Cambodian genocide
During the Cambodian genocide (Khmer: ហាយនភាពខ្មែរ or ការប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍ខ្មែរ), between 1.5 million and 3 million Cambodians were killed by the Khmer Rouge tyranny led by Pol Pot.[1][2][3] It lasted from 17 April 1975 to 7 January 1979.[4]
| Cambodian genocide | |
|---|---|
| Part of the aftermath of the Cambodian Civil War | |
 Skulls from victims of the Cambodian genocide | |
| Location | Democratic Kampuchea |
| Date | 17 April 1975 – 7 January 1979 (3 years, 8 months and 20 days) |
| Target | Cambodia's previous military and political leadership, business leaders, journalists, students, doctors, lawyers, Buddhists, Chams, Chinese Cambodians, Christians, intellectuals, Thai Cambodians, Vietnamese Cambodians |
Attack type | Genocide, classicide, politicide, ethnic cleansing, extrajudicial killings, torture, famine, forced labor, unethical human experiments, forced disappearances, deportation, crimes against humanity |
| Deaths | 1.5 to 2 million |
| Perpetrators | Khmer Rouge |
| Motive | Marxism-Leninism, Maoism, Anti-Buddhism, anti-Cham sentiment, anti-Christianity, anti-intellectualism, anti-Thai sentiment, anti-Vietnamese sentiment, Islamophobia, Khmer ultranationalism, Sinophobia |
Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge wanted to roll back Cambodia to "Year Zero," when every inhabitant was a rural farmer.[source?] Soldiers made millions of people move from Cambodia's cities into forced labor camps in the countryside.[4][5] Hundreds of thousands died there from starvation, exhaustion, and disease.[4][5]
The Khmer Rouge murdered more than 1.3 million people in "killing fields," then buried them in mass graves. In secret prisons like S-21, they tortured and executed hundreds of thousands of people.[4][6][7] In January 1979, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and removed the Khmer Rouge from power. This ended the Cambodian genocide.[4]
Cambodian Civil War
changeBefore 1953, Cambodia was part of French Indochina. It gained its independence in 1953, and became the Kingdom of Cambodia.[8] The Communist Party of Kampuchea, namely the Khmer Rouge, wanted to make Cambodia into a communist country.[8]
In the 1960s, they built up an army, namely the Kampuchea Revolutionary Army, in the country's eastern forests. They got help from the Viet Cong, the Pathet Lao, the North Vietnamese army and the Chinese Communist Party.[9][10][11][12]
Beginning in 1967, the Khmer Rouge's army fought the Kingdom of Cambodia in the Cambodian Civil War. They wanted to take power from Prince Norodom Sihanouk and make Cambodia into a communist country.[8] In 1970, Lon Nol led a coup and took control of the country.[8] He was not a communist. He was pro-American and pro-capitalist, and the United States supported his coup.[13]
The Vietnam War
changeIn 1970, the United States and South Vietnam were fighting the Vietnam War against North Vietnam and the Viet Cong. Lon Nol's new Cambodian government formed alliances with the United States and South Vietnam (two capitalist countries).[14] Meanwhile, the Khmer Rouge (a communist party) had alliances with North Vietnam and the Viet Cong (which were trying to make Vietnam a communist country).[1]
Between 1970 and 1973, the United States military bombed large areas of the Cambodian countryside.[13] Around 150,000 peasants were killed in these bombings.[15] The United States had also supported Lon Nol's rise to power.[1] The Khmer Rouge "used the United States' actions to recruit followers and as an excuse for [their] brutal policies," according to the Holocaust Museum Houston.[13]
Khmer Rouge
change
On 17 April 1975, the Khmer Rouge captured Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh and took over the country.[16] They renamed it "Democratic Kampuchea." This ended the Cambodian Civil War and began the Cambodian genocide.[4][16]
Beliefs
changeThe Khmer Rouge were a "fanatical Communist movement ... which imposed a ruthless agenda of forced labor, thought control, and mass execution" across Cambodia.[17] Most members were teenage peasant boys.[15] The Khmer Rouge believed the people in Cambodia's cities had been poisoned and corrupted by the ideas of Western capitalism.[18] They wanted to return Cambodia to "Year Zero," a time when everybody in the country was a rural farmer.[source?]
They thought this would create an agrarian socialist utopia – a perfect, farm-based society without social classes, where people would share property.[4][18] They did not believe that money, free markets, or educated professions, such as medicine, engineering, law or teaching, should exist. To the Khmer Rouge, being a poor farm worker was the only acceptable lifestyle. They viewed educated people, including qualified professionals, as a threat.[4][18]
Genocide
changeForced migration
changeThe Khmer Rouge began the genocide immediately after capturing Phnom Penh.[4][16] In just a few days, they forced everyone in the city into the countryside to do forced labor on farms.[4][19] Eventually, they did the same in every city and town in Cambodia.[20] According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM):[16]
By the afternoon of that very first day, soldiers using bullhorns began ordering the city’s two million residents into the countryside. Houses and schools were emptied at gunpoint, with shots fired if people did not move fast enough. Not even hospitals were spared, with patients forced into the streets. Families split apart as children lost sight of parents in the confusion of the exodus. Thousands of people died in the chaos along jammed roads leading from the capital. Friends and relatives were made to leave behind the bodies and trudge on, carrying what few possessions they could.
Abolishment of human rights
changeAccording to the Cambodia Tribunal Monitor, the Khmer Rouge "turned the country into a huge detention center".[21] They abolished all civil rights and human rights. The peasants lost the right to vote, participate in the government or criticize the government. People who questioned the government were often tortured or murdered.[17]
All private property was taken away; the state now owned it all.[21] People could not choose who to marry, where to work, or even what to wear: everybody had to wear peasant work clothes.[22] A person could only gather and talk with one other person at a time.[21] People were not allowed to have cars, there was no public transportation, and there were strict rules about leisure activities.[21] In cities across the country, the Khmer Rouge closed banks, shops, offices, pagodas, mosques, churches, factories, hospitals, schools, and universities.[17][22] They made all of these things illegal:[15][18][21][23]
- Money
- Music
- Radios
- Religion
- Education
- Free market
- Traditional Khmer culture
- Non-revolutionary entertainment
- Newspapers, mail, television and non-Khmer costumes
- Gathering to talk to more than one other person at a time
Forced collectivization
changeImitating Maoist China, the Khmer Rouge immediately collectivized Cambodia. They abolished personal property rights and forced everybody to work on farms.[4][23]
Pol Pot wanted to double the amount of rice Cambodia was growing immediately, using the new collectivized farms.[22] Soldiers forced millions of people to march into the countryside and do slave labor from dawn to dusk (like digging canals, building dams, and growing crops).[17] They were given little food or training, and rarely had proper tools. Many people died from exhaustion or starvation.[23]
Re-education
changeAccording to the Holocaust Museum Houston:[13]
In an effort to create a society without competition, in which people worked for the common good, the Khmer Rouge placed people in collective living arrangements — or communes — and enacted “re-education” programs to encourage the commune lifestyle. People were divided into categories that reflected the trust that the Khmer Rouge had for them; the most trustworthy were called “old citizens.” The pro-West and [people who lived in cities] began as “new citizens” and could move up to “deportees,” then “candidates” and finally “full rights citizens”; however, most citizens never moved up.
Torture and murder
changeSoon after they took power, the Khmer Rouge murdered thousands of politicians, soldiers, and civilians who had worked for Lon Nol's government.[21] The Khmer Rouge imprisoned, tortured and murdered tens of thousands of Cambodians who refused to be "re-educated" or questioned the regime.[13] They killed large numbers of professionals (like doctors, lawyers, and teachers).[24] According to Encyclopedia Britannica, they also killed "anyone who could remotely be described as 'intellectual,' which included anyone wearing [eyeglasses] or who could speak a foreign language."[24] At a single prison in Phnom Penh, called Security Prison 21, they executed at least 15,000 people.[22] The victims included many loyal Khmer Rouge members who who Pol Pot suspected of treason.[4]
Targeting children
changeThe Khmer Rouge deliberately broke families apart. They did not want Cambodians to be loyal to anyone or anything except the state. Starting at age 8, children were taken from their parents and put in labor camps.[25] There, they were taught that the state was now their parent.[18] According to the Holocaust Day Memorial Trust:[18]
For the Khmer Rouge, children were central to the revolution as they believed they could be easily moulded, conditioned and indoctrinated. They could be taught to obey orders, become soldiers and kill enemies. Children were taught to believe that anyone not conforming to the Khmer laws were corrupt enemies.
Persecution
changeThe Khmer Rouge made everybody in Cambodia follow its policies. However, they persecuted some specific groups. These included educated people, such as doctors, lawyers, Christians, Buddhists, Muslims, Chinese Cambodians, Thai Cambodians and Vietnamese Cambodians.[4][24] Between 70% and 80% of all Muslims in Cambodia were killed during the genocide.[24]
Famine and shortages
changeThe Khmer Rouge's policies generated a widespread famine. Between 500,000 to 1.5 million Cambodians died in this famine, according to some estimates.[23] There were also shortages of medicine. Meanwhile, the country's doctors had been killed or sent to the countryside. Many people died from easily curable diseases.[4][23]
End
changeIn January 1979, communist Vietnam invaded Cambodia. They wanted to remove Pol Pot from power because his army had been crossing the Cambodian-Vietnamese border and massacring people.[26] They removed the Khmer Rouge from power and created a pro-Vietnamese government.[26] Hundreds of thousands of survivors fled to refugee camps in Thailand.[24] Many later immigrated to the United States.
.jpg)
Trials
changeIn 2006, the United Nations and the Cambodian government established a special court called the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). This court has tried some former Khmer Rouge leaders for crimes against humanity.[13] Kaing Guek Eav (also called Comrade Duch) was the first to be tried before the ECCC. Eav was the head of Security Prison 21 during the genocide. The court found him guilty of crimes against humanity and breaking the Geneva Conventions of 1949.[27] He was eventually sentenced to life imprisonment.[28]
In 2011, the ECCC convicted two top Khmer Rouge officials, Noun Chea and Khieu Samphan, for crimes against humanity, genocide, and breaking the Geneva Conventions.[28]
Related pages
changeOther websites
change
Media related to Cambodian genocide at Wikimedia Commons- Nuon Chea's Guilty Convictions Stand thus making Pol Pot and Khmer Rouge Guilty of War Crimes and Genocide!
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Khmer Rouge". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ↑ "Cambodia". University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts: Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ↑
- Heuveline 2001, pp. 102–105: "As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less."
- Kiernan 2003b, pp. 586–587: "We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population."
- Sullivan, Meg (16 April 2015). "UCLA demographer produces best estimate yet of Cambodia's death toll under Pol Pot". UCLA. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
- Tyner, James A.; Molana, Hanieh Haji (1 March 2020). "Ideologies of Khmer Rouge Family Policy: Contextualizing Sexual and Gender-Based Violence during the Cambodian Genocide". Genocide Studies International. 13 (2): 168–189. doi:10.3138/gsi.13.2.03. ISSN 2291-1847. S2CID 216505042. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13
- Hinton, Alexander Laban (1998). Why Did You Kill?: The Cambodian Genocide and the Dark Side of Face and Honor. Cambrdige University Press. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 March 2010
- Hannum, Hurst (2001). "International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence". Cambodia (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781315192918. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- Kiernan, Ben (2012). "The Cambodian Genocide, 1975–1979". Centuries of Genocide (4 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9780203867815. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- Tyner, James A.; Henkin, Samuel; Sirik, Savina; Kimsroy, Sokvisal (January 1, 2014). "Phnom Penh during the Cambodian Genocide: A Case of Selective Urbicide". Sage Journals. 46 (8). doi:10.1068/a130278p. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- Tyner, James A. (January 18, 2014). "Dead labor, landscapes, and mass graves: Administrative violence during the Cambodian genocide". Geoforum. 52. Ohio, USA: 70–77. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.12.011. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- Hinton, Alexander Laban (1998). Why Did You Kill?: The Cambodian Genocide and the Dark Side of Face and Honor. Cambrdige University Press. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Khmer Rouge: Cambodia's years of brutality". BBC News. 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ↑ "How Red China Supported the Brutal Khmer Rouge". Vision Times. 2018-01-28. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
- ↑ Chandler, David (2018-05-04). A History of Cambodia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-96406-0.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "History of Cambodia". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024-10-22. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ↑ Chandler, David P. (2018). Brother Number One: A Political Biography Of Pol Pot. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-98161-6.
- ↑ Strangio, Sebastian. "China's Aid Emboldens Cambodia". Yale Global Online. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ↑ "The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure". Wilson Center. 13 December 2018. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- ↑ Hood, Steven J. (1990). "Beijing's Cambodia Gamble and the Prospects for Peace in Indochina: The Khmer Rouge or Sihanouk?". Asian Survey. 30 (10): 977–991. doi:10.2307/2644784. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644784.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 "Genocide In Cambodia - Holocaust Museum Houston". hmh.org. 2023-08-02. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ↑ "Lon Nol". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "The Cambodian Genocide: Origins, Genocide, and Aftermath" (PDF). Illinois Holocaust Museum & Education Center. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 "Day One: April 17, 1975". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Cambodia 1975-1979". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. April 2018. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 "Khmer Rouge Ideology". Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ↑ O'Kane, Rosemary H. T. (1993). "Cambodia in the Zero Years: Rudimentary Totalitarianism". Third World Quarterly. 14 (4): 735–748. ISSN 0143-6597.
- ↑ "BBC - History - Historic Figures: Pol Pot (1925-1998)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 "Khmer Rouge History". Cambodia Tribunal Monitor. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 "Cambodia - Civil War, Khmer Rouge, Genocide | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024-10-22. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 "Forced Labor and Collectivization". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 "Cambodian Genocide". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ↑ "Khmer Rouge Revolution". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Vietnam's forgotten Cambodian war". BBC News. 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
- ↑ Rashid, Norul Mohamed. "Judgment of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) against Kaing Guek Eav alias Duch (2010)". United Nations and the Rule of Law. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 "The Extraordinary Chambers". Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. Retrieved 2024-10-24.