President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers were the militia of the loyal U.S. states called up on April 15, 1861 following the attack on Fort Sumter by the forces of the Confederate States of America.[1] This was the beginning the American Civil War. President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for a period of 90 days.[2] These limits were established by laws that had been passed in the late eighteenth century and were not necessarily a reflection of the number of troops or the amount of time Lincoln actually thought it would take to put down the rebellion.[2]
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The proclamation
changeLincoln wrote the proclamation himself showing his lawyer's style of writing:
| “ | Whereas the laws of the United States have been for some time past, and now are opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the Marshals by law.
Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, in virtue of the power in me vested by the Constitution, and the laws, have thought fit to call forth, and hereby do call forth, the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of seventy-five thousand, in order to suppress said combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly executed. I appeal to all loyal citizens to favor, facilitate and aid this effort to maintain the honor, the integrity, and the existence our National Union, and the perpetuity of popular government; and to redress wrongs already long enough endured.[3] |
” |
Background
changeThere was a great deal of tension over the issue of slavery in the Western territories during the presidency of James Buchanan (1857-61).[4] People were taking sides in the issue as never before. When open war broke out in the Kansas Territory (called Bleeding Kansas), Southern slaveholders, Northern abolitionists and Free-soilers flooded into Kansas.[5] Each was trying to influence the vote whether Kansas would join the Union as a slave state or a free state.[5] President Buchanan sent part of the Regular Army to stop the violence but they were too few and too scattered to stop the fighting.[4]
The abolitionist John Brown who played a part in Bleeding Kansas, seized the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859.[4] He intended to use the weapons to start a slave uprising in the South.[4] Federal troops were called on to put down the outbreak and capture Brown.[4]
On November 6, 1860, when Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States.[a] South Carolina seceded from the Union.[4] Followed by six more Southern states, on February 18, 1861, at Montgomery, Alabama they formed the Confederate States of America. Their elected president, Jefferson Davis, called for 100,000 volunteers to serve for one year.[4] In less than six weeks, other Southern states seceded.[4] The Confederates seized federal property in the South including several military posts.[4] The exceptions were Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina and Fort Pickens near Pensacola, Florida.[4]
When these seven states seceded, it caused a breakup in the U.S. Army. Many were from the South and felt they had a responsibility to resign from the U.S. Army and join the Confederate Army. In April of 1861, the United States Army had only 16,000 men organized into fewer than 200 companies.[7] Most of them were at posts west of the Mississippi River. While the army was made up of trained professional soldiers, Lincoln realized he could not put down a rebellion of this size with the army he had.
State Militias before 1861
changeDuring the Colonial Period in North America, each colony had the right to summon all able-bodied white males to provide for the defense of that colony.[8] Colonies had militia laws that required every able-bodied man to be available for militia duty and to provide his own arms.[9] In 1774 and 1775, the British government, which now had a larger presence, attempted to disarm American colonists. This caused the colonists to form private militias, independent of any control by the governors who were appointed by the British government.[9] The Minutemen who fought the British Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord were an independent militia.[9] The American colonies saw standing armies as tools of a despotic monarch.[8]
After the formation of the United States, the founding fathers saw state militias as the main force to defend the new country.[8] They were controlled by the individual states and not by a central government. When the United States Constitution was ratified, it gave the federal government the right to raise a standing army but the feeling at the time was that such an army was to be kept small. This was the prevailing thought up to the 20th century.[8] The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution and other laws of 1792 gave the President the power to call out the state militias to put down rebellion and to fight against any foreign invaders.[8] But, the call for militias had to be authorized by the state legislatures, the militias themselves could only serve for three months in any given year and the size of the militia the President was allowed to call up was limited to 75,000.[8]
During the War of 1812 militia units had the reputation of being poorly trained and poorly disciplined. Massachusetts and Connecticut refused to call out their militias during this time. Vermont would not allow its militia to serve outside of state borders. From 1815 until 1845, many of the Northern states did not require militia service by their citizens. The Mexican-American War was fought mainly by the regular army and volunteers served for one year terms of service.[8] Very few state militias participated. By the 1840s, with no state laws requiring militia service in many states, the militias were replaced by voluneteer groups who served on weekends and provided their own weapons. In exchange for state-supplied weapons and uniforms, many agreed to become part of their respective state militias, especially in Northern states.[8]
State militias had several shortcomings. During the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, they developed a reputation as poor fighters and frequent deserters.[10]
Lincoln's volunteers
changeWhen Lincoln called for 75,000 men for federal service, members of his cabinet had advised him to ask for as many as 200,000.[11] However, Lincoln knew that he would be breaking the law if he tried to call up that many men, and on a more practical note he probably also recognized the army did not have the arms or supplies to equip a larger number and so he settled for the legal limit of 75,000. This was still four times the size of the regular army.[11] Each state was given a quota it had to meet based on its population. New York's quota was 17 regiments (13,280 men).[11] Pennsylvania was to send 16 regiments.[11] Other states were given their quotas as well. The slave states refused to send any men, with four of them joining the Confederacy instead. The free states filled out their quotas quickly. Some states did not send any more than their quota required while other states sent more so that Lincoln still got the 75,000 men he asked for. Rhode Island sent four times their quota.[12] Connecticut and Missouri each sent three times their quota.[b][12] Massachusetts sent two and a half times their quota.[12]
All the new officers and soldiers had to undergo military training. Officers spent their evenings learning tactics and other military matters from books and field manuals.[7] Soldiers spent their days learning to drill and shoot their weapons. Many quickly found that military life was not as romantic as they had pictured it.[7] None realized that training could be the difference between life and death on a battlefield.[7] So training suffered, but the Confederate army had the same problems with their militia units.[16] When the war started, both sides had to depend on their militias.[16]
Congress soon changed the militia law to allow the President to call up serve for longer periods of time.
Notes
change- ↑ Lincoln did not receive a majority of the popular votes because the race was between Lincoln, a Republican, and three Democrats.[6] Lincoln received 39.9% of the popular vote. But he did receive 180 electoral votes to win the presidency.[6]
- ↑ Missouri's quota was four regiments. The pro-Confederate governor, Claiborne Fox Jackson, flatly refused and instead called for 50,000 men to defend Missouri against the Union.[13] On June 15, under pressure from a Union army, Jackson fled from Jefferson City.[14] General Nathaniel Lyon installed a pro-Union government after Jackson and most of his militia retreated to the southwest corner of Missouri.[14] By the end of the Civil War Missouri had supplied nearly 110,000 troops to the Union and at least 30,000 troops from Missouri joined the Confederate Army[15]
References
change- ↑ "Lincoln Issues Call for 75,000 Men to "Suppress" Confederacy". Burn Pit. The American Legion. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Lincoln Calls for 75,000 Volunteers". Civil War on the Western Border. Kansas City Public Library/Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ Ted Widmer (April 14, 2011). "Lincoln Declares War". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 "The Civil War, 1861". American Military History. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Bleeding Kansas". Fort Scott National Historic Site. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gerhard Peters, John T. Woolley. "Election of 1860". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Shaping a Volunteer Army". Civil War Trust. Retrieved 12 November 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 "Understanding the Militia of the Northern States, 1861-1865" (PDF). Cincinatti Civil War Roundtable. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Chuck Dougherty. "The History of the Militia in the United States". University of Dayton. Archived from the original on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ Thomas Verenna (26 February 2014). "The Darker Side of the Militia". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Jamie Malanowski (17 April 2011). "Virginia's Moment". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "State Organized Militia in the Civil War". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ "Jackson, Claiborne Fox". Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict,1855-1865. Kansas City Library. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Albert Castel, General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Baton Rouge; London: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), pp. 24–26
- ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "Abstract of Wars & Military Engagements: War of 1812 through World War I"
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Larry Schweikart, Michael Allen. "Armies in the War: Militia and Regulars". A Patriot's History of the United States. Retrieved 12 November 2016.