Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian trader, explorer, and navigator. He was born in Genoa, Italy, in the year 1451. "Christopher Columbus" is the English version of Columbus's name. His real name in Italian was Cristoforo Colombo. He was the son of a weaver named Domenico Colombo and a seamstress named Susanna Fontanarossa.
In 1492 Columbus landed on an island of the Bahamas, the first European to do so. His initial goal was to find a quicker route to Asia from Europe. He is known as the person who discovered the New World because his voyage started the era of European colonialism in the Americas. This was an important moment in European history. While Leif Erikson was the first European to land on the soils of America it was not well documented and did not lead to the later contact between Europe and the New World. The effects was the bringing over of livestock, disease, crops and slaves.
When the Spanish learned that Columbus had found a New World, many other people, called conquistadors, went there too. This led to the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Columbus died on 20 May 1506, in Valladolid, Spain.
Discovery of America
changeColumbus was not the first European person to have discovered America. At the time of his voyage, Europeans did not know that the Americas existed. However, Leif Erikson, around 1000 AD had landed in present-day Canada.[1][2] This discovery had no impact on European history and was not well documented. Columbus discovered America in the sense that he was the first person to create repeated exploration and contact with the New World. Another point is that Native Americans had been living there for thousands of years before he arrived.[3][4] However, Native Americans did not record or contribute to the European record of history for obvious reasons. Columbus, therefore, discovered America in context of European history.
Voyage in 1492
changeMany people in Western Europe wanted to find a shorter way to get to Asia. Columbus thought he could get to Asia by sailing west. He did not know about the Western Hemisphere, so he did not realize it would block him from getting to Asia.[5]
However, Columbus did not have enough money to pay for this voyage on his own. After defeating the Emirate of Granada, the rulers of Spain, Ferdinand II and Isabella I of Castile, agreed to pay for the voyage. He promised to bring back gold and spices for them.[5]
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In August 1492, Columbus and his sailors left Spain in three ships: the Santa María (the Holy Mary), the Pinta (the Painted), and the Santa Clara (nicknamed the Niña: the Little Girl).[6]
The three ships were very small. Historians think that the largest ship, the Santa María, was only about 60 feet (18 metres) long, and about 16 to 19 feet (4.8 to 5.8 metres) wide.[7][8]
Columbus's other ships were even smaller. Historians think they were about 50–60 feet (15–18 metres) long.[8]
Voyage
changeOn October 12, 1492, after sailing for about four months, Columbus landed on a small island in the Bahamas. The natives called it Guanahani; Columbus renamed it San Salvador ("Holy Savior"). He met Arawak and Taíno Native Americans who lived on the island. They were friendly and peaceful towards Columbus and his crew. Not knowing where he was, and thinking that he had reached Asia, the "Indies," he called them "Indians." He claimed their land as Spain's.[9]
Columbus then sailed to what is now Cuba, then to Hispaniola. On Hispaniola, Columbus built a fort. This was one of the first European military bases in the Western Hemisphere. He called it Navidad (Spanish for "Christmas"). He left thirty-nine crew members there, and ordered them to find and store the gold.[10]
Treatment of the native people
changeOn the day he landed in the Bahamas, Columbus wrote about the Arawaks and Taíno:
| “ | They ought to make good and skilled servants, [since] they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion ... I will take six of them ... when I [leave, so] they may learn our language ... With 50 men you could subject everyone and make them do what you wished.[11] | ” |
Columbus noticed that some of the Arawaks had gold earrings. He took some of them as prisoners and ordered them to lead him to the gold. However, they could not.[12]
According to Encyclopædia Britannica:
| “ | Columbus was determined to take back both material and human cargo to his sovereigns [Ferdinand and Isabella] and for himself, and this could be accomplished only if his sailors carried on looting, kidnapping, and other violent acts, especially on Hispaniola.[5] | ” |
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Second voyage
changeOn September 24, 1493, Columbus left Spain with enough ships, supplies, and men to invade and make Spanish colonies in the New World. He had 17 ships and 1,200 men. These men included soldiers and farmers. There were also priests, whose job was to convert the natives to Christianity.[13]
On this voyage, Columbus explored some of the islands of the Lesser Antilles. He also sailed around most of Hispaniola and explored the sides of Jamaica and Cuba he had not seen on his first voyage.
Then he went back to the Navidad fort. He found the fort burned down. Eleven of the 37 soldiers Columbus left at the fort were buried there. The rest had disappeared. Historians think this happened because of disease and fights with the Arawak people.[10]
Treatment of the native people
changeWhile Columbus was away from Navidad exploring Jamaica and Cuba, his soldiers stopped working on building a new fort and farms. They made the Arawaks give them food. They also stole things from the Arawaks and raped Arawak women. This made the Arawaks decide to fight back against the Spaniards. However, Spain had many weapons that the Arawaks had never seen, including steel swords, pikes, crossbows, dogs, and horses. This made it much easier for Spain to win fights against the Arawaks.[14]
Columbus also took revenge against the Arawaks for killing his soldiers at Navidad. He made every native older than 14 give him a certain amount of gold every three months. If a person did not do this, Columbus's men would cut off their hands, and they would bleed to death. Columbus also led his soldiers to many different villages in Hispaniola to take them over and make them pay him gold also. If they could not pay the gold, people would be made into slaves or killed.[15]
There was not much gold on the parts of the island Columbus took over. To avoid getting their hands cut off, many Arawaks tried to run away from Columbus and his men. However, Columbus's soldiers used dogs to hunt them down and kill them.[12] Bartolomé de Las Casas said that the Spanish killed two out of every three native people in the area (though he may have been exaggerating).[15]
Start of the transatlantic slave trade
changeIn February 1495, Columbus started the transatlantic slave trade. He and his soldiers captured about 1,500 Taíno. Only 500 could fit on Columbus's ships, so Columbus told his men they could take any of the rest as slaves. They took 600 and let 400 go. Of the 500 natives that Columbus shipped to Spain as slaves, about 200 died on the trip. Half of the rest were very sick when they arrived. This was the first time people had ever been shipped across the Atlantic Ocean to be sold as slaves.[16]
Michele da Cuneo, a friend of Columbus's, helped capture natives as slaves. In a letter, da Cuneo later wrote that Columbus gave him a captured native woman to rape:
| “ | "... I captured a very beautiful Carib woman, whom the said Lord Admiral [Columbus] gave to me. ... She was unwilling, and [so badly scratched] me with her nails that I wished I had never begun. But ... I then took a piece of rope and whipped her soundly, and she let forth such incredible screams that you would not have believed your ears. Eventually we came to such terms, I assure you, that you would have thought that she had been brought up in a school for whores.[17] | ” |
Third voyage
changeColumbus went on another voyage in 1498. King John II of Portugal had said there was a continent to the south-west of the Cape Verde islands. On his third voyage, Columbus wanted to find this continent.[18] Before the voyage, Queen Isabella reminded Columbus that he should treat all of the native people well and make them into Christians.[15]
On this voyage, Columbus sent three ships straight to the West Indies (the Caribbean). He led another three ships: first to two Portuguese islands, then to the Canary Islands, then Cape Verde. From Cape Verde, they sailed to the northern coast of South America and landed in Trinidad. He also explored part of South America and the islands now called Tobago and Grenada.[19]
On August 19, 1498, Columbus returned to Hispaniola. He found that many of the Spanish settlers there were unhappy. They thought there would be more gold in the New World. Some of them had rebelled while he was gone. Columbus had five of the rebellion's leaders hanged. He also tried to make the rest of the settlers happy by giving them land in Hispaniola. However, the settlers kept sending complaints to Spain. In 1499, Queen Isabella sent a man named Francisco de Bobadilla to Hispaniola. She gave him the power to do whatever he thought he should do. When he arrived in 1500, the first thing he did was to have Columbus arrested and sent back to Spain in chains.[15]
Treatment of native people
changeWhen he was trying to make Spanish settlers happy, Columbus started the Encomienda system in Hispaniola. Under this system, Columbus would give a piece of land in Hispaniola to an individual Spanish settler. Sometimes, he would give away a whole native village. Any natives that lived in that area had to work for that Spanish settler. Natives had lived on this land for centuries. Columbus was giving their land away, and then forcing them to work on that land.[15]
Later life
changeOn August 23, 1500 Columbus was arrested in Hispañola, now called Santo Domingo, for cruelty to natives and Spaniards. He was sent to Spain in chains in October 1500. He was released on December 25, 1500, and taken to court. Columbus had important friends, and the King restored his freedom. He was not made governor again, but eventually he was allowed to lead another voyage.
Columbus died of heart failure and arthritis in Valladolid, Spain, at the possible age of 54.
Personal life
changeColumbus's relatives said that Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy. Today, no historian can say for sure where Columbus was born, but most experts think the best evidence says he was born in Genoa. However, other historians think Columbus was born somewhere else, like Spain or Portugal. Some think he was originally a Jew who converted to Christianity.[5]
In 1477, Columbus married Felipa Moniz Perestrelo. She was from a semi-noble family with connections to sailing. She died around 1479 or 1480 while giving birth to their son, Diego.[20]
In 1485, while in Córdoba, Spain, Columbus met Beatriz Enríquez de Trasierra. They lived together for a while. They had one child named Fernando.[21]
Columbus's goals
changeColumbus had a few different goals for his journeys to the New World. First, he believed he could find a shorter and easier route to Asia, which made things Europe did not. He believed he could find a shorter route to China. Other people had called this belief absurd. Columbus wanted to prove these people wrong.[22]
Second, Columbus wanted to find gold. Gold was the main kind of money used in Columbus's times. In his letter to Spain's King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Columbus wrote: "Gold is most excellent; gold is treasure, and [the person] who [has] it does all he wishes to in this world."[23] This means that someone with gold can do anything he wants to do. Many historians believe that Columbus wanted to become a powerful person – and in order to become powerful, he needed to find gold.
After Columbus
changeWhen the Spanish learned about the New World, many conquistadors, or conquerors, went there. This led to the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
The Spanish conquistadors first settled on the islands of Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti), Cuba, and Puerto Rico. They grabbed as much gold as they could. The Spanish also brought priests and forced the Native Americans to convert to Christianity.
Legacy
changeIn the United States, Columbus Day is a holiday that celebrates Columbus's arrival in the New World on October 12, 1492.[24]
The World's Columbian Exposition, which happened in 1893 in Chicago, Illinois, was held to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus visiting the Americas.[25]
Between 1492 and 1930, over 60 million Europeans migrated to the Americas. The peak of this migration was in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
The mass migration of Europeans to the New World was one of the largest transfers of population in history.
References
change
- ↑ Bulygin, Eugenio; Gardies, Jean-Louis; Niiniluoto, I. (June 30, 1985). Man, Law and Modern Forms of Life. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 111. ISBN 978-90-277-1869-3.
- ↑ Russell Freedom (October 8, 2007). "Coming to America: Who Was First?". NPR (Interview). Interviewed by Eric Weiner. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ Johansen, Bruce E.; Pritzker, Barry M. (July 23, 2007). Encyclopedia of American Indian History. ABC-CLIO. p. 451. ISBN 978-1-85109-818-7.
The term "Paleo-Indians" describes the earliest inhabitants of North America (ca. 10,000–8,000 BCE).
- ↑ Ferbel, Peter J. (2000). "Ethnohistory". The Indigenous People of the Caribbean (review). Vol. 47. pp. 816–818.
The indigenous people of the Caribbean ... migrated from Central America some six thousand years ago
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Flint, Valerie I.J. (February 11, 2016). "Christopher Columbus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ Columbus Day. The History Channel Website. Retrieved January 28, 2013.http://www.history.com/topics/columbus-day
- ↑ Gould, Richard A. (2000). Archaeology and the Social History of Ships. Cambridge University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-521-56789-3.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-0-521-44652-5.
- ↑ "Christopher Columbus." Explorers & Discoverers of the World. Gale, 1993. Gale Biography In Context. Web. February 5, 2013.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Chacon, Richard J.; Mendoza, Ruben G. (2007). Latin American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence. University of Arizona Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-8165-2527-0.
- ↑ Tinker, George E. (1993). Missionary Conquest: The Gospel and Native American Cultural Genocide. Fortress Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4514-0840-9.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Zinn, Howard (2003). A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-06-052837-9.
- ↑ Bacchus, M.K. (1990). Utilization, Misuse, and Development of Human Resources in the Early West Indian Colonies. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-88920-982-0.
- ↑ Lindaman, Dana; Ward, Kyle (2006). History Lessons: How Textbooks from Around the World Portray U.S. History. The New Press. pp. 10–12. ISBN 1-59558-082-4.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Traboulay, David M. (1994). Columbus and Las Casas: The Conquest and Christianization of America, 1492-1566. University Press of America. pp. 26–28. ISBN 978-0-8191-9642-2.
- ↑ Meltzer, Milton (1971). Slavery: A World History. Da Capo Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-306-80536-3.
- ↑ Cohen, J. (1969). The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Penguin UK. p. 139. ISBN 0-14-044217-0.
- ↑ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1963). Journals & Other Documents on the Life & Voyages of Christopher Columbus. New York: The Heritage Press. p. 262. ASIN B002KR8WPQ.
- ↑ Edward Lanza JOSEPH (of Trinidad.) (1838). History of Trinidad. pp. 124–126.
- ↑ Hume, Robert (1992). Christopher Columbus and the European Discovery of America. Gracewing Publishing. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-85244-211-1.
- ↑ Beding, Silvio A. (2016). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9.
- ↑ Daniels, Patricia; Hyslop, Stephen Garrison; Brinkley, Douglas (2011). "Navigating the Globe: 1492 – 1522.". National Geographic Almanac of World History. National Geographic Books. pp. 184-185. ISBN 978-1-4262-0890-4.
- ↑ Franzosi, Roberto (2004). From Words to Numbers: Narrative, Data, and Social Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-521-54145-9.
- ↑ "Columbus Day" – via www.history.com.
- ↑ "Bird's-Eye View of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893". World Digital Library. 1893. Retrieved 2013-07-17.