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User:Yodashenchman/Lebanese Civil War

Lebanese Civil War
Part of Cold War
Lebanese Arab Army EML Panhard near a Jeep, c 1982
Lebanese Arab Army EML Panhard near a Jeep, c 1982
Location
Lebanon, Israel
Belligerents

Lebanon Lebanon

Multinational Force
Arab Deterrence Force

Lebanese Front

Israel Israel

Lebanese National Resistance Front
Lebanon Lebanese National Movement
State of Palestine Palestinian Liberation Organization

Hezbollah
Tawheed

Supported By: Iran Iran

Syria Syria

Harkat AMAL

Zghrata Liberation Army
State of Palestine Palestinian National Salvation Front

The Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) was a civil war in Lebanon that saw an American lead intervention, Syrian invasion, United Nations Intervention, and an Israeli invasion. The war was more of an ethnic conflict between Muslims and Maronite Christians and Jewish minorities in Lebanon. The war was mainly caused due to Black September, as it allowed Palestinians to attack Israel from Lebanon.

After Black September, the Palestinians were expelled alongside their Militias, so they moved their base of operations to Lebanon, where they attacked the Israelis in the Yom Kippur War using Lebanese land. The Christians were annoyed by the Palestinians, after the Palestinians attacked a church in Ain el-Rummaneh, killing 4 Maronites.

Bashir Gemayel, the leader of the Kataeb Party, launched an attack. A bus of 30 Palestinians was stopped, and the Lebanese Front militants opened fire, the massacre was then dubbed the "Bus Massacre". In response, clashes began to happen in the entire country between Maronite militias and Palestinian militias.

On December 6th, 1975, 4 Kataeb party members were killed, in response, the party set up checkpoints in Beirut, most Lebanese Muslims and Palestinians were killed by the Kataeb militants. The Palestinians and Muslim militias also committed their own massacres such as the Damour massacre.

After the attacks, the country fell into a Civil War which resulted in an intervention from the U.S, France, United Kingdom, and the Italians alongside an intervention from Syria, and a United Nations Mission that was meant to ensure the withdrawal of Israeli forces.

Background change

Ottoman Empire & WWI change

 
Religious Map of Lebanon
Main articles: Ottoman Empire and World War I

During 1516, the Lebanese were invaded by Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, he also invaded Syria.[1] The Ottoman control was only effective in urban areas, not rural ones. The Country at that time was best described as an Iqta',[2] which is an Islamic political system that has autonomous feudal families that obey the Emir.[3] Control over Lebanon was split between the Ma'n Family, a Druze Family, and the Shihabs, a Christian Family.[4] They both provided autonomy for minorities using the Millet System, allowing them to make laws for themselves while they followed the Ottoman administration.[5]

When World War I started, a famine in Lebanon killed between a third or half of the Maronite population.[6] For a long time, the Ottomans wanted to segregate Turks and Non-Turks, which caused the Syrians and Lebanese to help the allies with spy missions, and fighting.[7] Djemal Pasha, the commander of Syria and Lebanon ordered the execution of dozens of Lebanese activists. It led to mass executions in Beirut and Damascus, which made Arab Nationalism stronger. The Lebanese haven't seen any violence in 1860 where the Maronites and Sunni Muslims fought each other.[8][7]

In September of 1918, French Army troops landed in the Coast of Lebanon while the British went through Palestine,[9] which caused the retreat of Ottoman Forces. The Lebanese and Syrians were liberated, and the French took control after the San Romero Conference.[10]

French Control change

Main articles: Third French Republic and Colonialism
 
Flag of the French Mandate of Lebanon

On the September 1st, 1920, the Greater Lebanon Mandate was formed as a League of Nations Mandate.[11] The Mandate was put under command of General Henri Gouraud. He made Beirut the capitol, doubled the size of the Ottoman Lebanon terretories, and made Lebanon a flag.[12][13] The Lebanese were also divided from Syria due to their Christian Majority, unlike the Syrian's Christian Minority.[14]

On March 8th, 1920, King Faisal and his army declared war on France in an attempt to free the Kingdom of Syria.[15] The Syrian king was captured and the rebellion was crushed. The Maronite Christians in Lebanon celebrated the defeat of the Syrian Forces.[16]

Vichy Control & WWII change

Main articles: Vichy France and World War II

After the French Surrendered, the Vichy French took control of Lebanon and Syria, General Henri Fernand Dentz was put as High Commissioner of Lebanon, which is a position similiar to Head of State.[17] The president of Lebanon at that time, Émile Eddé, resigned and Henri put Alfred Naqqache as the new president.[18] The Nazis were allowed to use airfields inside of Syria against the allies, which caused the French and British to enter the Levant.[19] The French and British had disputes over certain areas, the British supported the Syrians against the French in the Levant Crisis.[18]

Independence change

1958 Lebanon crisis change

Black September change

Palestinian Insurgency in Lebanon change

See the main article: Palestinian Liberation Organization

Amine Gemayel's Presidency change

See the main article: Amine Gemayel

The Civil War change

Skirmishes between Palestinians and Kataeb change

After the events in the Buss Massacre after a Bus of Palestinians was attacked by Kataeb members,[20] a Church was attacked by Palestinian Militias, which caused nation wide clashes between the Lebanese National Movement and Lebanese Maronite Militias. At first, the skirmishes were mainly between the two, but over time, as some movements split and Sunni movements split, and the Lebanese Armed Forces attempted to stop the clashes.[21]

A large battle happened in early 1976, called the Siege of Tel al-Zaatar, where the city was sieged by Lebanese Front forces, killing over 3,000 Palestinians , including civilians,[22] and killing over 200 Maronite militians.[23] The skirmishes also had massacres, most notably the Karantina massacre, where Maronite militias killed over 1,500 Palestinians, and the Damour massacre, where Palestinian militias launched an attack on Damour.

Syrian Intervention change

Israeli Invasion change

 
Israeli troops on an M113 c. 1982

On June 6th, 1982 the 1982 Lebanon War began. Israeli Defense Forces crossed the border and entered Southern Lebanon, the Israelis called it "Operation Peace for Galilee". The Israelis numbered around 78,000 men and had 1,240 tanks, they were split into 5 divisions, and 2 brigades.[24] the Israelis gave support for militias such as the Tigers Militia and Free Lebanon Army and other militias. The Israelis were split into three groups, the West Group was ordered to take Tyre, while Israeli Navy Commandos and Paratroopers did an amphibious Operation into Sidon.

The 91st Division, Golani Brigade, 35th Paratrooper Brigade, and the 50th Paratrooper Battalion fought in the Coast area, alongside Shayete 13, the Navy also gave support to the Coastal Sector.[25][26] They also fought in Rosh Hanikra, Tyre, Damour, and Beirut.

Meanwhile the Central Sector had the 36th Armoured Division and the 162nd Armoured Division. Their main goal was to link up with the Coastal Sector, they were the first units to use the Merkava IV in combat.[26] While in the Eastern Sector, the 90th Division, 252nd Division, the Vardi Force, and the Special Maneuver Force were sent in to fight and destroy Syrian Tanks since they were trained in Anti-Tank warfare, but were told to only fight in self defense.[26]Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

South Lebanon Conflict change

 
Israeli Soldiers Patrol in Lebanon c. 1985

After the 1983 American Embassy Bombing, the United States made a peace deal, called the May 17 Agreement. The agreement was meant to stop fighting between Israel and Lebanese militias, which didn't work due to Islamic insurgents. On October 23rd, 1983, the United States Marine Corps barrack bombings that killed 241 US Marines, which caused the United States to leave the country.[27][28]

After the Israelis retreated from Sidon,[29] they gave Sidon back to the Lebanese Army but the Israelis still were attacked. The Israelis launched their own raids into Lebanon to retaliate, calling it Operation Iron Fist.[30][31] The Israelis killed 15 and wounded 22 Lebanese in the first week, some villagers said that the Israelis mixed grain with Chemicals and also tore up the Qur'an.[30][32] The Israelis allegedly put a bomb in a mosque, which killed 15 Lebanese civilians.[33][34] The village where the explosion occured was raided two days before.[35]

On March 11th, 1985, the Israelis launched one of the finals raids in Lebanon under the Iron Fist Policy. The village of Zrahieh was raided, and a massacre occured where 40 Lebanese were killed, most of them were civilians while others were AMAL members.[36] Then on March 12th, the United States veto'd a condemnation by the United Nations Security Council for the attack.[37]

By March 23rd, over 98 Lebanese were killed and 2 CBS crew members, and 40 homes were destroyed and an unknown amount of casualties.[34] The Iron Fist Policy also happened in the West Bank, which only deported 36 Palestinians.[38] The policy was placed on Palestine after 8 Israeli Citizens were killed in the West Bank. After April 16th, 1986, the policy was disbanded completely.[39][40]

South Lebanon Security Zone change

 
Lebanese Army M113 with posters c. 1982

United Nations Interm Force in Lebanon change

After the Israelis invaded Lebanon in 1978 in Southern Lebanon to kick the Palestinian Liberation Organization out, the United Nations launched a mission in an attempt to stabilize Lebanon.[41] The UNFIL has over 11,000 men, 10,180 are military while the rest are civilian staff.[42] But during the Lebanon war, only 1,000 UNFIL peacekeepers were in Lebanon, after 2 Ghanaian peacekeepers were killed.[43] The UN at first was usually ignored by the Israeli Defense Forces and the South Lebanon Army after the 1982 Lebanon War.

After 1985, the United Nations mainly patrolled and had checkpoints around South Lebanon. After the French lowered their men in the UNFIL for the Multinational Force, there was a proposal to make the United Nations Mission in Lebanon to an Observer Force.[44] The United Nations didn't see much action other than small clashes and had around 324 casualties.[45][46][47][48] The Irish suffered the most casualties, with 48.[49][50][51]

Multinational Force change

 
Italian Soldiers in Beirut

The Multinational Force was a coalition of American, French, British, and Italian forces, the force consisted of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit, the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit, the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, the 32nd Marine Expeditionary Unit, 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, the 11th Airborne Division, the 9th Marine Infantry Division, the 31st Infantry Brigade, the 9th Marine Infantry Division, and the Paratroopers Brigade Folgore, alongside naval and air units.[52] [53]

Their main goal was to ensure that the Palestinian Liberation Organization, Israeli Defense Forces and the Syrian Arab Army had withdrawn, while helping the Lebanese government in the war.[54][55] French and American marines were the first to land at Beirut in August 21, 1982.[56] There were a few incidents when Israeli or Syrian forces attacked MNF forces, on December 4th, 1983, Syrian Air Defense Forces shot down a U.S A-6 Intruder and A-7 Corsair.[57] Over time, the forces started to withdraw, Italian Forces withdrew in February 20th, 1984, then the Americans withdrew all but one battalion on February 26th, 1984, and then the French withdrew in March 31st, 1984. The 3rd Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment stayed in Beirut to provide security in the Embassy.[58]

Hezbollah & Barracks Bombing change

17 May Agreement change

The 17th May Agreement was a treaty between Israel and Syria that was done by the United States. The main goal of it was to make sure all forces withdraw from Lebanon and also called for a cease fire.

War of the Camps change

The War of the Camps was a series of battles between Harakat AMAL and Palestinian Militias, the Palestinians were supported by Hezbollah.[59] Most of the fighting occurred in Palestinian refugee camps, which were protected by the Palestinian Liberation Organization. During the mid to late 1980s, the Lebanese Army mainly supported AMAL, mainly the 8th Maronite Brigade. In the south, heavy clashes between the Palestinians and AMAL, the Israeli Defense Forces launched airstrikes against Palestinian military positions.[60]

Hezbollah-AMAL Conflict change

Taif Agreement change

War of Liberation change

Amnesty & End of War change

After the War change

Occupation of Lebanon change

2006 Lebanon War change

Casualties change

Related Pages change

References change

  1. ↑ Masters, Bruce (2013). The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03363-4.
  2. ↑ Mujahidin, Mujahidin (9 March 2017). "KONSEP IQTHA' PEMBERIAN TANAH KEPADA MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMIKIRAN EKONOMI AL-MAWARDI (STUDI KITAB AL-AHKAM ALSULTANIYYAH)". Al-Amwal : Journal of Islamic Economic Law (in in). pp. 1–17. doi:10.24256/alw.v2i1.535. Retrieved 14 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ↑ Kisirwani, Maroun (1980). Foreign Interference and Religious Animosity in Lebanon. pp. 685–700.
  4. ↑ Khairallah, Shereen (1996). The Sisters of Men: Lebanese Women in History. Institute for Women Studies in the Arab World, Lebanese American University. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  5. ↑ Gavrilis, Karen Barkey, George (2017). "The Ottoman Millet System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy". Non-territorial Autonomy in Divided Societies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-66714-0. Retrieved 14 August 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Tanielian, Melanie S. (2017). The Charity of War: Famine, Humanitarian Aid, and World War I in the Middle East. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0240-3.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ajay, Nicholas Z. (1974). Political Intrigue and Suppression in Lebanon During World War I. pp. 140–160. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  8. ↑ Spagnolo, J. P. (1971). Constitutional change in Mount Lebanon: 1861–1864. pp. 25–48. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  9. ↑ Ismael, Yaqou D'Malik. Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945.
  10. ↑ Harvey Henry Smith, Thomas. Lebanon: a country study. pp. 18–22. ISBN 978-0-16-001731-5. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  11. ↑ Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (2015). Border Disputes: A Global Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: A Global Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-024-9. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  12. ↑ R. Buheiry, Marwan (1992). Intellectual Life in the Arab East, 1890 to 1930. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-6086-6. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  13. ↑ Zamir, Meir (1988). The formation of modern Lebanon. Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9523-6.
  14. ↑ Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin P. (2009). A history of the modern Middle East. Boulder, CO : Westview Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-8133-4374-7.
  15. ↑ Sarkees, Meredith Reid; Wayman, Frank (2010). Resort to War: 1816 - 2007. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-87289-434-1. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  16. ↑ Salibi, Kamal (1988). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07196-4. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  17. ↑ Hadden, Briton; Luce, Henry Robinson (1945). Time. Time Incorporated. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Traboulsi, Fawwaz (2012). A History of Modern Lebanon. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-3274-1. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  19. ↑ Brown, Russell. Desert warriors: Australian P-40 pilots at war in the Middle East and North Africa ; 1941 - 1943 (1st ed.). Maryborough, Qld: Banner Books. ISBN 1-875593-22-5.
  20. ↑ O'Ballance, E. (1998). Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-333-72975-5. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  21. ↑ Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men: The Social Origins of War in Lebanon. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-86064-715-4. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  22. ↑ 111101 - Facts - Chronology - Lebanese war - 1976. Retrieved March 27 2008. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  23. ↑ Harris, William W. (1997). Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions. Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55876-115-5. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  24. ↑ Robert Scott, Mason. Lebanon : a country study. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  25. ↑ Katz, Samuel. Israeli Elite Units since 1948.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Katz, Sam; Russell, Lee E. (2012). Armies in Lebanon 1982–84. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-427-1. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  27. ↑ Hammel, Eric M. The root: the Marines in Beirut, August 1982 - February 1984 (1. ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 329. ISBN 978-0151790067.
  28. ↑ Hammel, Eric M. The root: the Marines in Beirut, August 1982 - February 1984 (1. ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 334. ISBN 978-0151790067.
  29. ↑ Khoury, Hala. Israel leaves front lines in south Lebanon - UPI Archives. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Fisher, Dan (1985). Israeli 'Iron Fist' Policy in Lebanon Intensified. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  31. ↑ Fisher, Dan (23 March 1985). "Peres Defends Israeli Troops in CBS Deaths". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  32. ↑ Kifner, John; Times, Special To the New York (3 March 1985). "Israel Force Raids Lebanese Village". The New York Times. New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  33. ↑ Fisk, Robert (1990). "Pity the nation the abduction of Lebanon". New York : Atheneum : Maxwell Macmillan International. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Broder, Johnathon (24 March 1985). "Guerrillas Defy Israel`s Iron Fist". Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  35. ↑ Boustany, Nora (5 March 1985). "Blast Kills 12 In South Lebanon". Washington Post. Washington Post. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  36. ↑ Petran, Tabitha. The struggle over Lebanon. New York: Monthly Review Press. pp. 372–374. ISBN 0853456518. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  37. ↑ Co, Press Pub (1923). "The World almanac and book of facts". New York : Press Pub. Co. (The New York World). Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  38. ↑ Shakrah, Jan Abu (1986). The "Iron Fist", October 1985 to January 1986. pp. 120–126. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  39. ↑ Broder, Johnathan (29 July 1985). "Israel Reaims "Iron Fist"". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  40. ↑ Sosebee, Stephen J. "The Passing of Yitzhak Rabin, Whose "Iron Fist" Fueled the Intifada". United States Government. No. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  41. ↑ "United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs" (PDF). legal.un.org. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
  42. ↑ "UNIFIL mandate renewed, peacekeepers to help Lebanese Army". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  43. ↑ "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon". Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  44. ↑ The Oxford handbook of United Nations peacekeeping operations (First published in paperback ed.). Oxford New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-880924-1.
  45. ↑ "FAQs". UNIFIL. 14 March 2016.
  46. ↑ Utlandsstyrkan i fredens tjänst: försvarsmaktens internationella insatser. Malmö: Bokförl. Arena. ISBN 91-7843-225-1.
  47. ↑ Hirst, David. Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8.
  48. ↑ "Two Fijian Men in Unifil Killed by PLO Terrorists". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  49. ↑ "Michael McAleavy released after 27 years". 18 March 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  50. ↑ "Irish Soldier Killed in Lebanon". 22 August 1986. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  51. ↑ "Israel and Unifil in Conflict over Soldiers Killed by Sla". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  52. ↑ Frank, Benis (2013). U. S. Marines in Lebannon, 1982 - 1984. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-4823-9190-9.
  53. ↑ "Milestones: 1981–1988 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  54. ↑ "The Department of State bulletin. v.82 1982 July-Dec". HathiTrust. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  55. ↑ "Deputy Press Secretary Speakes on the Situation in Lebanon (September 1982)". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 22 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  56. ↑ Cimbala, Stephen J.; Forster, Peter Kent (2010). Multinational Military Intervention: NATO Policy, Strategy and Burden Sharing. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-0228-2. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  57. ↑ Trainor, Bernard E.; Times, Special To the New York (6 August 1989). "'83 Strike on Lebanon: Hard Lessons for U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  58. ↑ Evans, Alexandra T. (2019). When Do Leaders Change Course? Theories of Success and the American Withdrawal from Beirut, 1983–1984. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  59. ↑ "The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990". Quagmire in Civil War. Cambridge University Press. 2020. pp. 54–91. ISBN 978-1-108-48676-7.
  60. ↑ "No. 289, Winter 2018 of Middle East Report on JSTOR". www.jstor.org.
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