Wikipedia

Shigeru Miyamoto

Japanese video game designer (born 1952)
In this Japanese name, the family name is Miyamoto.

Shigeru Miyamoto (宮本 茂, Miyamoto Shigeru, born November 16, 1952)[2] is a Japanese game designer and producer at Nintendo. He created the Donkey Kong, Mario, Star Fox, Pikmin and The Legend of Zelda video game series for Nintendo.

Shigeru Miyamoto
BornNovember 16, 1952
Sonobe, Kyoto, Japan
NationalityJapanese
Alma materKanazawa College of Art
Occupation(s)Game Director, Game Producer, Character Artist, Game designer, EAD General Manager[1]
SpouseYasuko Miyamoto
Children2
Parent(s)Iijake Miyamoto (Father)
Hinako Aruha (Mother)
Signature
Shigeru Miyamoto at GDC 2007.

He is one of the most famous game designers in the world and is often called the father of modern video gaming. His games give players many ways to play and explore. This was unique in video games when his games were first released.

Miyamoto started working with Nintendo in 1977 as an artist when it was still a toy and playing-card company. In 1980, he designed Donkey Kong, which was a big success. Miyamoto became Nintendo's leading producer, and he continues to create many popular games for Nintendo today Such as entries in the Super Mario and the Zelda series.

Early Life

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Miyamoto was born on November 16, 1952 in the Japanese town of Sonobe, which is a rural town that is northwest of Kyoto.[3] His father taught English language.[3]

Miyamoto graduated from Kanazawa Municipal College of Industrial Arts with a degree in industrial design.[3] However, he could not find a job. He also loved manga. Before he thought about starting a career in video games, he wanted to become a professional manga artist.[4] Manga's classical kishōtenketsu narrative structure influenced him.[5] Western genre television shows also influenced him.[6] The game that made him want to enter the video game industry was the 1978 arcade game Space Invaders.[7]

Career

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1977–1984: Arcade beginnings and Donkey Kong

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I feel that I have been very lucky to be a game designer since the creation of the industry.
I am not an engineer, but I have been able to learn the ideas of game [design] from nothing,
over a long period of time. And because I think of ideas before many other people,
and I try to stay at the front, I am used to first creating the very tools needed to create the game.

Shigeru Miyamoto (translated and simplified)[8]

Nintendo was a small Japanese company in the late 1970s. They had traditionally sold playing cards and other novelties. However, they started making toys and games in the mid-1960s. Through a mutual friend, Miyamoto's father set up an interview with Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi. After showing some of his toy creations, Miyamoto was hired in 1977 as an apprentice in the planning department.[3]

Miyamoto became Nintendo's first artist.[3] He helped create the art for Nintendo's first original coin-operated arcade video game, Sheriff.[9] He first helped the company develop a game with the 1980 release Radar Scope. The game had some success in Japan. However, by 1981, Nintendo's efforts to sell it in the North American video game market failed. This left the company with a lot of arcade machines that were not sold. Nintendo was also facing financial ruin. In order to try to keep Nintendo going, Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi decided to change unsold Radar Scope machines into a new arcade game. He asked Miyamoto to do this.[10]: 157  Miyamoto said self-deprecatingly that "no one else was available" to do the work.[11] Nintendo's head engineer, Gunpei Yokoi, oversaw the project.[10]: 158 

Miyamoto thought of many characters and story ideas, but eventually decided on a love triangle between a gorilla, a carpenter, and a girl. He wanted to create something like what was with comic characters Bluto and Popeye for the woman Olive Oyl. Although, Nintendo tried to get the rights to Popeye, but they failed.[3] Bluto became an ape, a form Miyamoto said was "nothing too evil or disgusting".[12]: 47  This ape would be the pet of the main character, "a funny, hang-loose kind of guy."[12]: 47  Miyamoto also said "Beauty and the Beast" and the 1933 film King Kong influenced him.[13]: 36  Donkey Kong was the first time that the creation of a video game's story came before the actual programming. Usually, the story was added without much care.[13]: 38  Miyamoto had high hopes for his new project. However, he did not actually know how to program it himself; instead, he thought of the game's concepts, then asked technicians on whether they were possible. He wanted to make the characters different sizes, move in different ways, and react in various ways. However, Yokoi thought Miyamoto's original design was too difficult.[12]: 47–48  Yokoi suggested using see-saws to catapult the character across the screen; however, this was also too difficult to do. Miyamoto next thought of using sloped platforms and ladders to move the character. He thought of using barrels for obstacles. When he asked that the game have multiple stages, the four-man programming team complained that he was basically asking them to make the game repeat, but the team eventually programmed the game.[13]: 38–39  When the game was sent to Nintendo of America for testing, the sales manager did not like how it was different from the maze and shooter games common at the time.[12]: 49  When American staffers started naming the characters, they decided on "Pauline" for the woman. She was named after Polly James, wife of Nintendo's Redmond, Washington, warehouse manager, Don James. The playable character was first called "Jumpman". They changed the name to Mario. He was named after Mario Segale, the warehouse landlord.[12]: 109  These character names were written on the American cabinet art and used in advertising. The staff also got an English name for the game. The title was Donkey Kong.[13]: 212 

Donkey Kong was successful. Miyamoto started to work on sequels Donkey Kong Jr. in 1982 and Donkey Kong 3 in 1983. In the next game, he changed the Donkey Kong character Jumpman into Mario. He gave him a brother: Luigi. He named the new game Mario Bros. Yokoi convinced Miyamoto to give Mario some special powers, namely being able to fall from any height without getting hurt. Mario's look in Donkey Kong—overalls, a hat, and a thick mustache—led Miyamoto to change parts of the game. He changed it to make Mario look like a plumber instead of a carpenter.[14] Miyamoto thought that New York City would be the best setting for the game. He thought it was the best place because it has a "maze of subterranean sewage pipes". The two-player mode and other parts of gameplay were influenced by an earlier video game called Joust.[15] To date, games in the Mario Bros. series have been released for many consoles.[16] Shortly after, Miyamoto also drew the character sprites and game design for the Baseball, Tennis, and Golf games on the NES.[17]

1985–1989: NES/Famicom, Super Mario Bros., and The Legend of Zelda

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Miyamoto's Super Mario Bros. came with the NES in America. The game and the system are credited with helping restart the North American video game industry after the 1983 game industry crash.

Nintendo released its first home video game console, the Family Computer (released in North America as the Nintendo Entertainment System). While this happened, Miyamoto created two of the most famous games for the console and in the history of video games as a whole: Super Mario Bros. (a sequel to Mario Bros.) and The Legend of Zelda (an entirely original title).

In both games, Miyamoto decided to focus more on gameplay than on high scores. This was different from most games at the time.[18] Super Mario Bros. was a linear game. The player moved the stage by running, jumping, and dodging or defeating enemies.[19][20] Miyamoto used nonlinear gameplay in The Legend of Zelda. This requires the player to think their way through riddles and puzzles.[21] The world was big and it seemed to never end. It had a lot of different choices and depth never seen before in a video game.[3] With The Legend of Zelda, Miyamoto wanted to make an in-game world that players could relate to. He said it was like a "small garden that they can put inside their drawer."[18] He was influenced from his time as a boy around Kyoto. When he was a boy, he explored nearby fields, woods, and caves; each Zelda title has this feeling of exploration.[18] "When I was a child," Miyamoto said, "I went hiking and found a lake. It was quite a surprise for me to find it. When I traveled around the country without a map, trying to find my way, finding amazing things as I went, I realized how it felt to go on an adventure like this."[12]: 51  He recreated his memories of becoming lost in the maze of sliding doors in his family home in Zelda's maze-like dungeons.[12]: 52  In February 1986, Nintendo released the game as the first game for the Nintendo Entertainment System's new Disk System.

Miyamoto worked on different games for the Nintendo Entertainment System. These games included Ice Climber, Kid Icarus, Excitebike, and Devil World. He also worked on sequels to Super Mario Bros and The Legend of Zelda.

Super Mario Bros. 3 was developed by Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development; the game took more than two years to make.[22]

1990–2000: SNES, Nintendo 64, Super Mario 64, and Ocarina of Time

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Miyamoto was responsible for the controller design of the Super Famicom/Nintendo. Its L/R buttons were a first for the industry and have since become common.

A merger between Nintendo's different internal research and development teams led to the creation of Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development (Nintendo EAD). Miyamoto was the head of it. Nintendo EAD had about fifteen months to develop F-Zero, one of the launch titles for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.[23] Miyamoto worked on different games on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. One of them was Star Fox. For the game, programmer Jez San convinced Nintendo to make an upgrade for the Super Nintendo. This upgrade would allow it to be able to show three-dimensional graphics better. This upgrade was the Super FX chip.[24][25] Using this new hardware, Miyamoto and Katsuya Eguchi designed the Star Fox game with an early use of three-dimensional graphics.[26]

Miyamoto produced two big Mario titles for the system. The first game was Super Mario World. It was a launch title. It was included with Super Nintendo Entertainment System consoles. It had an overworld as in Super Mario Bros.. It had a new character, Yoshi. Yoshi would go on to be in many other Nintendo games. The second Mario game for the system was Super Mario RPG. It was different than most Mario games. Miyamoto led a team that was a partnership between Nintendo and Square Co.; it took almost a year to develop the graphics.[27] The story takes place in a newly rendered Mushroom Kingdom based on the Super Mario Bros. series.

Shigeru Miyamoto helped Satoshi Tajiri. Miyamoto guided him during the creation of Pocket Monsters: Red and Green (released in English as Pokémon Red and Blue), the first video games in the Pokémon series. He was also the producer for these games. Miyamoto worked on social gameplay ideas such as trading.[28] Pokémon would become one of the most popular entertainment franchises in the world, spanning video games, anime, and other merchandise.[29]

Miyamoto made several games for the Nintendo 64. Most of these games were from his previous franchises. His first game on the Nintendo 64 was Super Mario 64. He was the main director. In developing the game, he started with character design and the camera system. Miyamoto and the other designers were unsure of what the game should be like. It took months to decide on a good camera view and layout.[30] The first idea used a fixed path. This would have been similar to an isometric-type game.They decided on a free-roaming 3D design.[30] He changed the design of the Nintendo 64 controller to fit with that of Super Mario 64.

Using what he had learned about the Nintendo 64 from developing Super Mario 64 and Star Fox 64,[6] Miyamoto produced his next game, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. He led a team of several directors.[31] Individual parts of Ocarina of Time were developed by multiple directors—a new strategy for Nintendo EAD. However, when things progressed slower than expected, Miyamoto returned to the development team with a more central role. He was helped in public by interpreter Bill Trinen.[32] The team was new to 3D games. However, assistant director Makoto Miyanaga remembers a feeling of "passion for creating something new and never done before".[33] Miyamoto went on to produce a sequel to Ocarina of Time, known as The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask.

Miyamoto worked many Mario series spin-offs for the Nintendo 64. These included Mario Kart 64 and Mario Party.

2000–2011: GameCube, Wii, and DS

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Miyamoto holding up a Wii Remote at E3 2006

Miyamoto produced many games for the GameCube. This included the launch title Luigi's Mansion. The game was first shown at Nintendo Space World 2000 as a technical demo. It was designed to show off the graphical power of the GameCube.[34] Miyamoto made a short demo of the game concepts. Nintendo decided to make it a full game. Luigi's Mansion was later shown at E3 2001 with the GameCube console.[35] Miyamoto made more Mario spinoffs in these years. He also produced the 3D game series Metroid Prime. This was because the original designer Yokoi, a friend of Miyamoto's, died.[36] In this time he developed Pikmin and its sequel Pikmin 2. These games were based on his experiences gardening.[3] He also worked on new games for the Star Fox, Donkey Kong, F-Zero, and The Legend of Zelda series on the GameCube and the Game Boy Advance systems.[37][38][39] With the help of Hideo Kojima, he helped the developers of Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes.[40] He helped with many games on the Nintendo DS. The games included the remake of Super Mario 64, Super Mario 64 DS. It also included the new game Nintendogs, a new franchise based on his own experiences with dogs.[41]

2011–present: Wii U, 3DS, and Switch

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Miyamoto produced Super Mario 3D Land and Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon for the 3DS, and Pikmin 3 for the Wii U.

After Nintendo president Satoru Iwata died in July 2015, Miyamoto was chosen to be an acting Representative Director, along with Genyo Takeda.[42] He was no longer in this position in September 2015 when Tatsumi Kimishima became the company's president. He was also chosen to be in the position of "Creative Fellow" at the same time. He would give expert advice to Kimishima as a "support network" alongside Takeda.[1][43]

Miyamoto was a creative director on the 2017 game Super Mario Odyssey. He was not one of its producers. He is credited as being a big influence on the game's development.[44]

Development philosophy

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Miyamoto and Nintendo do not use focus groups. Instead, Miyamoto figures out if a game is fun by playing it himself. He says that if he enjoys it, others will too.[3] He uses how the Pokémon series was created as an example. He said "And that's the point – Not to make something sell, something very popular, but to love something, and make something that we creators can love. It's the most important feeling we should have when we make games."[45]

Impact

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Takashi Tezuka, Miyamoto, and Koji Kondo, 2015

Time called Miyamoto "the Spielberg of video games"[46] and "the father of modern video games."[7] The Daily Telegraph says he is "regarded by many as possibly the most important game designer of all time."[47] GameTrailers called him "the most influential game creator in history."[48] Miyamoto has greatly influenced various things about video games in general. The Daily Telegraph credited him with creating "some of the most innovative, ground breaking and successful work in his field."[47] Many of Miyamoto's works have started new video game concepts or changed existing ones. Miyamoto's games have received outstanding critical praise. Some are considered to be the best games of all time.

Miyamoto's games have also sold very well. Some became the best-selling games on Nintendo consoles and of all time. As of 1999, his games had sold 250 million copies and grossed billions of dollars.[47]

Critical reception

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Miyamoto's games have received a lot of praise. Many of his games are considered some of the best of all time.[3]

Games in Miyamoto's The Legend of Zelda series have received a lot of praise. A Link to the Past was a big game for Nintendo. It is considered today to be one of the best video games ever made. Ocarina of Time is considered by critics and gamers to be one of the best video games ever made.[49][50][51][52] Twilight Princess was praised by nearly everyone who reviewed it. It is the third highest-rated game for the Wii.[53] It received perfect scores from major publications such as CVG, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy.[54][55][56][57][58]

Many critics and fans say Super Mario 64 is one of the best and most revolutionary video games of all time.[59][60][61][62][63][64]

Metacritic says that Super Mario Galaxy and Super Mario Galaxy 2 are the first- and second-highest rated games for the Wii.[53]

A 1995 article in Maximum said that "in gaming communities, Miyamoto's name is more famous than Steven Spielberg's could ever be."[65]

Commercial reception

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Miyamoto's games have sold very well. many of them became some of the best-selling games on Nintendo consoles and of all time.

Miyamoto's Mario series is the best-selling video game franchise of all time. It has sold over 400 million units. Super Mario Bros. is the second best-selling video game of all time. Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 3, and Super Mario Bros. 2 were, respectively, the three best-selling games for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Levi Buchanan of IGN considered Super Mario Bros. 3's appearance in the film The Wizard as a show-stealing part. He said the movie was a "90-minute commercial" for the game.[66] Super Mario World was the best-selling game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.[67][68] Super Mario 64 was the best-selling Nintendo 64 game.[69] As of May 21, 2003, the game had sold eleven million copies.[70] At the end of 2007, Guinness World Records said the sales were 11.8 million copies. As of September 25, 2007, it was the seventh best-selling video game in the United States because it had sold six million copies.[71] By June 2007, Super Mario 64 had become the second most popular title on Wii's Virtual Console. Super Mario Bros. was the most popular on the Wii Virtual Console.[72] Super Mario Sunshine was the third best-selling video game for the GameCube.

The first The Legend of Zelda game was the fifth best-selling game for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The Wind Waker was the fourth best-selling game for the GameCube. Twilight Princess had sold well. In the PAL region, which covers most of Asia, Africa, South America, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Western Europe, Twilight Princess is the best-selling Zelda game ever. During its first week, the game was sold with three out of every four Wii purchases.[73] The game had sold 4.52 million copies on the Wii as of March 1, 2008.[74] 1.32 million copies were sold on the GameCube as of March 31, 2007.[75]

Awards and recognition

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[Miyamoto] approaches making games playfully, which seems kind of obvious, but most people don't. And he approaches things from how the player would see things, which is part of his magic.

The name of the main character of the PC game Daikatana, Hiro Miyamoto, is for Miyamoto.[76] The character Gary Oak from the Pokémon anime series is named Shigeru in Japan. He is the rival of Ash Ketchum (called Satoshi in Japan). Pokémon creator Satoshi Tajiri was mentored by Miyamoto.

In 1998, Miyamoto was the first person to be in the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences' Hall of Fame.[77] In 2006, Miyamoto was made a Chevalier (knight) of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Minister of Culture Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres.[78]

On November 28, 2006, Miyamoto was in TIME Asia's "60 Years of Asian Heroes," alongside Hayao Miyazaki, Mahatma Gandhi, Mother Teresa, Bruce Lee and the Dalai Lama.[79] He was later one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People of the Year in both 2007[80] and also in 2008.[81] At the Game Developers Choice Awards, on March 7, 2007, Miyamoto received the Lifetime Achievement Award.[82] Both GameTrailers and IGN placed Miyamoto first on their lists for the "Top Ten Game Creators" and the "Top 100 Game Creators of All Time".[83][84]

He was made a Fellow of BAFTA at the British Academy Video Games Awards on March 19, 2010.[85] In 2012, Miyamoto was the first interactive creator to be awarded the highest recognition in the Spanish-speaking world, the Prince of Asturias Award.[86][87]

Personal Life

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Miyamoto has a wife, Yasuko, and two children. In 2010, his son was 25 and working at an advertising agency. His daughter was 23 and studying zoology at the time. His children played video games in their youth, but he also made them go outside. Although he knows some English, he is not fluent and would rather speak in Japanese for interviews.[3]

Miyamoto usually does not sign autographs. He is worried that if he signs an autograph for one person, many other people will ask for autographs too. He also does not appear on Japanese television because he likes privacy. More foreign tourists than Japanese people recognize him.[3]

Miyamoto does not spend much time playing video games in his personal time. He likes playing the guitar, mandolin, and banjo.[88] He likes bluegrass music.[3] He has a Shetland Sheepdog named Pikku. The dog was why Miyamoto wanted to create Nintendogs.[89] He is also a semi-professional dog breeder.[90] He has been quoted as saying, "Video games are bad for you? That's what they said about rock and roll."[91]

Miyamoto like to move the furniture in his house, even late at night.[3] He also said that he has a hobby of guessing how long something is, then checking to see if he was correct. He carries a measuring tape with him everywhere.[92] In December 2016, Miyamoto showed his hobby on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. He also played the Super Mario Bros. theme on guitar with The Roots during the same show.[93][94]

Games created

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See the main article: Shigeru Miyamoto gameography

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Notice Regarding Personnel Change of a Representative Director and Role Changes of Directors" (PDF). Nintendo Co. Ltd. September 14, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  2. ↑ Shigeru Miyamoto on IMDb
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 "Master of Play" profile in the New Yorker, December 20, 2010
  4. ↑ "E3 2011: Miyamoto speaks his mind". GameSpot. June 17, 2011. Archived from the original on June 19, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  5. ↑ "Nintendo's "kishōtenketsu" Mario level design philosophy explained". Eurogamer.net. March 17, 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Miyamoto, Shigeru. "Iwata Asks: The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D: Mr. Shigeru Miyamoto" (Interview). Interviewed by Satoru Iwata. Nintendo of America, Inc. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sayre, Carolyn (July 19, 2007). "10 Questions for Shigeru Miyamoto". Time. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2007.
  8. ↑ IGN Staff; Miyamoto, Shigeru (March 18, 1999). "GDC: Miyamoto Keynote Speech". Retrieved October 23, 2017.
  9. ↑ "Iwata asks – Punch Out!". Nintendo. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kent, Steven L. (2002). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. New York: Random House International. ISBN 978-0-7615-3643-7. OCLC 59416169.
  11. ↑ Muldoon, Moira (December 2, 1998). "The father of Mario and Zelda". Salon. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Sheff, David (1999). Game Over: Press Start to Continue: The Maturing of Mario. Wilton, Connecticut: GamePress.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Kohler, Chris (June 10, 2014). "Nintendo's New Games Sound Great, Just Don't Expect Them Anytime Soon". WIRED. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
  14. ↑ "IGN Presents The History of Super Mario Bros". IGN. November 8, 2007. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  15. ↑ Fox, Matt (2006). The Video Games Guide. Boxtree Ltd. pp. 261–262. ISBN 978-0-7522-2625-5.
  16. ↑ Marcarelli, Eric. "Every Mario Game". Toad's Castle. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  17. ↑ Kohler, Chris. "Miyamoto Spills Donkey Kong's Darkest Secrets, 35 Years Later". Wired. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Vestal, Andrew; Cliff O'Neill; Brad Shoemaker (November 14, 2000). "History of Zelda". GameSpot. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010.
  19. ↑ "Nintendo Review: Super Mario Bros. 3". Mean Machines (13): 56–59. October 1991. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009.
  20. ↑ "Previews: Super Mario Bros. 3". Nintendo Power. No. 10. January–February 1990. pp. 56–59.
  21. ↑ Bufton, Ben (January 1, 2005). "Shigeru Miyamoto Interview". ntsc-uk. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
  22. ↑ "IGN Top 100 Games 2007: 39 Super Mario Bros. 3". IGN. 2007. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  23. ↑ Anthony JC; Pete Deol (December 15, 2000). "Nintendo GameCube Developer Profile: EAD". N-Sider. IGN. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
  24. ↑ Syd Bolton. "Interview with Jez San, OBE". Armchair Empire. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  25. ↑ Baum, Dan. "Retrospective". Silicon Graphics Computer Systems. Archived from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Interview with Shigeru Miyamoto". Nintendo Power. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
  27. ↑ Scott Pelland; Kent Miller; Terry Munson; Paul Shinoda (April 1996). "Epic Center". Nintendo Power. Vol. 83. Nintendo. p. 56. Led by Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto, teams at Nintendo Company Ltd. and Square Soft spent more than a year developing the visuals.
  28. ↑ "#Pokemon20: Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto". The Official Pokémon YouTube channel. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
  29. ↑ Chua-Eoan, Howard; Tim Larimer (November 14, 1999). "Beware of the Pokemania". Time. New York City: Time Inc. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "The Making of Mario 64: Giles Goddard Interview". NGC Magazine (61). December 2001.
  31. ↑ "Sensei Speaks". IGN. January 29, 1999. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  32. ↑ "Bill Trinen". Giant Bomb. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  33. ↑ "Inside Zelda Part 12: The Role of the Sidekick". Nintendo Power. Vol. 203. May 2006. pp. 76–78.
  34. ↑ "Luigi's Mansion preview". IGN. October 9, 2001. Archived from the original on August 4, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2008.
  35. ↑ "Pre-E3: Luigi's Mansion Disc and Controller Revealed". IGN. May 15, 2001. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  36. ↑ "Metroid Prime Roundtable QA". IGN. November 15, 2002. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  37. ↑ Star Fox Assault Instruction Booklet. Nintendo of America. 2005. pp. 7, 29, 34–35.
  38. ↑ Satterfield, Shane (March 28, 2002). "Sega and Nintendo form developmental partnership". GameSpot. Retrieved June 20, 2007. The companies [Sega and Nintendo] are codeveloping two F-Zero games... Nintendo will be handling the publishing duties for the GameCube version while Sega will take on the responsibility of releasing the arcade game.
  39. ↑ "Interview: Sega talk F-Zero". Arcadia magazine. N-Europe. May 17, 2002. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008. We're [Amusement Vision] taking care of the planning and execution. Once things really begin to take shape, we'll turn to Nintendo for supervision.
  40. ↑ "Metal Gear Solid Official". IGN. May 2003. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
  41. ↑ Harris, Craig (May 11, 2004). "E3 2004: Hands-on: Super Mario 64 x4". IGN. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
  42. ↑ "Notification of Death and Personnel Change of a Representative Director (President)" (PDF). Nintendo Co. Ltd. July 12, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  43. ↑ Hussain, Tamoor (September 14, 2015). "Nintendo Appoints New President". GameSpot. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  44. ↑ Reeves, Ben (June 18, 2017). "How Shigeru Miyamoto Influenced Mario Odyssey's Development". Game Informer. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  45. ↑ Miyamoto, Shigeru (August 28, 1999). "Miyamoto Talks Dolphin at Space World '99" (Interview). Interviewed by Chris Johnston. GameSpot. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
  46. ↑ Jackson, David S. (July 20, 1996). "The Spielberg of video games". Time. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "danielpemberton.com". danielpemberton.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  48. ↑ "GT Countdown Video – Top Ten Game Creators". GameTrailers. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  49. ↑ "Ocarina of Time Hits Virtual Console". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2017. the apex of 6-4bit[sic] gaming and oft-cited "Best Game Ever Made, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, has touched down over the pond for play on the Wii Virtual Console in most PAL-enabled regions.
  50. ↑ "Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time". Metacritic. Retrieved February 3, 2010. Metacritic here states that Ocarina of Time is "[c]onsidered by many to be the greatest single-player video game ever created in any genre..."
  51. ↑ "The Best Video Games in the History of Humanity". Filibustercartoons.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  52. ↑ Ryan, Michael E. "'I Gotta Have This Game Machine!' (Cover Story)." Familypc 7.11 (2000): 112. MasterFILE Premier. Web. July 24, 2013. FamilyPC says "Considered by many to be the greatest video game ever […]
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Highest and Lowest Scoring Games". Metacritic. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  54. ↑ Parish, Jeremy (November 16, 2006). "1up's Wii Review: Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  55. ↑ Parish, Jeremy (January 2007). "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess review". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Vol. 211. pp. 56–58.
  56. ↑ Reiner, Andrew. "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess". Game Informer. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
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