Hermann Göring

Hermann Wilhelm Göring (12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German war criminal, politician, and military leader in Nazi Germany. He was one of the most powerful leaders of the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring
Göring
16th President of the Reichstag
In office 30 August 1932 – 23 April 1945
President	Paul von Hindenburg (1932–1934) Adolf Hitler (1934–1945; as Führer)
Chancellor	Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler
Preceded by	Paul Löbe
Succeeded by	Erich Köhler (1949; as President of West German Bundestag) Johannes Dieckmann (1949; as President of East German People's Chamber) Rita Süssmuth (1990; as President of the Bundestag in United Germany)
Minister President of Prussia
In office 10 April 1933 – 23 April 1945
Governor	Adolf Hitler Himself as Reichsstatthalter
Preceded by	Franz von Papen
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Reichsstatthalter of Prussia
Acting
In office 25 April 1933 – 23 April 1945
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Adolf Hitler
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Supreme Commander of the Luftwaffe
In office 1 March 1935 – 24 April 1945
Führer	Adolf Hitler
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Robert Ritter von Greim
Additional positions Reichsminister of Forestry In office July 1934 – 23 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler (as Führer) Chancellor Adolf Hitler Reich Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan In office 18 October 1936 – 23 April 1945 Leader Adolf Hitler as Führer Reichsminister of Economics In office 26 November 1937 – 15 January 1938 Chancellor Adolf Hitler Preceded by Hjalmar Schacht Succeeded by Walther Funk Chairman of the Ministerial Council for Reich Defense In office 30 August 1939 – 23 April 1945 Leader Adolf Hitler as Führer Reichsminister of Aviation In office 27 April 1933 – 23 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler (as Führer) Chancellor Adolf Hitler Oberste SA-Führer In office February 1923 – November 1923 Preceded by Hans Ulrich Klintzsch Succeeded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon
Personal details
Born	Hermann Wilhelm Göring (1893-01-12)12 January 1893 Rosenheim, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
Died	15 October 1946(1946-10-15) (aged 53) Nuremberg, Bavaria, Allied-occupied Germany
Cause of death	Suicide
Political party	Nazi Party (NSDAP; 1922–1945)
Spouse(s)	Carin von Kantzow ​ ​ (m. 1923; died 1931)​ Emmy Sonnemann ​ ​ (m. 1935)​
Children	Edda Göring
Parents	Heinrich Ernst Göring (father) Franziska Tiefenbrunn (mother)
Relatives	Albert Göring (brother)
Residence	Carinhall
Occupation	Aviator Politician Art collector
Cabinet	Hitler Cabinet
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	German Empire (1912–1918) Weimar Republic (1923–1933) Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
Branch/service	Imperial German Army Luftstreitkräfte  Luftwaffe
Years of service	1912–1918 1923–1945
Rank	Reichsmarschall SA-Gruppenführer Reichsforst- und Reichsjägermeister
Commands	Jagdgeschwader 1
Battles/wars	World War I World War II
Awards	Pour le Mérite Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

Göring was responsible for creating the Nazi concentration camps. He also created the Gestapo (the Nazi secret police), which he handed over to SS chief Heinrich Himmler. In 1941, he gave Reinhard Heydrich the order to arrange the Final Solution to kill millions of Jews.

Göring was one of the 25 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was found guilty, and hours before his execution, he killed himself in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany.

Early life

Hermann Göring in 1907

Birth and infancy

Göring was born in Rosenheim, Upper Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany on 12 January 1893. His parents were Ernst Heinrich Göring and Franziska Göring (born Franziska Tiefenbrunn).

Hermann Göring had two brothers, Albert and Karl Ernst, and two sisters, Olga Therese Sophie and Paula Elisabeth Rosa.

Göring's father was a judge. In 1885 the German chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, made Ernst Göring the first Reichskommissar (Governor-General) of South West Africa (which is now Namibia).

When Göring was born, his father was serving as consul general in Haiti. His mother came home to give birth to Hermann and stayed for six weeks. Then she left the six-week-old baby with a friend in Bavaria. Neither of Hermann Göring's parents saw him until they returned to Germany three years later.

Childhood and adolescence

Starting in 1901, Hermann Göring lived with a man named Hermann Epenstein, a wealthy doctor and businessman whose father was Jewish. Göring's father had met Epenstein in Africa. The Görings lived in his house, and later in one of his mansions. Epenstein and Göring's mother began an affair, which they continued for 15 years. Epenstein became Göring's godfather.

Göring attended the grammar schools in Fürth and Ansbach. In the games he played as a child, the story was always about war.

In 1905, he went to a military school in Karlsruhe. He got his Abitur, and an officer exam, in 1912. He was assigned to the Bavarian Prinz Wilhelm Regiment (112th Infantry) in Mulhouse.

In the First World War

When the First World War started, Göring was a Lieutenant. He had served in the infantry. In 1915, because of his rheumatism, he had to go to a hospital. His friend, Bruno Loerzer, got him to join the air force.

In France, he flew as an observer, a person who looked for targets and enemy planes. In 1915, he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class for his work.

In 1916, he was trained to fly a plane. On 14 March of that year, he shot down his first bomber. The following year, he became the leader of the 27^th Flying Group.

In 1918, after he shot down his 19^th enemy plane, Göring was awarded the highest air force award in Germany: the Pour le Mérite (also called "The Blue Max"). After the death of Manfred von Richthofen, a German fighter pilot, he became the leader of the flying group "The Red Baron".

In the Weimar Republic

Between 1919 and 1921, Göring worked as a stunt pilot in Scandinavia. In November 1922, he met Adolf Hitler and later became a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).

In 1923 he married Carin von Kantzow in Stockholm, Sweden on 3 February 1923.

Also in 1923, while leading the SA (Oberste SA-Führer), Göring participated in the Beer Hall Putsch with Hitler and was wounded. Afterward he went to Austria, but continued to have chronic pain from his injury. A doctor prescribed morphine, but Göring became dependent on it.

Between 1925 and 1926, he was treated twice at the Långbro mental hospital in Sweden. He came back to Germany in 1927.

In 1928, he became a member of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic. He remained a member until the end of the Second World War.

In 1932, the NSDAP became the most powerful party of the Reichstag. Göring then became speaker of the Reichstag.

During the Third Reich

Hermann Göring (left) and Adolf Hitler (right) in 1939

Detention report and mugshots of Hermann Göring

Between 1932 and 1945, he was President of the German Reichstag and also a minister of the Third Reich under Adolf Hitler. In the Second World War, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the German air force.

1932-1939

Göring became President of the German Reichstag in 1932. The following year, Hitler became chancellor of the Weimar Republic. He made Göring a minister of the Reich without a specific area of responsibility. This meant that Göring did not lead any particular ministry.

In April 1933, he was made minister president of Prussia. Then, on 30 August 1933, Paul von Hindenburg made Göring a General.

Between 1934 and 1935 he became minister of several agencies. His wife had died in 1931, and in 1935 he married Emmy Sonnemann in Berlin.

In 1936, he sent the German Condor Legion to Spain to help Francisco Franco.

After the Kristallnacht in 1938, he was in charge of removing Jewish businessmen from the German economic system.

During Second World War, his biggest defeat was the loss of the air battle against Great Britain. He worked closely with Hitler, who said in 1939 that if he died, he wanted Göring to take his place.

1940-1945

In 1940, Hitler made Göring Reichsmarschall (Marshal of the Empire) The following year, Göring ordered Heydrich to make a plan for the Holocaust.

In 1942, he gave Fritz Sauckel the order to use the Russian population for industry-work.

On 20 April 1945, he left Hitler's birthday party and went to Berchtesgaden. He told Hitler that he had very important things to do in south Germany. From Berchtesgaden, Göring sent a telegram to Hitler in Berlin. In the telegram Göring asked about taking over the affairs of state.

Demotion

Towards the end of the war, after the telegram, Göring started to talk with the Allies. Hitler found out. On 29 April 1945, in the last days of the war, Hitler ordered Göring's arrest. He also removed Göring from all of his leadership positions and kicked him out of the Nazi Party.

On 8 May 1945, Nazi Germany officially surrendered and World War II ended in Europe. The next day, Göring surrendered to the Americans in Bavaria.

After the war

The Nuremberg Trials

The Nuremberg Trials started on 20 November 1945. On 18 March 1946, Göring was questioned by the Allies. After this, he was imprisoned in Nuremberg.

Göring was the highest-ranking Nazi official tried at Nuremberg. He was tried for four crimes:

1. Crimes against peace
2. War crimes
3. Crimes against humanity
4. Conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity

He was found guilty on all four charges, and on 1 October 1946 he was sentenced to death by hanging.

Death

One day before his execution, Göring committed suicide by taking a tablet of cyanide. Historians do not know how Göring got the cyanide or how long he hid it. One story claims he got the cyanide from an American soldier who was in love with a German woman.

At the Nuremberg trials, Göring said:

Of course the people don't want war. But after all it's the leaders of the country who determine the policy, and it's always a simple matter to drag the people along whether it's a democracy, a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship. Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism, and exposing the country to greater danger."

Related pages

• Nazi Germany
• The Holocaust
• War crime
• Genocide
• The Final Solution
• Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps
• Nuremberg Trials

References

Bibliography

• Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3.
• Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
• Mosley, Leonard (1974). The Reich Marshal: A Biography of Hermann Goering. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-04961-0.
• "Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume 2, Chapter XV, Part 3: The Reich Cabinet" (PDF). Office of United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality. 1946. Retrieved 20 August 2017.

Other websites

• "Göring trial" (in French). trial-ch.org. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
• "The Iron Knight". H.E.A.R.T 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
• "Göring's last prison interview he gave to US Army Intelligence before the Nuremberg Trials". World War II Magazine. Archived from the original on 2008-11-22. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
• Hermann Göring on IMDb
• "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 9 – Transcript of Goering's testimony at the Nuremberg trial". US government. Retrieved 2009-07-28.