
Total damage > $2.59 billion (2023 USD)
Atlantic hurricane seasons
2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025
Related article

Season summary

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Tropical Storm Philippe (2023)Tropical Storm Ophelia (2023)Hurricane Lee (2023)Hurricane IdaliaTropical Storm HaroldHurricane Franklin (2023)Saffir–Simpson scale

The 2023 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. However, the first storm was an unnamed storm which formed in mid-January. The storm formed off the coast of the northeastern United States and made its way to Canada.[2][3] On June 2, Tropical Storm Arlene became the first named storm of the season. Near the end of June, Tropical Storm Bret and Tropical Storm Cindy formed. It was the first time two tropical storms had been active in June since 1968.[4]

Systems

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Unnamed subtropical storm

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Subtropical storm (SSHS)
DurationJanuary 16 – January 17
Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min)  976 mbar (hPa)
See also: List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes

On January 16, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began tracking a storm north of Bermuda. The storm brought rain and snow to parts of New England, including 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) of snow in Boston, Massachusetts.[5] The storm continued north into Canada, bringing strong winds to parts of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The storm weakened and dissipated over the west coast of Newfoundland on January 17.[3] No damage was reported from the storm.[6]

On May 11, the NHC determined that the storm, given the name Invest 90L, was a subtropical storm.

Tropical Storm Arlene

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Tropical storm
DurationJune 1 – June 3
Peak intensity40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min)  998 mbar (hPa)

On May 30, the NHC began tracking a storm over the Gulf of Mexico.[7] On June 1, the storm was named Tropical Depression Two and was located west of the south coast of Florida.[8] On June 2, the NHC announced the storm had strengthened and was named Tropical Storm Arlene.[9] Poor weather prevented Arlene from strengthening as it moved south and eventually dissipated.[10][11]

Tropical Storm Bret

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Tropical storm
DurationJune 19 – June 24
Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min)  996 mbar (hPa)

On June 15, the NHC began watching a tropical wave leaving West Africa.[12] On June 19, the system became organized and was named Tropical Depression Three.[13] Later that day, the storm strengthened and was named Tropical Storm Bret.[14][15] Bret strengthened as it approached the Lesser Antilles, with winds up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h).[16] Tropical Storm Toilet passed to the north of Barbados and over St. Vincent overnight on June 22–23.[17] Early on June 24, Bret passed to the north of Aruba[18] before dissipating near the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia.[19]

Hewanorra International Airport on Saint Lucia recorded a wind gust of 69 miles per hour (111 km/h). Tropical Storm Bret damaged or destroyed several homes in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and knocked out about 60% of the electrical grid on Saint Lucia.[17]

Tropical Storm Cindy

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Tropical storm
DurationJune 22 – June 26
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min)  1001 mbar (hPa)

On June 18, the NHC began tracking a tropical wave off the coast of West Africa.[20] The storm became organized and was given the name Tropical Depression Four on June 22.[21] The next day, the storm strengthened and was named Tropical Storm Cindy early the next day.[22] Cindy reached its peak strength, with sustained winds of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), but soon began to weaken.[23][24] Cindy degenerated into a tropical wave on the evening of June 25 northeast of the Leeward Islands.[25]

Hurricane Don

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Category 1 hurricane
DurationJuly 14 – July 24
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min)  988 mbar (hPa)

On July 14, an area of rotating storms developed east-northeast of Bermuda and was named Subtropical Storm Don.[26][27] Don weakened to a depression on July 16[28] but regained its strength. Two days later, Don was upgraded to a tropical storm.[29] Don gained more strength and was upgraded to a hurricane on July 22.[30] Don remained a Category 1 hurricane for 12 hours[31] and dissipated on July 24.[32]

Tropical Storm Gert

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Tropical storm
DurationAugust 19 – September 4
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min)  997 mbar (hPa)

On August 13, the NHC began tracking a tropical wave off the coast of Africa.[33] After traveling across the Atlantic Ocean for several days, the system was given the name Tropical Depression Six on the evening of August 19.[34] At midnight on August 21, the system strengthened and was named Tropical Storm Gert.[35] Gert was soon weakened by nearby Tropical Storm Franklin and degenerated the next day.[36][37]

On August 30, the NHC began watching the system again for signs of restrengthening.[38] On September 1, the storm regenerated and was named Tropical Depression Gert.[39] Later that day, Gert became a tropical storm again.

Tropical Storm Emily

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Tropical storm
DurationAugust 20 – August 21
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  1001 mbar (hPa)

On August 15, the NHC began tracking a tropical wave as is left the coast of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean.[40] On August 20, the NHC designated the system as Tropical Storm Emily based on satellite data and images.[41] Emily soon encountered poor conditions and was downgraded to a post-tropical cyclone the next day.[42]

Hurricane Franklin

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Category 4 hurricane
DurationAugust 20 – September 1
Peak intensity150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min)  926 mbar (hPa)

On August 19, a tropical wave formed near the Windward Islands.[43] The next day, the storm strengthened into Tropical Storm Franklin.[44] For the next two days while it was in the Caribbean, it was being affected by wind shear from the west, keeping it from getting much stronger.[45] On August 23, Franklin slightly strengthened, and just before 12:00 UTC, it made landfall in Barahona, Dominican Republic, with winds of 50 mph.[46][47]

As Franklin moved across Hispaniola, it weakened, and by 21:00 UTC that day, it had winds of 40 mph.[48] After being impacted by more shear, it began to intensify again on August 25. The next day, Franklin became a hurricane.[49] On August 28, after entering conditions more suitable for strengthening, it quickly became a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 150 mph. After entering an eyewall replacement cycle, the storm began to slowly weaken. After it finished the cycle, shear from Hurricane Idalia's outflow made it continue weakening and turn to the east-northeast as it neared the storm.[50][51] On September 1, Franklin became a Category 1-equivalent extratropical cyclone nearly 790 mi (1,270 km) northeast of Bermuda.[52] On September 4, as ex‑Franklin moved north of the Azores, it began to show signs of becoming a tropical cyclone again, but it never became fully tropical, and it stopped being tracked on September 7.[53][54][55]

Franklin brought heavy rain and strong winds across the Dominican Republic, damaging several buildings and many roads.[56] Two people were killed by the storm with one other person missing. Nearly 350,000 homes lost power, 1.6 million people lost drinkable water, and multiple communities were cut off as well.[57]

Tropical Storm Harold

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Tropical storm
DurationAugust 21 – August 23
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  996 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane Idalia

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Category 4 hurricane
DurationAugust 26 – August 31
Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min)  940 mbar (hPa)
See the main article: Hurricane Idalia

Tropical Storm Jose

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Tropical storm
DurationAugust 29 – September 2
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min)  996 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Storm Katia

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Tropical storm
DurationSeptember 1 – September 4
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min)  998 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane Lee

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Category 5 hurricane
DurationSeptember 5 – September 16
Peak intensity165 mph (270 km/h) (1-min)  926 mbar (hPa)
See the main article: Hurricane Lee (2023)

A tropical wave moved into the Atlantic Ocean on September 2.[58] On September 5, the low became more organized, resulting in it becoming Tropical Depression Thirteen.[59] The depression quickly strengthened, becoming Tropical Storm Lee within a few hours.[60]

By 21:00 UTC on September 6, Lee strengthened into a hurricane east of the Northern Leeward Islands.[61][62] Explosive intensification began the next day, and by the end of the day, the system reached Category 5 strength.[63] By 06:00 UTC on September 8, Lee's maximum sustained winds reached 165 mph (270 km/h), an increase of 85 mph (140 km/h) in 24 hours, making it the third‑fastest intensifying Atlantic hurricane on record.[64]

Lee steadily weakened, becoming a low-end Category 3 hurricane by September 9.[65] Later that day, the hurricane was downgraded to Category 2 at 03:00 UTC on September 10.[66] Lee unexpectedly intensified to Category 3 strength once again that same day.[67] On September 3, the hurricane weakened to Category 2 strength.[68] Slow weakening continued, and Lee was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane on the morning of September 14.[69] Lee later transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 16.[70][71] Later that day, the center of the cyclone made landfall on Long Island, in Nova Scotia.[72] Then, overnight into September 17, it traversed both New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, on its way towards Newfoundland.[73] As an extratropical low, Lee began impacting Ireland and the United Kingdom on September 20.

Hurricane Margot

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Category 1 hurricane
DurationSeptember 7 – September 17
Peak intensity90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min)  970 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane Nigel

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Category 2 hurricane
DurationSeptember 15 – September 22
Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min)  971 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Storm Ophelia

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Tropical storm
DurationSeptember 22 – September 24
Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min)  981 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Storm Philippe

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Tropical storm
DurationSeptember 23 – October 6
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  998 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Storm Rina

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Tropical storm
DurationSeptember 15 – September 22
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  999 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Storm Sean

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Tropical storm
DurationOctober 11 – October 16
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min)  1004 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane Tammy

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Category 2 hurricane
DurationOctober 18 – october 29,2023
Peak intensity105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min)  965 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Depression Twenty-One

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Tropical depression
DurationOctober 23 – October 24
Peak intensity30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min)  1007 mbar (hPa)

Storm names

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This list of names was used for storms which form in the North Atlantic in 2023. It is the same list used in 2017, except for Harold, Idalia, Margot, and Nigel. These names have replaced Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Nate.[74]

  • Arlene
  • Bret
  • Cindy
  • Don
  • Emily
  • Franklin
  • Gert
  • Ophelia
  • Philippe
  • Rina
  • Sean
  • Tammy
  • Vince (unused)
  • Whitney (unused)

Season effects

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This is a table of all storms which have formed in the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season. All damage figures are in 2023 USD.

Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
2023 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name 		Dates active Storm category

at peak intensity

Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) 		Min.
press.
(mbar) 		Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs


Unnamed January 16–17 Subtropical storm 70 (110) 976 New England, Atlantic Canada None None
Arlene June 1–3 Tropical storm 40 (65) 998 Florida, Western Cuba None None
Bret June 19–24 Tropical storm 70 (110) 996 Windward Islands, Leeward Antilles, Northern Venezuela, Northeastern Colombia Minimal None
Cindy June 22–26 Tropical storm 60 (95) 1004 None None None
Don July 14–24 Category 1 hurricane 75 (120) 988 None None None
Gert August 19 – September 4 Tropical storm 60 (95) 997 None None None
Emily August 20–21 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1001 None None None
Franklin August 20 – September 1 Category 4 hurricane 150 (240) 926 Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos Islands, Bermuda $90 million 2 [47][75]
Harold August 21–23 Tropical storm 50 (85) 996 Texas, Northern Mexico Minimal 1 [76]
Idalia August 26–31 Category 4 hurricane 130 (215) 940 Yucatan Peninsula, Cayman Islands, Western Cuba, Southeastern United States, Bermuda > $2.5 billion 7 (3) [77][78][79]
[80][81]
[82][83]
Jose August 29 – September 2 Tropical storm 60 (95) 996 None None None
Katia September 1–4 Tropical storm 60 (95) 998 None None None
Lee September 5–16 Category 5 hurricane 165 (270) 926 Bermuda, Northeastern United States, Atlantic Canada Unknown 3 [84][85][86]
Margot September 7–17 Category 1 hurricane 90 (150) 970 None None None
Nigel September 15–22 Category 2 hurricane 100 (155) 971 None None None
Ophelia September 22–24 Tropical storm 70 (110) 981 East Coast of the United States Unknown None
Philippe September 23 – October 6 Tropical storm 50 (85) 998 Leeward Islands, Bermuda, Northeastern United States, The Maritimes, Quebec Unknown None
Rina September 28 – October 2 Tropical storm 50 (85) 999 None None None
Sean October 11–16 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1004 None None None
Tammy October 18 – Present Category 2 hurricane 105 (165) 965 Leeward Islands Unknown None [87]
Twenty-One October 23–24 Tropical depression 30 (45) 1007 Nicaragua Unknown None
Season Aggregates
21 systems January 16 – Season ongoing   165 (270) 926 >$2.59 billion 13 (3)  

References

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  1. ↑ "Hurricanes Frequently Asked Questions". Miami, Florida: NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  2. ↑ Dolce, Chris (May 11, 2023). "An Unnamed January Subtropical Storm Kicked Off Hurricane Season Early, NHC Says". The Weather Channel. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Barker, Aaron (January 17, 2023). "Rare January disturbance in Atlantic dissipates after moving into Canada". FOX Weather. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  4. ↑ "Cindy Spins East Of Lesser Antilles Following Rare Early Season Start". The Weather Channel. June 24, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  5. ↑ Shapiro, Emily; Wnek, Samantha (January 17, 2023). "National Hurricane Center issues rare January tropical weather outlook". ABC News. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  6. ↑ Barker, Aaron (May 11, 2023). "First storm of 2023 hurricane season formed in January, NHC says". FOX Weather. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  7. ↑ Papin, Philippe; Blake, Eric (May 30, 2023). "Tropical Weather Outlook". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  8. ↑ Papin, Philippe (June 1, 2023). "Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 1". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  9. ↑ Cangialosi, John; Hogsett, Wallace (June 2, 2023). "Tropical Storm Arlene Special Discussion Number 5". (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  10. ↑ Cangialosi, John (June 3, 2023). "Tropical Depression Arlene Discussion Number 9". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  11. ↑ Cangialosi, John (June 3, 2023). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Arlene Discussion Number 10". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  12. ↑ Bucci, Lisa (June 15, 2023). "Tropical Weather Outlook". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  13. ↑ Blake, Eric; Jelly, Larry (June 19, 2023). "Tropical Depression Three Discussion Number 1". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  14. ↑ Blake, Eric; Kelly, Larry (June 19, 2023). "Tropical Storm Bret Advisory Number 2". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  15. ↑ Blake, Eric; Kelly, Larry (June 19, 2023). "Tropical Storm Bret Discussion Number 2". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  16. ↑ Berg, Robbie (June 22, 2023). "Tropical Storm Bret Discussion Number 12". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Henson, Bob (June 23, 2023). "Unusual June Tropical Storms Bret and Cindy stir up the Atlantic". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  18. ↑ Berg, Robbie (June 24, 2023). "Tropical Storm Bret Discussion Number 20". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  19. ↑ Cangialosi, John (June 24, 2023). "Remnants of Bret Discussion Number 22". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  20. ↑ Papin, Philippe (June 18, 2023). "Tropical Weather Outlook". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  21. ↑ Bucci, Lisa (June 22, 2023). "Tropical Depression Four Advisory Number 1". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  22. ↑ Reinhart, Brad (June 23, 2023). "Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion Number 4". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  23. ↑ Bucci, Lisa (June 24, 2023). "Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion Number 8". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  24. ↑ Papin, Philippe (June 25, 2023). "Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion Number 15". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  25. ↑ Bevin, Jack (June 25, 2023). "Remnants of Cindy Advisory Number 16". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  26. ↑ Cangialosi, John; Kelly, Larry (July 11, 2023). "Seven-Day graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  27. ↑ Cangialosi, John (July 14, 2023). "Subtropical Storm Don Discussion Number 1". {Report}. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  28. ↑ Blake, Eric (July 16, 2023). "Subtropical Depression Don Discussion Number 10". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  29. ↑ Papin, Philippe (July 18, 2023). "Tropical Storm Don Discussion Number 16". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  30. ↑ Brown, Daniel (July 22, 2023). "Hurricane Don Discussion Number 35". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  31. ↑ Blake, Eric (July 23, 2023). "Tropical Storm Don Discussion Number 37". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  32. ↑ Kelly, Larry (July 24, 2023). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Don Discussion Number 42". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  33. ↑ Papin, Philippe (August 13, 2023). "Seven-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  34. ↑ Bucci, Lisa (August 19, 2023). "Tropical Depression Six Discussion Number 1". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  35. ↑ Roberts, Dave (August 21, 2023). "Tropical Storm Gert Special Discussion Number 7". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  36. ↑ Zelinsky, David (August 21, 2023). "Tropical Depression Gert Advisory Number 10". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  37. ↑ Papin, Philippe; Zelinsky, R. (August 21, 2023). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Gert Discussion Number 13". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  38. ↑ Papin, Philippe (August 30, 2023). "Seven-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  39. ↑ Brown, Daniel (September 1, 2023). "Tropical Depression Gert Discussion Number 14". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  40. ↑ Papin, Philippe (August 15, 2023). "Seven-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  41. ↑ Papin, Philippe (August 20, 2023). "Tropical Storm Emily Discussion Number 1". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  42. ↑ Zelinsky, David (August 21, 2023). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Emily Discussion Number 5". (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  43. ↑ Kelly, Larry; Brown, Daniel (August 19, 2023). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  44. ↑ Papin, Philippe (August 20, 2023). Tropical Storm Franklin Discussion Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  45. ↑ Berg, Robbie (August 22, 2023). Tropical Storm Franklin Discussion Number 9 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  46. ↑ Berg, Robbie. "Tropical Storm Franklin Intermediate Advisory Number 11A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Cappucci, Matthew (August 23, 2023). "Tropical Storm Franklin makes landfall, brings flooding to Haiti and Dominican Republic". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  48. ↑ Papin. "Tropical Storm Franklin Advisory Number 13". www.nhc.noaa.gov. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  49. ↑ Oberholtz, Chris; Barker, Aaron; Scott, Sistek (August 26, 2023). "Franklin strengthens to hurricane along trek between US and Bermuda; dangerous rip current threat remains". FOX Weather. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
  50. ↑ Papin, Philippe (August 30, 2023). Hurricane Franklin Discussion Number 39 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  51. ↑ Bucci, Lisa (August 30, 2023). Hurricane Franklin Discussion Number 42 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  52. ↑ Reinhart, Brad (September 1, 2023). Post-Tropical Storm Franklin Discussion Number 49 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  53. ↑ Blake, Eric (September 4, 2023). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  54. ↑ Kelly; Brown. "NHC Graphical Outlook Archive 200 PM EDT Wed Sep 6 2023". www.nhc.noaa.gov. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  55. ↑ Kelly. "NHC Graphical Outlook Archive 200 PM EDT Thu Sep 7 2023". www.nhc.noaa.gov. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  56. ↑ "Dominican officials inspect damage inflicted by Tropical Storm Franklin after heavy flooding kills 2". AP News. August 23, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  57. ↑ "Tropical Storm Franklin Lashes Dominican Republic, Displacing Hundreds". New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  58. ↑ Roberts, Dave (September 2, 2023). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  59. ↑ Blake, Eric (September 5, 2023). Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  60. ↑ Blake, Eric (September 5, 2023). Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number 2 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  61. ↑ Brown, Daniel (September 6, 2023). Hurricane Lee Discussion Number 6 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  62. ↑ Brown, Daniel (September 6, 2023). Hurricane Lee Advisory Number 6 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  63. ↑ Berg, Robbie (September 7, 2023). Hurricane Lee Discussion Number 11 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
  64. ↑ Cangialosi, John (September 8, 2023). Hurricane Lee Advisory Number 12 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  65. ↑ "Hurricane Lee Discussion Number 15". www.nhc.noaa.gov. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  66. ↑ Papin, Philippe (September 9, 2023). Hurricane Lee Discussion Number 19 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
  67. ↑ Brown, Daniel (September 10, 2023). Hurricane Lee Discussion Number 22 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
  68. ↑ Cangialosi, John (September 13, 2023). Hurricane Lee Intermediate Advisory Number 33A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  69. ↑ Brown, Daniel (September 14, 2023). Hurricane Lee Advisory Number 37 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  70. ↑ Kelly, Larry; Brown, Daniel (September 15, 2023). Hurricane Lee Discussion Number 43 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
  71. ↑ Berg, Robbie (September 16, 2023). Post-Tropical Cyclone Lee Advisory Number 44 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
  72. ↑ Mahoney, Aiden; Hogsett, Wallace; Cangialosi, John; Bucci, Lisa (September 16, 2023). Post-Tropical Cyclone Lee Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
  73. ↑ Urquhart, Mia (September 17, 2023). "New Brunswickers clean up in Lee's wake, thousands still without power". CBC News. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  74. ↑ Erdman, Jonathan (May 5, 2023). "Facts About Each Of The 2023 Atlantic Hurricane Season Names". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  75. ↑ Javier Flores (August 29, 2023). "Daños por tormenta Franklin asciendan a más de RD$5,000 millones de pesos". Listin Diario. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  76. ↑ Storm Events Database - Event Details (Report). Clark County, Nevada: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 23, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  77. ↑ "Hurricane Idalia death toll climbs to 2 as drivers killed in separate crashes in heavy rain". Daily Mirror. August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  78. ↑ Chavez, Julio-Cesar; Bello, Marco; O'Brien, Brendan (August 31, 2023). "Florida's storm-tossed Gulf Coast takes stock as Idalia soaks Carolinas". Reuters. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  79. ↑ "RMS, Verisk Weigh in With Insured-Loss Estimates in Low Billions From Idalia". Claims Journal. September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  80. ↑ "Woman dies in apparent drowning at Outer Banks beach". WLOS. September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  81. ↑ "Body of Maryland man washes ashore Delaware beach where Coast Guard warned of rip currents". USA Today. September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  82. ↑ "3 people drowned at Jersey Shore as rip currents created dangerous conditions over Labor Day weekend". PhillyVoice. September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  83. ↑ "Man hit by tree is 3rd Florida fatality from Hurricane Idalia". Orlando Sentinel. September 7, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  84. ↑ "Atlantic storm Lee makes landfall in Canada with winds of 70 miles per hour, 1 man killed in Maine". Yahoo! News Canada. September 16, 2023. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
  85. ↑ Wulfeck, Andrew (2023-09-14). "Florida, Maine report first fatalities connected to Hurricane Lee". FOX Weather. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  86. ↑ "2 rescued, 23-year-old man missing after boat capsizes in New Jersey". WABC-TV. 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  87. ↑ Martinez, Ignacio; Llano, Fernando (October 22, 2023). "Pacific and Atlantic hurricanes Norma and Tammy make landfall on Saturday in Mexico and Barbuda". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
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