Tristan da Cunha
Tristan da Cunha is a group of remote volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and also the main island of that group. Tristan da Cunha is the most remote archipelago (group of islands) and the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world; it is at 2,816 km (1,750 mi) from the nearest land, South Africa, and 3,360 km (2,088 mi) from South America.[3]
Tristan da Cunha | |
|---|---|
Overseas territory of the UK | |
 View from the ocean of Tristan da Cunha | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Motto: "Our faith is our strength" | |
| Anthem: God Save the Queen | |
 Location of Tristan da Cunha in the Atlantic Ocean. | |
| Coordinates: 37°07′S 12°17′W / 37.117°S 12.283°W | |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Overseas territory | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha |
| Archipelago | Tristan da Cunha |
| Capital | Edinburgh of the Seven Seas |
| Discovered | 1506 |
| Current constitution | 2009 |
| Named for | Tristan da Cunha |
| Government | |
| • Type | Monarchy |
| • Monarch | Charles III |
| • Governor | Mark Capes |
| • Administrator of Ascension Island | Ian Lavarello |
| Area | |
| • Total | 207 km2 (80 sq mi) |
| • Main island | 96 km2 (37 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 2,060 m (6,760 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2010)[2] | |
| • Total | 275 |
| • Density | 1.3/km2 (3.4/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Tristanian |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
| Area code | +290 |
| Internet TLD | none |
| Currency | Pound sterling (£) (GBP) |
| Website | http://www.tristandc.com/ |
The territory consists of the main island of Tristan da Cunha itself, which measures about 11.27 km (7.0 mi) across and has an area of 96 km2 (37.1 sq mi), along with the uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible Island and Gough Island.
Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.[4] This includes Saint Helena 2,430 km (1,510 mi) to its north and equatorial Ascension Island even further north. The island has a permanent population of 275 (2009 figures).[5]
History change
The first known sighting of the islands was in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristan da Cunha (Portuguese: Tristão da Cunha), but he did not go to land because of rough seas. He gave the name to the main island of the group (Portuguese: Ilha de Tristão da Cunha) but it was soon changed by to Tristan da Cunha.[6]
In 1643 the crew of the Dutch ship Heemstede made the first known landing.[7] In 1656 Jan van Riebeeck, the governor of Cape Town, sent a ship to the archipelago to see if it was possible to establish a military station, but the project was abandoned.
Tristan da Cunha also found Inaccessible Island in 1506; its present name was given by French Captain d'Escheverry (or d'Etchevery). In that same year, Portuguese captain Gonçalo Alvarez discovered the Gough Island and named the island after him. It was re-discovered by the British Capt. Charles Gough who also gave his name to the island.[8]
The Nightingale Island was discovered by Dutch sailors in 1656 and named it Gebroocken Eiland. The British Captain Gamaliel Nightingale, who visited the group in 1760, gave his name to the island.[8]
The first study of the archipelago was made by the French frigate L'Heure du Berger in 1767. The results of the survey were published by A. Dalrymple in 1781.[9]
The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who came to the islands in December 1810. He declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. Lambert's rule was short-lived, as he died in 1812.[7]
In 1816 the United Kingdom formally annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. It was a measure to make sure that the French could not use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena.[10] The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a base, as they had during the War of 1812.[7]
In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honor of his visit. Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Rev. Edwin H. Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and school teacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.[9]
On 12 January 1938, the Tristan da Cunha archipelago was made a dependency of Saint Helena. In 1981, the British government changed the status of Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies to "British Dependent Territories".
The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population[1] via Cape Town to England. The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returned in 1963.
In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.[4]
Geography change
The islands of Tristan da Cunha are the peaks of volcanoes associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. At 200,000 years old, the main island is the youngest of the group, while Nightingale is the oldest: 12 million years. Inaccessible and Gough are 3 to 5 million years old.[2]
Tristan da Cunha is the name of the archipelago and of the main island of the group; the archipelago consists of the following islands:[2]
- Tristan da Cunha (main island and the islands close to the it)
- Tristan da Cunha (37°6′44″S 12°16′56″W / 37.11222°S 12.28222°W), the main island and largest, area: 96 km2 (37.1 sq mi)
- Inaccessible Island (37°19′00″S 012°44′00″W / 37.31667°S 12.73333°W), area: 14 km2 (5.4 sq mi)
- Nightingale Islands, area: 3.4 km2 (1.3 sq mi)
- Nightingale Island (37°25′58″S 12°28′31″W / 37.43278°S 12.47528°W), area: 3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi)
- Middle Island, area: 0.1 km2 (24.7 acres)
- Stoltenhoff Island, area: 0.1 km2 (24.7 acres)
- Gough Island (Diego Alvarez Island) (40°20′S 10°0′W / 40.333°S 10.000°W), area: 65 km2 (25.1 sq mi)
Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands are located 35 km (21.7 mi) southwest of the main island, while Gough Island is located 395 km (245.4 mi) south-southeast. The main island is quite mountainous; the only flat area is the location of the capital, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, on the northwest coast. The highest point is a volcano called Queen Mary's Peak 2,060 m (6,759 ft);[1] it is covered by snow in winter. The other islands of the group are uninhabited, except for the weather station on Gough Island, which has been operated by South Africa since 1956 (since 1963 at its present location at Transvaal Bay on the southeast coast), with a staff of six.
Climate change
The climate of the islands is temperate and oceanic, with a mean air temperature at sea level at Tristan of 15 °C (59 °F), with relatively small daily and seasonal variation. On Gough it is a few degrees colder. Rainfall is high: 1700 mm annually at the Tristan Settlement, and 3300 mm at Gough. Strong winds are common. Mean wind speed is about 40 km/h. Wind speed increases strongly with altitude, while temperature decreases. Thus, while the lowlands experience quite pleasant weather, the uplands may be covered in snow or battered by very strong winds.[2]
The Köppen climate classification subtype for the climate in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate).[11]
| Climate data for Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, Tristan da Cunha Island | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 20 (68) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
19 (66) |
17 (63) |
15 (59) |
14 (57) |
14 (57) |
14 (57) |
15 (59) |
17 (63) |
18 (64) |
17 (62) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14 (57) |
14 (57) |
14 (57) |
13 (55) |
11 (52) |
10 (50) |
9 (48) |
8 (46) |
8 (46) |
9 (48) |
11 (52) |
12 (54) |
11 (52) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 104 (4.1) |
92 (3.6) |
115 (4.5) |
140 (5.5) |
151 (5.9) |
156 (6.1) |
150 (5.9) |
160 (6.3) |
155 (6.1) |
142 (5.6) |
126 (5.0) |
125 (4.9) |
1,615 (63.6) |
| Source: Weatherbase.com [1] | |||||||||||||
The average temperature for the year in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, with an elevation of 23 m, is 13.9 °C (57.0 °F). The warmest month, on average, is February with an average temperature of 17.8 °C (64.0 °F). The coolest month on average is August, with an average temperature of 10.6 °C (51.0 °F).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is 1612.9 mm. The month with the most precipitation on average is August with 160 mm of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of 91.4 mm.[11]
Demographics change
The islands have a population of about 275.[2] The only settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (known locally as "The Settlement of Edinburgh" or, more common, just "The Settlement"). The only religion is Christianity, with denominations of Anglican and Roman Catholic. The current population is thought to have descended from 15 ancestors, eight males and seven females, who arrived on the island at various times between 1816 and 1908. The male founders originated from Scotland, England, The Netherlands, the United States and Italy[12] and share just eight surnames: Glass (Scottish), Green (Dutch), Hagan (Irish), Lavarello (Italian, a typical Ligurian surname), Patterson (Scottish), Repetto (Italian, another typical Ligurian surname), Rogers (English) and Swain (English).
Gallery change
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Satellite image of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago. -
Satellite image of the Tristan da Cunha island. -
Satellite image of the Inaccessible island. -
Satellite image of the Nightingale islands. -
A German ship in Tristan da Cunha. In the back is Queen Mary's Peak and to the right is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas. -
-
-
Potato patches
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References change
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Tristan da Cunha - Summary". Global Volcanism Program. National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Tristan da Cunha". UKOTs Online Herbarium. UK Overseas Territories Science Team, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ Rosenberg, Matt. "Tristan da Cunha: The world's most remote island". About.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
- ↑ "St Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha profiles". BBC News - Africa. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ↑ Albuquerque, Afonso de (2001). The commentaries of the great Afonso Dalboquerque, second viceroy of India, Adamant Media Corporation, p.xx. Issue 55. ISBN 1-4021-9511-7
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Tristan History 1506 - 1817". Tristan da Cunha Government and the Tristan da Cunha Association. 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Saint Helena (U.K.)". World Statesmen.org. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Carroll, Paul (2003). "Tristan Da Cunha - Discovery". Archived from the original on 2010-08-14. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ↑ Roberts, Edmund (1837). Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 33.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Settlement of Edinburgh, saint Helena - Köppen Climate Classification". Weatherbase. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ↑ Himla Soodyall; Almut Nebel; Bharti Morar; Trefor Jenkins (2003). "Genealogy and genes: tracing the founding fathers of Tristan da Cunha". European Journal of Human Genetics. 11 (9): 705–709. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201022. PMID 12939658. S2CID 37803411.
Other websites change
