Wikipedia

Antisemitic trope

Antisemitic tropes refer to false claims[1] about Jews as a race or Judaism as a religion.[2]

Since the 2nd century,[3] false claims of Jewish badness have become a recurring theme in antisemitic tropes, which often come as libels, stereotypes[4][5] or conspiracy theories.[6] They typically make Jews look cruel, powerful or controlling,[7] some of which also deny or trivialize historical atrocities against Jews.[8][9] These tropes have caused pogroms, genocides, persecutions and systemic racism for Jews throughout history.[10][11]

The oldest antisemitic tropes were dated to the early days of Christianity, followed by the Middle Ages when the Roman Catholic Church made up more tropes to legitimize mass murders of Jews. Particularly, Jews were repeatedly massacred across Europe over the lies of "causing epidemics by well poisoning," especially the devastating 14th-century Black Death,[12] and "consuming the blood of Christian babies".

In the 19th century, lies about Jews "plotting world domination" via "controlling" mass media and global banking spread, which mutated into modern tropes, such as the lie that Jews "promoted communism" and "controlling governments worldwide", which formed Adolf Hitler's worldview, caused WWII and the Holocaust, which killed at least 6 million Jews (67% pre-war European Jews).[7][13] Such lies have also held appeal among "anti-Zionists".[14][15]

On the other hand, most contemporary antisemitic tropes deny or trivialize anti-Jewish atrocities, especially denying or trivializing the Holocaust,[9] or of the Jewish exodus from Muslim countries.[16] Holocaust denial is often presented as the antisemitic trope that the Holocaust was "invented" or "overstated".[17][18] The most recent example is the denial or trivialization of the Hamas-led October 7 massacres, whose victims were overwhelmingly Jewish, including several Holocaust survivors.[19]

Political tropes

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World domination

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First edition of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
 
1930 Spanish reprint of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
 
Article The International Jew: The World's Problem in Henry Ford's newspaper The Dearborn Independent[20] on May 22, 1920.
 
Nazi poster entitled Das jüdische Komplott ("The Jewish Plot").

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion published in 1903 is deemed the beginning of contemporary conspiracy theory literature,[21] where Jews were accused of "plotting world domination". Similar examples also include Nazi cartoons depicting Jews as an octopus reaching across the globe.[22][23][24] The Russian Empire popularized the forgery to discredit the Bolsheviks by accusing Jews of organizing the Communist revolution.[25][26][27] Later, the trope spread westward when the Great Depression and Nazism's rise catalyzed its dissemination.[28][29][30] A Polish equivalent goes by Judeopolonia, which posited an imaginary Jewish domination of Poland.[31]

Contemporarily, the trope often goes by Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), which accuses the Jews of "controlling Western governments" for selfish ends, like benefitting Israel.[32][33] The ZOG is widely peddled by antisemites, such as the Neo-Nazis, White nationalists,[34] Islamists and Black supremacists.[35]Malcolm X, a well known Black American activist, believed in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which he introduced to the Nation of Islam (NOI) for circulation among their Black American audience.[36]

Controlling the media

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Jews have also been accused by antisemites, from the far left to right, of "controlling the media and Hollywood".[37]

White genocide conspiracy theory

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Since 2015, the White genocide conspiracy theory has become popular among white nationalists.[38] Jews are often accused of encouraging unrestricted non-white immigration to "make White people become minority".[39] [40] In the US, there have been several terrorist attacks caused by those believing in the theory, including the 2017 Unite the Right rally and the 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, where 11 were killed and 7 injured.[41] The American civil rights group Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) noted,[41]

The "great replacement" theory is inherently white supremacist. It depends on stoking fears that a non-white population, which the theory's proponents characterize as "inferior," will displace a white majority. It is also antisemitic. Some proponents of the "great replacement" do not explicitly attribute the plot to Jews. Instead, they blame powerful Jewish individuals such as financier and philanthropist George Soros or use coded antisemitic language to identify shadowy "elites" or globalists.

Economic tropes

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Controlling the global financial system

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The American civil rights group Anti-Defamation League (ADL) documented several tropes that had associated Jews with banking,[42] including the myth that "global banking is dominated by the [Jewish] Rothschild family" [7][43] traceable to the medieval prevalence of Jews in moneylending. [44]

Usury and profiteering

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In the Middle Ages, Jews were restricted from most professions and pushed into marginalized occupations, such as tax collection and moneylending, due to the Roman Catholic Church's prohibition on Christians charging interest for loans. In 1179, the Third Council of the Lateran threatened excommunication for any Christians lending money at interest, causing those who desired loans to approach Jews. Natural tension between gentile debtors and Jewish creditors reinforced pre-existing anti-Jewish biases.[45] In England, the departing Crusaders were joined by debtors in the massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189–1190. In 1275, Edward I of England punished Jewish creditors by passing the anti-usury Statute of Jewry. Many English Jews were arrested, 300 of whom were hanged. In 1290, all Jews were expelled from England. German-American historian Walter Laqueur noted,[46][47]

The issue at stake was not really whether the Jews had entered it out of greed [...] The high tide of Jewish usury was before the fifteenth century; as cities grew in power and affluence, the Jews were squeezed out from money lending with the development of banking.

Propagation of Communism

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In the 20th century, newer claims of Jews promoting Communism emerged.[48] Judeo-Bolshevism was popularized by Hitler's to equate Jews with communists and present them as an existential threat to justify the Holocaust.[49] A Polish equivalent of this trope is Żydokomuna, which accuses "most Jews" of having "collaborated with the Soviet Union" in "importing communism" to Poland.[50][51][52] Candace Owens, an American ultraconservative pundit, endorses the lie. She alleged that "Stalin was a Jew" and his followers were "part of a Jewish cabal".[53]

Religious tropes

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A protest alleging Jewish deicide, held by members of the Westboro Baptist Church.

Guilt for the death of Jesus

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Jews have been blamed for the crucifixion of Jesus throughout history:[54][55]

When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it. Then answered all the people, and said, His blood be on us, and on our children.

– Matthew 27:24–25

Jewish deicide was legitimized in Christian theology by Saint John Chrysostom (c. 4th century), a prominent Church Father.[56][57]

Blood libel

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Blood libel is a Middle Age false claim that Jews kill Christian babies to take their blood for Judaism's rituals.[58][59][60] The blood libel has no factual basis as human sacrifices are prohibited by Judaism's customary laws.[61][62]

Host desecration

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Jews burned alive for the alleged host desecration in Deggendorf, Bavaria, in 1338. A woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle of 1493.
 
16th-century painting accusing Jews of host desecration in Passau, Germany.

In medieval Europe, Jews were often falsely accused of stealing communion bread (hosts) and stabbing them to mimic the crucifixion of Jesus for which Jews were blamed by the Catholic Church.[63] The first allegation of Jewish host desecration was made recorded in 1243 in Beelitz near Berlin. All Jews in Beelitz were burned alive.[64][65][66][67] Pogroms associated with claims ofhost desecration happened until the 19th century.[68]

Demonization in Christianity

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Cranach the Younger portrait's of Martin Luther, widely used on postcards in Nazi Germany.
 
17th-century Judensau engraving, based on a 15th-century painting.[69]

As early as the 4th century, Church Father Saint John Chrysostom demeaned[70] a synagogue as

worse than a brothel and a drinking shop [...] a den of scoundrels, the repair of wild beasts, a temple of demons, the refuge of brigands and debauchees, and the cavern of devils, a criminal assembly of the assassins of Christ.

His anti-Jewish homily was legitimized in Christian theology as the basis of Christian antisemitism for the following millennia, ultimately subject to Nazi co-optation to garner Christian support for the Holocaust.[71][72]

Meanwhile, a common Middle Age Christian antisemitic trope was the Judensau (German for Jews' sow).[69] Martin Luther, a leading figure of the 16th-century Reformation in Europe,[73] wrote a 65,000 thesis dehumanizing the Jews, part of its content included:[74]

a base, whoring people, that is, no people of God, and their boast of lineage, circumcision, and law must be accounted as filth [...] full of the devil's feces [...] which they wallow in like swine [...] and the synagogue [...] incorrigible whore and an evil slut,

while also calling for extreme violence towards Jews across Europe.[75] Martin Luther was worshipped in Nazi Germany. Luther's antisemitic thesis is considered by many Western historians to have caused the Holocaust, despite the 400-year lapse.[76]

Demonization in other religions or movements

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Beyond Abrahamic religions, the demonization of Jews is also common among new religious movements, one of which is the Black Hebrew Israelites. Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) believe that African Americans are descendants of ancient Israelites. However, the BHI are neither Jews nor Christians.[77] Just as the "Messianic Judaism"[78][79][80] founded by Conservative Baptist Association's priest Moishe Rosen,[81] the BHI do not meet any criteria for being Jewish.[82] The BHI have seen themselves as the only "real Jews". They deny contemporary Jews' Jewish ancestry and historical connection to Israel. BHI have accused contemporary Jews of being "European converts to Judaism" and running the Atlantic slave trade, implying that they are "White oppressors".[83][84] Several BHI sects have been classified as hate groups by at least three American civil rights groups, the ADL, SPLC and Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC),[85][86] Antisemitic tropes popularized by the BHI include:[87]

  • Jew-ish: Negative term for depicting Jews as "imposters"
  • So-called Jews: Casting doubt on the Jewish identity of mainstream Jews
  • Synagogue of Satan: An ancient slur borrowed to express dislike of Jews[88]

BHI groups or members have also been involved in domestic terrorism towards Jewish Americans since the 1970s, the most recent of which include the 2019 Jersey City Shooting, where 7 dead and 3 injured.[89][90] The BHI, to some extent, managed to desensitize the public to their anti-Jewish terrorism by appropriating Jewish symbols and misusing their historically oppressed status to gain sympathy from anti-racist intellectuals.[91]

Cultural tropes

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Dual loyalty

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Dual loyalty is the antisemitic trope that Jews are more loyal to a hypothetical Jewish world order than to their country. Since Israel's reestablishment in 1948, false claims of Jews being more loyal to Israel than to their country have become widespread.[92][93][94]

Treachery

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"12,000 Jewish soldiers died on the field of honor for the fatherland." A 1920 leaflet by German Jewish veterans to counter the stab-in-the-back myth.
 
Portrait of Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), the Jewish French soldier falsely convicted of treason in the decade-long Dreyfus Affair.

With the rise of racist theories in the 19th century, Jews often got accused of not loving their country enough. In late 19th-century France, a decade-long scandal known as the Dreyfus affair involved the wrongful conviction of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish French soldier, for treason, when the French public believed that he was guilty for being Jewish. It took 11 years for his conviction to be overturned, while the French military did not acknowledge his innocence until 1995.[95][96] During World War I, the German Military High Command implemented the Judenzählung ("Jewish Census" in German) to "assess" the loyalty of Jewish German soldiers.[97][98] After WWI, the stab-in-the-back myth alleged that internal enemies, including Jews, were responsible for Germany's defeat.[99]

In Stalin's Soviet Union, the statewide campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", a communist code word for Jews, began on 28 January 1949 with an article in its mouthpiece Pravda:

unbridled, evil-minded cosmopolitans, profiteers with no roots and no conscience [...] Grown on rotten yeast of bourgeois cosmopolitanism, decadence and formalism [...] non-indigenous nationals without a motherland, who poison with stench [...] our proletarian culture.[100]

Such propaganda was followed by state campaigns of persecution until Stalin's death in 1953, which involved the mass termination of Soviet Jewish doctors based on false charges of treason, espionage and association with Zionism.[101]

In 1968, the Soviet-dominated Polish communist state exploited pre-existing antisemitism to equate Jewishness with "disloyalty" and "Zionist sympathies" and blame Polish Jews for anti-communist mass protests. The remaining Polish Jews, mostly Holocaust survivors, were purged, causing 5,000-10,000 (20-33%) of them to leave the country. An apology was made by the democratic Polish government in March 2018.[102][103]

Fabricating or exaggerating the Holocaust

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The Auschwitz concentration camps would always stand as a testament that antisemitism caused the worst genocide in human history.
 
A Holocaust memorial outside Auschwitz concentration camp I.

Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II – usually referred to as the Holocaust[104] Most Holocaust denial claims imply, or openly state, that the Holocaust is a "hoax" committed out of a "deliberate Jewish conspiracy" to advance the "Jewish interests".[105] Nowadays, outright denial is no longer socially acceptable. It has, however, morphed into more devious forms involving antisemitic tropes' usage to distort relevant events for fabricating Jewish guilt and legitimizing antisemitism.[106][52][107] As such, Holocaust denial is antisemitic.[108][109] Holocaust deniers are condemned for ignoring all the evidence disproving their falsehood.[110]

Jewish–Nazi analogy

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Antisemitic poster spotted at an allegedly anti-war rally in San Francisco on February 16, 2003, which incorporated both the tropes of "moneyish Jews" and "Zio-Nazis". The slur ZIONIST PIGS[111]was also used.
 
Antisemitic graffiti in Madrid, 2003, equating the Star of David with the dollar and Nazi swastika.

Antisemitic tropes recur throughout history and is phrased differently with changing predominant narratives.[112][113] Such demonization by association with Israel is termed the Holocaust inversion. Holocaust inversion is an inversion of reality[114] where Jews, the Holocaust's primary victims, are transposed into being the primary perpetrators to erase their historical victimhood and justify antisemitism. It is deemed a form of Holocaust trivialization. The World Jewish Congress noted that Holocaust inversion could be manifested as:[115]

In such regard, the French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy remarked,[116]

[...] a mass movement demanding the deaths of Jews will be unlikely to yell "Money Jews" or "They Killed Christ." [...] for such a movement to emerge, for people to feel once again [...] the right to burn all the synagogues they want, to attack boys wearing yarmulkes, to harass large number of rabbis [...] an entirely new discourse way of justifying it must emerge.

Yossi Klein Halevi, the author of The New York Times bestseller Letters to My Palestinian Neighbour, considered the trope a transmutation of an old dehumanizing image of Jews:[117]

The deepest source of anti-Israel animus is the symbolization of the Jew as embodiment of evil. The satanic Jew has been replaced by the satanic Jewish state [...] The end of the post-Holocaust era is expressed most starkly in the inversion of the Holocaust [...] The Jew-as-Nazi is the endpoint of political supersessionism:[118] Not only have we forfeited our identity as "Israel," but we've assumed the identity of our worst enemy.

Ethnocentrism

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Many antisemitic conspiracy theory websites, run by Neo-Nazis, Islamists or radical academic Marxists, cherry-picked quotes from Jewish religious writings to push the lie that Judaism is "racist" and "anti-gentile".[119] As per the major American Orthodox rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik,

Even as the Jew is moved by his private Sinaitic Covenant with God to embody and preserve the teachings of the Torah, he is committed to the belief that all mankind, of whatever color or creed, is "in His image" and is possessed of an inherent human dignity and worthiness. Man's singularity is derived from the breath "He [God] breathed into his nostrils at the moment of creation" (Genesis 2:7). Thus, we do share in the universal historical experience, and God's providential concern does embrace all of humanity.[120]

As per the minutes of a 1984 U.S. Congress hearing on the persecution of Jews in the Soviet Union, the demonization of Jews based on the lie of "ethnocentrism" was common:

This vicious anti-Semitic canard, frequently repeated by other Soviet writers and officials, is based upon the malicious notion that the "Chosen People" of the Torah and Talmud preaches "superiority over other peoples", as well as exclusivity. This was, of course, the principal theme of the notorious Tsarist The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[121]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Julius, Anthony (2010). Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 67.
  2. ↑
    • Krausz, Ernest; Tulea, Gitta (1997). Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–. ISBN 978-1-4128-2689-1. A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew.
    • "Belonging without believing: British Jewish identity and God". Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 20 March 2024. Only a third of Jews living in the UK have faith in God, as described in the Bible, yet 'non-believers' make up more than half of paid-up synagogue memberships, according to data from the JPR National Jewish Identity Survey.
    • "Jews in U.S. are far less religious than Christians and Americans overall, at least by traditional measures". Pew Research Center. 13 May 2021. [In 2021] 12% of U.S. Jewish adults say they attend religious services weekly or more often, compared with 27% of the general public and 38% of U.S. Christians. And 21% of Jewish adults say religion is very important in their lives, compared with 41% of U.S. adults overall and 57% of Christians [...] There are even bigger gaps when it comes to belief in God. About a quarter of Jews (26%) say they believe in God as described in the Bible, compared with more than half of U.S. adults overall (56%) and eight-in-ten Christians. Jews are more likely than U.S. adults overall (50% vs. 33%) to say they believe in some higher power, but not in God as described in the Bible. Jewish adults also are twice as likely as the general public to say they do not believe in any kind of higher power or spiritual force in the universe (22% vs. 10%).
  3. ↑ Feldman, Louis H. (1996). Studies in Hellenistic Judaism. Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums. Leiden; New York: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10418-1.
  4. ↑ "Analysis: The antisemitic libel is back again". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  5. ↑ Teter, Magda (2021). "On the Continuities and Discontinuities of Anti-Jewish Libels". Antisemitism Studies. 5 (2): 370–400. ISSN 2474-1817.
  6. ↑ "Translate Hate" (PDF). American Jewish Committee. October 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Levy 2005, p. 55.
  8. ↑ Rose, Emily M. (2 June 2022). Crusades, Blood Libels, and Popular Violence. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–212. ISBN 978-1-108-49440-3. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Goldberg 1982.
  10. ↑ Brasher, Brenda (2001). Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 305. With the racist and anti-Semitic theology of Christian Identity as their justification, they blame the Jewish Antichrist, or the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), which rules in Washington, taking its orders from internationalist Jews in Israel, the United Nations, and the Fortune 500. Attracting old-line hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan and inspiring newer ones like the Aryan Nation Alliance [...] the militia and Patriot movements have helped to legitimize racist and anti-Semitic hate groups
  11. ↑ Zipperstein, Steven J. (2019). Pogrom: Kishinev and the tilt of history (First published as an Liveright paperback ed.). New York London: Liveright Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-63149-599-1.
  12. ↑ "In Classic Antisemitic Libel, Palestinian Press Accuses Israel of Poisoning Water". Algemeiner. 2024-03-14. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ Rosenfeld, Alvin H., ed. (2019). Anti-zionism and antisemitism: the dynamics of delegitimization. Studies in antisemitism. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-04002-2.
  15. ↑ Wistrich, Robert S., ed. (1990). "Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3. ISBN 978-1-349-11264-7.
  16. ↑ Webman, Esther (2022), "New Islamic Antisemitism, Mid-19th to the 21st Century", The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism, Cambridge University Press, pp. 430–447, doi:10.1017/9781108637725.029, ISBN 978-1-108-49440-3, retrieved 2024-02-26
  17. ↑ ""Denial": how to deal with a conspiracy theory in the era of 'post-truth'". Cambridge University Press. 16 February 2017.
  18. ↑ Doward, Jamie (22 January 2017). "New online generation takes up Holocaust denial". The Observer.
  19. ↑
  20. ↑ Sachar, Howard Morley (1993). A History of the Jews in America. Vintage Books. p. 311. ISBN 0679745300.
  21. ↑ Boym, Svetlana (Spring 1999). "Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and The Protocols of Zion". Comparative Literature. 51 (2): 97–122. doi:10.2307/1771244. JSTOR 1771244.
  22. ↑ "Nazi Propaganda". Zichronam l'Vracha. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
  23. ↑ Gerstenfeld, Manfred (1 March 2007). "Anti-Israelism and Anti-Semitism: Common Characteristics and Motifs". Jewish Political Studies Review. Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 5 October 2024. Often cartoons embody more than one principal anti-Semitic submotif [...] In addition to the conspiracy motif, it also expresses a second one: that Israel or the Jews are subhuman. Kotek mentions that Jews are often represented as spiders, bloodthirsty vampires, and octopuses, and notes that he has not found any other nation besides the Jews being systematically depicted as vampires.
  24. ↑ "Examples of antisemitism in both the Arab and Muslim world". intelligence.org.il. Israel: Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, Center for Special Studies. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
  25. ↑ Alderman, G. (1983). The Jewish Community in British Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 102.
  26. ↑ Mendes, Philip (2010). Debunking the myth of Jewish communism.
  27. ↑ Frankel, Richard (July 2013). "One Crisis Behind? Rethinking Antisemitic Exceptionalism in the United States and Germany". American Jewish History. 97 (3): 235–258. doi:10.1353/ajh.2013.0020.
  28. ↑ "Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs". domino.un.org. United Nations Economic and Social Council. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2005.
  29. ↑ Schwarz, Sidney (2006). Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 1-58023-312-0. One of the most widely distributed antisemitic tracts in history is The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a book of canards which was authored in the nineteenth century and portrays Jews as conspiring to seek global dominance. Similarly, American-based racist groups frequently accused Jews of controlling both banks and public officials during the 20th century.
  30. ↑ Herf, Jeffrey (2005). "The 'Jewish War': Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 19 (1): 51–80. doi:10.1093/hgs/dci003. S2CID 143944355.
  31. ↑
  32. ↑ "ZOG". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  33. ↑ Larsson, Stieg (7 January 2014). The Expo Files: Articles by the Crusading Journalist. London, England: Quercus. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-62365-065-0. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  34. ↑ * Pilch, Richard F; Zilinskas, Raymond A (2005). Encyclopedia of Bioterrorism Defense. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 114. The importance of Christian Identity (CI) in the context of bioterrorism is that it has been openly embraced by certain U.S. right-wing 'militia' and terrorist cells whose members have expressed interest in acquiring or utilizing pathogens and toxic chemical agents [...] as weapons against their opponents, including representatives of the 'Zionist Occupation Government' (ZOG) that they feel is controlled by 'satanic' Jews.
    • Sauter, Mark; Carafano, James (2005). Homeland Security. New York City: McGraw Hill Education. p. 122. The Order, a faction of the Aryan Nations, seized national attention during the 1980s. The tightly organized racist and anti-Semitic group opposed the federal government, calling it the 'ZOG', or Zionist Occupation Government.
    • Weitz, Eric; Fenner, Angelica, eds. (2004). Fascism and Neofascism: Critical Writings on the Radical Right in Europe. Studies in European Culture and History. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-40396659-9. the neo-Nazis have proclaimed themselves a white/Aryan resistance movement fighting the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG) and racial traitors.
    • Becker, Amy B. (2020). "Polarization and American Jews: The Partisan Debate Over Attribution of Blame and Responsibility for Rising Anti-Semitism in the United States". Social Science Quarterly. 101 (4): 1572–1583. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12829.
  35. ↑ * Perimutter, Dawn (2004). Investigating Religious Terror and Ritualistic Crimes. CRC Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781420041040.
    • "Farrakhan compares Jews to termites, says Jews are 'stupid'". The Jerusalem Post. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2024. Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan has once again provoked controversy by comparing Jews to termites and calling Jewish people stupid in a speech he gave earlier this week at an event marking the 23rd anniversary of the so-called "Million Man March" in Washington, DC in 1995 [...] I'm not an anti-Semite. I'm anti-Termite [...] "To the members of the Jewish community that don't like me, thank you very much for putting my name all over the planet because of your fear of what we represent," he continued [...] Farrakhan was referring to the strong reaction to antisemitic comments he made in a speech in May this year when he talked of "Satanic Jews" who have infected the whole world with poison and deceit."
    • "'You Corrupt the World!' Jewish Man Wearing Kippah Assaulted in Washington, DC". Algemeiner. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024. The suspect said: "They're the cause of all our wars. The children in Gaza [...] in Palestine [...] You have stolen our birthright [...] you have enslaved us a people. You now corrupt the banks and you corrupt the world. [...] They are the ones who brought rap music into our communities [...] tainting the minds of our children [...] they control the music scene. Now you hold the world ransom, because you control all the money [...] We know that you're murdering innocent men, women, and children in Gaza! You collect interest on the poor! How can people live with you who hold them captive!"
  36. ↑ * Pollack, Eunice G. (2013). Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present (PDF). Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel. p. 4.
    • "When Malcolm X Met the Nazis". VICE. 15 April 2015. On Sunday, June 25, 1961, ten members of the American Nazi Party arrived at a Nation of Islam rally in Washington, DC [...] According to historian William Schmaltz, Malcolm X delivered a speech [...] Rockwell contributed $20 [...] Overt anti-Semitism, it turned out, was something the two groups could bond over. While Rockwell pushed his hatred of Jews to frothy extremes, Muhammad backed a range of racist theories, including the hoax that the Jews had financed the slave trade.
  37. ↑ Palmer, Brian (5 October 2010). "Do Jews Really Control the Media?". Slate. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  38. ↑
  39. ↑
  40. ↑
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "The Racist 'Great Replacement' Conspiracy Theory Explained". Southern Poverty Law Center. 17 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  42. ↑ "ADL Report 'Blaming the Jews: The Financial Crisis and Anti-Semitism'". Anti-Defamation League.
  43. ↑ "Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  44. ↑ "When Paranoia Meets Prejudice: Debunking the Notion of a Jewish Conspiracy". 19 August 2003. Retrieved 25 January 2014. Anti-racist activist Tim Wise once rebutted the trope,
    'Of course, in keeping with the logic of anti-Jewish bigots, perhaps one should ask the following: If media or financial wrongdoing is Jewish inspired [...] should the depredations of white Christian-dominated industries (like the tobacco or automobile industries) be viewed as examples of white Christian malfeasance? After all, 400,000 people per year die because of smoking-related illnesses, and tobacco companies withheld information on the cancerous properties of their products. [...] Is their race, religion or ethnic culture relevant to their misdeeds? If not, why is it suddenly relevant when the executives in question are Jewish?'
  45. ↑ Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. New York: HarperCollins. p. 174. ISBN 0-06-091533-1. Financial oppression of Jews tended to occur in areas where they were most disliked, and if Jews reacted by concentrating on moneylending to gentiles, the unpopularity – and so, of course, the pressure – would increase [...] Christians [...] condemned interest-taking [...] and from 1179 those who practised it were excommunicated [...] Christians also imposed the harshest financial burdens on Jews. Jews reacted by engaging in the one business where Christian laws actually discriminated in their favour, and so became identified with the hated trade of moneylending.
  46. ↑ Laqueur, Walter (2006). The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-19-530429-2.
  47. ↑ Levy 2005, pp. 623–624.
  48. ↑ "History's greatest conspiracy theories". The Telegraph. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  49. ↑ Laqueur, Walter (1965). Russia and Germany. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
  50. ↑
  51. ↑
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1
  53. ↑ "'Stalin was Jewish, Kabbalists are pedophiles': Candace Owens's antisemitic conspiracies". The Jerusalem Post. 15 August 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  54. ↑ James Parkes, Prelude to Dialogue (London: 1969) p. 153; cited in Wilken, p. xv.
  55. ↑ "Expelled Tory mayor 'said Jews were responsible for Jesus's death'". The Telegraph. February 15, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024. Atiqul Hoque, the first Muslim mayor of Salisbury, accused of making offensive comments on social media
  56. ↑
  57. ↑
    • "The resurrection of Christian antisemitism". The Jerusalem Post. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2024. John the Golden-Throat (a.k.a. Chrysostom), ascended the pulpit in 347 CE where he began the first of eight sermons in a series titled, Adversus Judaeos; in English, Against The Jews...Chrysostom began his diatribe against all Jews by attacking Christians who celebrated Jewish holy days honoring the same God as Christianity, agreeing to disagree about Jesus. "We must first root this ailment out," he said, "and then take thought of matters outside. We must first cure our own." They are sick, he said, "with the Judaizing disease...deserving stronger condemnation than any Jew.
    • Berger, J. M.; Broschowitz, Michael S. (25 April 2024). "John Chrysostom: The Architect of Antisemitism". Center on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Retrieved 6 October 2024. Modern antisemitism is informed by concepts articulated more than 1,600 years ago by John Chrysostom, an early father of the Christian Church. While a direct causal lineage is hard to establish, Chrysostom's influence on historical and modern antisemitism is well-documented. Chrysostom articulated several key tropes of antisemitic ideology, including the belief that Jewish people are "schemers" and that they engage in human sacrifice. He also introduced dehumanizing language that foreshadowed the genocidal rhetoric of the Nazis who cited John Chrysostom as a historical source legitimizing their bigotry. Chrysostom is still cited by antisemitic extremists online and offline on a daily basis.
    • "Christians can't let history repeat itself when it comes to antisemitism". Premier Christianity. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  58. ↑ Kelly, John (2005). The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. HarperCollins. p. 242. ISBN 978-0060006921.
  59. ↑ Rubin 1993, p. 109.
  60. ↑ Chazan 1980, pp. 142–145.
  61. ↑ "Blood Libel". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 21, 2024. The term blood libel refers to the false allegation that Jews used the blood of non-Jewish, usually Christian children, for ritual purposes. The Nazis made effective use of the blood libel to demonize Jews, with Julius Steicher's newspaper Der Stürmer making frequent use of ritual murder imagery in its antisemitic propaganda.
  62. ↑ Pursuant to the references above:
  63. ↑
    • Robert C. Stacey (September 1998). "From Ritual Crucifixion to Host Desecration: Jews and the Body of Christ" (PDF). Jewish History. 12 (1). Retrieved 4 October 2024.
    • Rubin, Miri (2004). Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8122-1880-0.
    • "J'Accuse: The antisemitic lies of 2024". Israel National News. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024. The Jewish people are used to lies being spread about them. Nearly a millennium ago, the first of many blood libels accusing the Jews of murdering gentile children to consume their blood emerged. This was joined by accusations that Jews committed 'host desecration,' the supposed mistreatment of Communion Bread, and the accusation that Jews poisoned wells causing the Black Death.
  64. ↑ Bynum, Carolyn Walker (2006). Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Late Medieval Northern Germany and Beyond. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8122-3985-0.
  65. ↑ Cohen 2007, p. 103.
  66. ↑ Cohen furthered:

    “The story exerted its influence even in the absence of Jews [...] the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw the proliferation of the Host-desecration story in England [...] many of them dedicated to the miracles of the Virgin Mary; in the art of illuminated manuscripts used for Christian prayer and meditation; and on stage, as in popular Croxton Play of the Sacrament, which itself evoked memories of an alleged ritual murder committed by Jews in East Anglia in 1191.”
  67. ↑ Dubnow, Simon (2000). History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. Avotaynu. p. 38. ISBN 1-886223-11-4.
  68. ↑ Dennis Prager, Joseph Telushkin, Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism, Touchstone (reprint), 1985, p. 103. ISBN 978-0-671-55624-2.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Cohen 2007, p. 208.
  70. ↑ "Adversus Judaeos". Tertullian. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  71. ↑ Walter Laqueur, The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day (Oxford University Press: 2006) ISBN 0-19-530429-2, p. 47-48
  72. ↑ Katz, Steven (1999). "Ideology, State Power, and Mass Murder/Genocide". Lessons and Legacies: The Meaning of the Holocaust in a Changing World. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 9780810109568.
  73. ↑ "Reformation". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity.
  74. ↑ "Anti-Semitism: Martin Luther - "The Jews & Their Lies" (1543)". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  75. ↑ "Anti-Semitism: Martin Luther - "The Jews & Their Lies"". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  76. ↑
  77. ↑ "Black Hebrew Israelites". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 22 August 2024.
  78. ↑
    Orthodox
    Simmons, Shraga (6 March 2004). "Why Jews Don't Believe In Jesus". Aish.com. Jews do not accept Jesus as the Messiah because:
    1. Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies.
    2. Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah.
    3. Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations.
    4. Jewish belief is based on national revelation.
    Conservative
    Waxman, Jonathan (2006). "Messianic Jews Are Not Jews". United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jews for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Judaism and Christianity, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side ... we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community.
    Reform
    "Missionary Impossible". Hebrew Union College. 2 August 1999. Retrieved 13 December 2016. Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus", "Messianic Jews", and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries.
    Glazier, James Scott (6 September 2012). "What are the main differences between a Jew and a Christian?". ReformJudaism.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019. The essential difference between Jews and Christians is that Christians accept Jesus as messiah and personal savior. Jesus is not part of Jewish theology. Amongst Jews, Jesus is not considered a divine being.
    Renewal
    "FAQ's About Jewish Renewal". aleph.org. 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2007. What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism? ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that.
  79. ↑ "1998 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents". B'nai Brith Canada. 1998. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2024. One of the more alarming trends in antisemitic activity in Canada in 1998 was the growing number of incidents involving messianic organizations posing as "synagogues". These missionizing organizations are in fact evangelical Christian proselytizing groups, whose purpose is specifically to target members of the Jewish community for conversion. They fraudulently represent themselves as Jews, and these so-called synagogues are elaborately disguised Christian churches.
  80. ↑ Yonke, David (11 February 2006). "Rabbi says Messianic Jews are Christians in disguise". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  81. ↑
    • "Are 'Messianic Jews' Jews?". The Jerusalem Post. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2024. 'Messianic Jewish' sects, by their belief in Jesus as Messiah, as one of a trinity, as "the son of God," and as the one who leads to salvation, have...become a Christian sect in everything but name...It must be remembered that the very origin of these groups is in the missionary activity of Christianity. The first and most well-known of them, 'Jews for Jesus,' was...created in the 1970's sponsored by Protestant missionaries. Other groups, calling themselves 'Messianic Jews,' followed.
    • "Moishe Rosen: Evangelist who founded the Jews for Jesus movement". The Independent. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2024. Born to Jewish parents in the American Midwest during the depression years, Martin "Moishe" Rosen converted to Christianity when he was 21, became a Baptist minister and founded Jews for Jesus [...] seeking to convert Jews to Christianity, however, he and the group have been vociferously criticised by mainstream Jewish organisations, which denounce the organisation as "cultist", consider it a threat to the Jewish faith and have described its aims as "spiritual genocide". Many Christian organisations, too, are highly critical, saying the evangelical zeal of Jews for Jesus has crossed the line by seeking to destroy the Jewish faith rather than working with it.
  82. ↑
    • Miller, Michael T. (1 March 2024). Black Hebrew Israelites. Elements in New Religious Movements. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009400107. ISBN 978-1-009-40010-7. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
    • "Cultural appropriation and the Jews". Jewish News Syndicate. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2024. The Jew hatred of Black Israelites, the Nation of Islam and their supporters is similarly based on the theft of Jewish identity. Both the Nation of Islam and Black Israelites insist that the Jews are the "spawn of Satan." The true Jews, they insist, are American blacks [...] The Black Israelites were marching in support for Brooklyn Nets star Kyrie Irving, who was suspended from the NBA for...recommended an anti-Semitic film that [...] denies the Holocaust...The storm that arose among black anti-Semites in response to Irving's suspension makes clear just how central antisemitism is not only in the narrative of the Black Israelites, but in the lives of those who either identify as Black Israelites or ascribe to their fabrication of black history in America.
    • Miller, Michael T. (2019). "Black Judaism(s) and the Hebrew Israelites". Religion Compass. 13 (11). Wiley. doi:10.1111/rec3.12346.
  83. ↑
  84. ↑ "What are the Myths, Facts, About Hebrew Israelites? Two Experts Discuss Jews of African Descent". UC Davis. 4 January 2023.
  85. ↑
  86. ↑ "Black Hebrew Israelites". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 15 December 2019. Some, but not all, [Black Hebrew Israelites] are outspoken anti-Semites and racists.
  87. ↑ "Amar'e Stoudemire defends Black Hebrew Israelites amid Kyrie Irving and Kanye West antisemitism". The Jerusalem Post. 14 July 2024.
  88. ↑
  89. ↑ Cite error: The named reference SWC on BHI was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  90. ↑
  91. ↑ "How intersectional myths killed the black-Jewish alliance". Jewish News Syndicate. 31 January 2024.
  92. ↑
    • Rosenberg, Goran, "Israel and Diaspora: from Solution to Problem", in Turning the Kaleidoscope: Perspectives on European Jewry, S. H. Lustig, Ian Leveson, Berghahn Books, 2008, pp. 110–111 (discusses early manifestations, before Protocols)
    • Britain, Israel and Anglo-Jewry: 1949–57, Natan Aridan, pp. 189–190, (in United Kingdom scenario)
    • The Jews of Lebanon: Between Coexistence and Conflict, Kirsten E. Schulze, pp. 83–85 (in Lebanon)
    • The Politics of Anti-Semitism, Alexander Cockburn, Jeffrey St. Clair, AK Press, 2003, pp. 128–129
    • The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, John J. Mearsheimer, Stephen M. Walt, 2008, pp. 146–148 (in United States; discusses Protocols)
  93. ↑
    • Terms of Survival: The Jewish World Since 1945, Robert S. Wistrich, Psychology Press, 1995, p. 99 (modern United States)
    • Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish identity, Danny Ben-Moshe, Zohar Segev – 2007, pp. 144–145, 154–155, 221 (Canada and New Zealand)
    • Rein, Raanan, "Argentine Jews and the Accusation of 'Dual Loyalty'", in The Jewish Diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean: Fragments of Memory, Sussex Academic Press, 2010, pp. 51–71 (Argentina)
    • Israel: The First Decade of Independence, Selwyn Ilan Troen, Noah Lucas, SUNY Press, 1995, pp. 27, 163. (formation of Israel)
  94. ↑
    • Chutzpah, Alan M. Dershowitz, Simon and Schuster, 1992, Page 245
    • American Policy Toward Israel: The Power and Limits of Beliefs, Michael Tracy Thomas, Taylor & Francis, 2007, pp. 2, 23, 102–103, 108, 152, 197
    • An Uneasy Relationship: American Jewish Leadership and Israel, 1948–1957, Zvi Ganin, Syracuse University Press, 2005, pp. 3, 12, 20, 41, 61–62, 68, 84, 102
  95. ↑ Paul Read, Piers (February 2013). The Dreyfus Affair. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-4088-3057-4.
  96. ↑ Gregory Moore (2002): Nietzsche, Biology and Metaphor p. 181
  97. ↑ "Deutsche Jüdische Soldaten" [German Jewish Soldiers]. Bavarian National Exhibition (in German). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  98. ↑ Elon, Amos (2002). The Pity of It All. Metropolitan Books. p. 338. The results were not made public, ostensibly to 'spare Jewish feelings'. The truth was that the census disproved the accusations: 80% served on the front lines.
  99. ↑ Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (Spring 1938). "Ludendorff: The Soldier and the Politician". Virginia Quarterly Review. 14 (2): 187–202.
  100. ↑ "About one antipatriotic group of theater critics" Archived 7 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pravda (transliterated Russian). 28 January 1949
  101. ↑ "The Night of the Murdered Poets" (PDF). National Conference on Soviet Jewry. 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  102. ↑ "Poland's President Apologizes for 1968 Purge of Jews". Haaretz.
  103. ↑ "Poland: 50 years since 1968 anti-Semitic purge". DW News.
  104. ↑ Donald L. Niewyk, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Estimates by scholars range from 5.1 million to 7.8 million.
  105. ↑ A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
    • "The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
    • "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
    • "Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 106.
    • "Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
    • "The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 27.
    • "They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
    • "Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state – a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled [...] " "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism", Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
    • "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
  106. ↑ "Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion". International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved October 17, 2024. Distortion of the Holocaust refers, inter alia, to:

  107. ↑
  108. ↑ Antisemitic:
    • "Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include [...] denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)." "Working Definition of Antisemitism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011. [...] (33.8 KB), Fundamental Rights Agency
    • "It would elevate their antisemitic ideology – which is what Holocaust denial is – to the level of responsible historiography – which it is not." Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, ISBN 0-14-024157-4, p. 11.
    • "The denial of the Holocaust is among the most insidious forms of anti-Semitism [...] "Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, ISBN 0-7923-2581-8, p. 215.
    • "Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists – not even neo-revisionists. They are Deniers. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S. "Deniers in Revisionists' Clothing" Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust/Shoah Page, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
    • "Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review)." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
    • "This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal [...] In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 3.
    • "One predictable strand of Arab Islamic antisemitism is Holocaust denial [...]" Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 10.
    • "Anti-Semitism, in the form of Holocaust denial, had been experienced by just one teacher when working in a Catholic school with large numbers of Polish and Croatian students." Geoffrey Short, Carole Ann Reed. Issues in Holocaust Education, Ashgate Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7546-4211-9, p. 71.
    • "Indeed, the task of organized antisemitism in the last decade of the century has been the establishment of Holocaust Revisionism – the denial that the Holocaust occurred." Stephen Trombley, "antisemitism", The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, ISBN 0-393-04696-6, p. 40.
    • "After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity, University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-22864-2, p. 169.
    • "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." Valérie Igounet. "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy" Archived 13 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde diplomatique, May 1998.
    • "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
    • "In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, European and US Constitutionalism, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-85401-6, pp. 39–40.
    • "Particularly popular in Syria is Holocaust denial, another staple of Arab anti-Semitism that is sometimes coupled with overt sympathy for Nazi Germany." Efraim Karsh, Rethinking the Middle East, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-7146-5418-3, p. 104.
    • "Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
    • "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
    • "Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
    • "The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter. "Erasing the Holocaust", The New York Times, 11 July 1993.
    • "There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism [...] insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric [...] The history of the Arab world [...] is disfigured [...] by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." Edward Said, "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in Those Who Forget the Past, Ron Rosenbaum (ed), Random House 2004, p. 518.
  109. ↑ Conspiracy theory:
    • "While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups [...]" "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
    • "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
    • "Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
  110. ↑ Predetermined conclusion:
    • "'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't" Archived 28 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 15 May 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
    • Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.
  111. ↑ A modified variant of the medieval European antisemitic slur Jewish pigs, later popularized by Martin Luther in the 16th century.
  112. ↑ Major "Anti-Semitic Motifs in Arab Cartoons" Archived 17 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine. An Interview with Joël Kotek. Jewish Council for Public Affairs. Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism. No. 21. 1 June 2004
  113. ↑ Gerstenfeld, Manfred (1 November 2005). "The Twenty-first-century Total War Against Israel and the Jews". Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism (38). Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.
  114. ↑ "Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism". Fathom Journal.
  115. ↑ "Antisemitism defined: Why drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to the Nazis is antisemitic". World Jewish Congress.
  116. ↑
  117. ↑ Yossi Klein Halevi (October 10, 2024). "The End of the Post-Holocaust Era". Jewish Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2024. Oct. 7 shattered Israelis' faith that the state would protect them and shook American Jewry's sense of full social acceptance – but there is a way forward.
  118. ↑ "The Cruelty of Supersessionism: The Case of Dietrich Bonhoeffer". Religions. 13 (1). 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  119. ↑ "In new book, Yale scholar explores medieval roots of Western antisemitism". Yale News. 13 September 2024.
  120. ↑ Man of Faith in the Modern World, p. 74
  121. ↑ Soviet Jewry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations, United States Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1984 p. 56
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