Wikipedia

Hurricane Alicia

Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 1983

Hurricane Alicia was the first named storm and first hurricane of the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season. Alicia was the season's strongest and deadliest storm. It killed a total of 21 people and caused $2.6 billion (1983 dollars) in damage. It was the most destructive Texan hurricane since Hurricane Carla in 1961.[1]

Hurricane Alicia
Category 3 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Alicia making landfall on Texas.
FormedAugust 15, 1983
DissipatedAugust 21, 1983
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 115 mph (185 km/h)
Lowest pressure963 mbar (hPa); 28.44 inHg
Fatalities21 direct
Damage$2.6 billion (1983 USD)
Areas affectedMostly Texas
Part of the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Alicia formed from Tropical Depression Three on August 15 in the Gulf of Mexico and slowly moved west towards Texas, where it made landfall on August 18 at its strongest point with 115 mph (185 km/h) winds. Alicia quickly weakened into a tropical depression before dissipating overland on August 21.

Storm history

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Storm path
 
Hurricane Alicia on August 17, 1983.

A mesoscale low formed off the Alabama and Mississippi coasts on August 14 with a weak frontal trough that had formed off of New England. Pressures were high in the Gulf of Mexico, but the low strengthened into Tropical Depression Three on August 15. A ship located within 60 miles of the depression reported a pressure of 1015.5 millibars and the storm was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alicia late on August 15. With the high Gulf pressures, Alicia was unable to gain size, so it stayed very small, but created faster winds, and became a Category 1 hurricane on August 16. Steering currents were weak during Alicia's lifetime over water. A new frontal ridge had formed on August 17 which caused the storm to slowly move in a westerly direction.[1] Alicia continued west until the frontal ridge had collapsed to the east.[2]

Alicia then began to take a more northern direction on August 18 to Port Arthur, Texas. During that time, the hurricane began to gain strength at about 1 mbar an hour, peaking at 963 mbar with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on the morning of the 18th. Just before landfall, Alicia showed a rare "double eye" feature for a few hours.[3] The storm made landfall in Texas as a category 3 hurricane at about 1:45 a.m. CDT on Thursday, August 18.[1] Alicia weakened very quickly after landfall, losing tropical characteristics and began to speed up to the northwest, finally losing its identity in southeast Nebraska on August 21.[1]

Preparations

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Several hurricane watches and warnings were given out. The first ones were a gale warning and a hurricane watch for the area of Corpus Christi, Texas to Grand Isle, Louisiana which was given out on August 16. On August 17, a hurricane warning was issued for Corpus Christi to Morgan City, Louisiana and later for Port Arthur, Texas.[4] Residents did not take the warnings seriously. Galveston Mayor E. Gus Manuel, against the advice of Texas Governor Mark White, ordered the evacuation of only low-lying areas.[5]

30% of Galveston's population evacuated the island when Hurricane Allen threatened the eastern Texas coastline in 1980; only 10% of the population living behind the seawall chose to leave when Alicia made landfall.[6] Throughout the day, however, as increasing winds began to cause damage in Galveston, people grew more worried. The mayor finally ordered a widespread evacuation of the island after midnight on August 18, but by then the bridges to the mainland were broken.[5]

Impact

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Texas

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The city of Galveston reported 7¾ inches of rain, Liberty reported 9½ inches, and Greens Bayou reported almost 10 inches of rain. Centerville reported over 8 inches with Normangee and Noxia reporting over 7 inches.[7] Maximum rainfall in the Houston area in Harris County was about 10-11 inches. 8 inches of rain was reported in Leon County and 9 inches in the Sabine River area. High gusts were also reported throughout Texas with a maximum gust of 125 mph reported on the Coast Guard cutter Buttonwood stationed at the northeastern part of Galveston Island.[3] Pleasure Pier reported tides of 8.67 feet with Pier 21 reported a little over 5½ feet. Baytown, Texas reported 10–12 feet tides, and 12.1 feet at Morgan City, the highest recorded by Alicia.[7]

Twenty-three tornadoes were reported that were either related or caused by Alicia, fourteen of those were located in the Galveston and Hobby Airport area. The other nine were concentrated around Tyler to Houston, Texas, ranging around F2 on the Fujita scale.[8] An oil spill occurred around Texas City and an ocean-going tugboat capsized 50 miles of the Sabine Pass coast.[9] The Coast Guard Air Station Houston (AIRSTA) weathered Alicia with minimal damage, and afterwards AIRSTA's helicopters helped residents with evacuation, supply, and survey flights.[10]

The Galveston NWS office (temporarily) lost its radar.[11] Houston suffered billions of dollars in damage. Thousands of glass panes in downtown skyscrapers were shattered by gravel blown off rooftops.[12] Houston Lighting and Power reported that about 750,000 homes were without electricity after Alicia hit. Many stores had to stay closed for days afterward due to risks of falling glass in the area.[13] In Galveston, the western beach had its public beach boundary shifted back about 150 feet.[14] An entire wall of the Flagship collapsed. About 5 feet of sand was scoured, leaving beachfront homes in a natural vegetation state. The beachfront homes after Alicia were in violation of the Texas Open Beaches Act and the Attorney General's office forebade the repair or rebuilding of those homes.[14] The Corps of Engineers stated that if the Galveston Sea Wall was not there, that another $100 million dollars in damage could have occurred.[14] Also, if Alicia was the size of Hurricane Carla from 1961, damage could have easily double or possibly tripled.[14] Alicia also did damage to chemical and petrochemical plants in Houston.[15]

Hurricane Carla in the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season hit a less populated area. Alicia hit a more populated area. Had Alicia been the size or strength of Carla, damage could have easily doubled or tripled.

Other states

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Rains reached up to 5 inches in the southern-central part of Texas. Kansas only got 1-3 inches which were recorded in the eastern to central parts of the state. The southeast part of Nebraska received one inch of rain from Alicia's remnants. Michigan, Iowa, Minnesota, Louisiana and Wisconsin all received one inch of rainfall.[16]

Hurricane Alicia brought useful rains to the southern Great Plains, which had been suffering from a drought for much of the summer of 1983. In the end, Hurricane Alicia killed 21 people and caused $2 billion in damage ($5.27 billion in 2006 dollars).

Aftermath and retirement

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Aftermath

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The Red Cross had to provide food and shelter to 63,000 people in the hurricane's wake, costing to about 166 million dollars.[8][14] FEMA gave out $32 million (1983 USD) to Alicia's victims and local governments. $23 million of that was to go picking up trash and wrecked objects spread after Alicia.[17] More than 16,000 people wanted help from FEMA's disaster service centers. The Small Business Administration, with 56 volunteers, interviewed over 16,000 victims, and predicted that about 7000 loan applications would be requested. The Federal Insurance Agency closed over 1318 flood insurance cases from Alicia's effects, however only 782 received payment.[17]

On September 23 and September 24, 1983, in the wake of Alicia, two subcommittees of the U.S. House of Representatives had trials in Houston. The hearing on September 23 examined the main problems of the National Weather Service during Alicia, the effectiveness of the N.W.S in current events, and the use of the National Weather Service. The second hearing, on September 24, was to talk about the damage and recovery efforts during Alicia.[17] Witnesses agreed that the National Weather Service did well before and during the emergency caused by Alicia. N.W.S. forecasters also gave evidence in which they said they thanked themselves that their predictions were well "on target" and that the local emergency plans worked so well, which saved many lives. Mayor Gus Manuel on Galveston said that the NWS did an excellent job during Alicia. He was also very impressed about their landfall predictions on August 17, before Alicia made landfall.[17]

On the September 24 hearing, evidence was brought upon which showed the need to improve the readiness to cope with disasters. Mayor Manuel said that his town needed stronger building codes, which were under review.[17]

Retirement

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See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

The name Alicia was retired in the spring of 1984, becoming the 30th storm name to be retired. It will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Allison in the 1989 season. The name Allison was retired after doing major damage to the same area in 2001.

Trivia

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  • Hurricane Alicia became the last major hurricane (Category 3 or higher) to strike Texas until Hurricane Bret made landfall in 1999.
  • Alicia was the first storm for which the National Hurricane Center began to predict landfall probabilities.[4]
  • Alicia was Texas' first billion-dollar storm.[18]
  • It hit southeast Texas, becoming the first hurricane to hit the U.S. mainland since Hurricane Allen in September 1980. The time between the two storms totaled out to three years and eight days (998 days). The streak was the longest since a period of almost three years occurred from September 1929 to August 1932.[1]
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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 National Hurricane Center (1983). "Hurricane Alicia Prelimary Report - Page 1 - Storm History". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  2. ↑ Robert Case and Harold Gerrish (1984). "1983 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-04-02.[permanent dead link]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 U.S. Army (2007). "STORM DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 National Hurricane Center (1983). "Hurricane Alicia Prelimary Report - Page 4 - Strike Probs - Watches/Warnings". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Isaacson, Walter (1983-08-29), "Coping with Nature", TIME, archived from the original on 2011-01-22, retrieved 2007-07-25
  6. ↑ U.S.A. Today (2007). "Hurricane Alicia, 1983". U.S.A. Today. Archived from the original on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 National Hurricane Center (1983). "Hurricane Alicia Prelimary Report - Page 5 - Meteorological Effects". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 National Hurricane Center (1983). "Hurricane Alicia Prelimary Report - Page 2 - Impact I". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  9. ↑ National Weather Office - Lake Charles, LA (2007). "Texas Hurricane History: Late 20th Century". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  10. ↑ U.S. Military (2007). "Houston Coast Guard". U.S. Military. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  11. ↑ U.S. Army (2007). "Warnings". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  12. ↑ Although Alicia was a small Category 3 hurricane, a total of 2297 dwellings were destroyed by Alicia with another 3000+ experiencing major damage. Over ten thousand dwellings had minor damage.
  13. ↑ Unknown (2007). "Bayside hurricane's Alicia page". Geocities. Archived from the original on 2002-11-12. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 National Weather Office - Houston-Galveston, TX (2007). "Upper Texas Coast Tropical Cyclones in the 1980s". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2007-03-28. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  15. ↑ Mark Levitan (2007). "Are Chemical Plants Really Safe?" (PDF). Louisiana State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2002-03-23. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  16. ↑ David Roth (2007). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall: Hurricane Alicia". Hydrometeorogical Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 2013-02-08. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment (1983). "Hurricane Alicia - Prediction, Damage, and Recovery Efforts" (PDF). Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  18. ↑ Texas State Library (2007). "Texas Governors". Texas State Library. Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2007-04-02.

Other websites

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