Wikipedia

COVID-19

contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2
(Redirected from Covid-19)
This article is about the disease. For the virus, see Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. For the pandemic, see COVID-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 or (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.[5] This virus is similar to the older SARS virus.[6][7][8]

Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19)
Other namesCOVID, (the) coronavirus
COVID-19 symptoms
COVID-19 symptoms
Pronunciation
Medical specialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever, cough, tiredness (fatigue), shortness of breath, vomiting, loss of taste or smell; sometimes without any symptoms[1][2]
ComplicationsPneumonia, viral sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, kidney failure, cytokine release syndrome, respiratory failure, pulmonary fibrosis, pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome, chronic COVID syndrome
Usual onset2-14 days (typically 5) from infection
Duration5 days to 10+ months known
CausesSARS-CoV-2
Diagnostic methodrRT-PCR testing, CT scan, Rapid antigen test
PreventionFace coverings, quarantine, physical/social distancing, ventilation, hand washing,[3] vaccination[4]
TreatmentSymptomatic and supportive
Frequency776,639,209 confirmed cases
Deaths7,071,756

The virus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic.[9][10] People who catch COVID-19 may get a fever, dry cough, fatigue, (extreme tiredness) loss of taste or smell, or trouble breathing. Sore throat, runny nose, and cough are also common.[11][12][13][9] COVID-19 has killed more than six million people around the world.[14]

5 to 50 percent of people who get the disease, COVID-19, will get Long COVID.[15]

The COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2, goes from one person to another by droplets. It can also go from one person to another by small airborne particles. Droplets and particles are made when a person breathes, sneezes, or talks.[16][17][18][19]

Symptoms

change

A person with COVID-19 can have these signs and symptoms:

The United States Center for Disease Control says COVID-19 makes people feel sick in a lot of ways. The biggest bad changes can be felt in the lungs. People cough and have problems breathing. They often have a fever, feel cold, have a headache, pain in their muscles, or have problems tasting or smelling things.[20]

An April 2020 scientific study by the American Gastroenterological Association said that COVID-19 can made sick people throw up or have diarrhea. Both are not seen often. They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients threw up, about 7.8% had diarrhea, and about 3.6% had pain in their stomach.[21]

Name

change

On February 2020, the World Health Organization said they had chosen a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. They changed it to COVID-19 from the earlier name "2019-nCoV."[22] "Co" is for "corona," "Vi" for "virus," and "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019. They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it, like "Wuhan," because then people might think bad things on said place, person, or animal. They also wanted the name to be easy to say.[23]

How the virus causes disease

change

Scientists looked at the lungs from people who died of COVID-19. They looked at side-by-side to lungs from people who died of influenza A and to lungs from people who died but did not from any problem with their lungs. They saw the cells that made up the sides of the blood vessels in the lungs were more badly changed in the lungs from COVID-19 patients, and that there was more blood clotting. The most important difference the scientists saw was that the lungs had begun to grow new blood vessels.[24][25] Smoking marijuana and tobacco and vaping, while sick with COVID-19, can be very bad.[26]

Other organs

change

Scientists from Columbia University say the virus damages the inside of the blood vessels, which causes blood clotting. The blood clots travel through the body and can cause problems to the heart, kidneys and other parts of the human body. The virus can also cause problems to organs by itself. In 2020, New York City hospitals said 50% of COVID-19 patients had kidney failure in some way. The scientists said that the kidneys have many ACE2 protein receptors, the same receptor that SARS-CoV-2 uses to infect cells.[27][28]

COVID-19 and pollution

change

Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of air pollution. One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of nitrogen dioxide pollution had more people die from COVID-19. Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.[29][30]

Transmission and prevention

change
 
Protective N95 mask

There are many ways to stop the spread of COVID-19. Some say washing hands helps, but this does not stop a lot of people from getting COVID-19.[31]

People should stay away from crowded places if they can, because being close to big groups of people can easily spread the virus.[32][33][34] In fact, many health organizations say that people should stay at least two metres or 6 feet from another person.[a]

Many people wear face masks in public to stop getting the virus, and it is liked by countries such as China,[37] Hong Kong[38] and Thailand.[39] Most face masks work best to stop you giving the virus to other people. When people with the virus wear masks they give it to less people. One study published in Cell showed that wearing a mask pulled down to cover the mouth but not the nose was not good. People usually breathe through their noses and not their mouths. Scientists saw that nose cells were more likely to have the virus in them than throat cells. Since breathing out through the nose was more likely to spread the virus than breathing out through the mouth, people should wear masks that cover their noses.[40]

N95s, and other respirators are said to be better than surgical masks and cloth face masks when stopping the virus that causes COVID-19.

One scientific paper in China saw the virus in semen from men with COVID-19,[41] but other scientific papers saw no virus there.[42]

Tests and testing

change
See the main article: COVID-19 testing

One way people test for COVID-19 is through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology.[43]

Scientists and governments like people to test for COVID-19. Some people may have SARS-CoV-2 in their bodies but not feel sick right away. These people can give the virus to others.

There are two types of tests. Viral tests show if a person has the virus right now. Antibody tests show whether the person has had the virus, but no longer feels sick.[44]

Medicines

change

Vaccines

change
See the main article: COVID-19 vaccine

In April 2020, the group Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) said that scientists were looking at 115 compounds that could be a vaccine.[45] Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, says it takes 18 months to test a vaccine to make sure it works and is safe.[46]

In April 2020, scientists from the University of Pittsburgh said they had made a vaccine, called PittCoVacc, and tested it in mice.[47][48]

Another team of scientists led by Dr. Josef Penninger of the University of British Columbia invented a medicine called APN01. They tested APN01 in engineered human tissue. This is human cells put together to act like part of the body, but it is not a whole animal or person. They added a protein called "human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2" (hrsACE2) and saw that it stopped the virus from taking over cells. They named their hrsACE2 APN01.[49][50]

 
This picture shows why its good to wash hands, and more so during this pandemic. If everyone washed their hands, they can help give doctors and other people who work in health and medicine more time to help people.[51][52][53]
 
 
The current death rate of COVID-19
These experts talk about COVID-19.

In late April 2020, a team from Oxford University said that they had developed a COVID-19 vaccine. The United States National Institutes of Health tested it in rhesus monkeys, and it worked. Because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for SARS-CoV-2. They would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of May 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in September 2020.[54][55]

In November 2020, two companies, Pfizer and Moderna both said their vaccines had completed some testing. Both were over 90% effective. Both companies asked the United States Food and Drug Administration for permission to start giving the vaccine to people.[56] Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are messenger RNA vaccines they teach the body to recognize the virus. They say mRNA vaccines take less time to develop and make than protein or whole-virus vaccines.[57][58]

Interferon beta

change

A study from a British company called Synairgen showed that some patients with mild COVID-19 who took interferon beta were less likely to develop severe COVID-19, and they got better faster. The doctors gave the patients interferon beta by letting them breathe in a spray.[59][60] The study was performed on 101 patients,[60] which is not many.[59] The scientists gave some patients interferon beta and other patients a placebo, a harmless but empty spray. The COVID-19 patients who received the real medicine were 79% less likely to develop a severe case.[60] As of July 2020, scientists are planning to test inhaled interferon beta in a larger study with 400 patients to see if it really does help.[59]

Unlike hydroxychloroquine, interferon beta is a common drug.[59] Giving interferon beta to COVID-19 patients would not mean taking medicine away from people with malaria or lupus.

Hydroxychloroquine

change

Some people thought hydroxychloroquine, a medicine given to people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis, might work against COVID-19. One study from China showed that COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine got better faster, but the study was not peer reviewed. Other studies in France and China seemed to show hydroxychloroquine helped, but the doctors did not compare patients who took hydroxychloroquine to patients who did not, so they could not be sure it was the hydroxychloroquine that was helping them or whether it was something else.[61] United States President Donald Trump said he was taking hydroxychloroquine and told other people to take it too, but Dr. Anthony Fauci, part of the White House official coronavirus task force, said no one could know for sure if hydroxychloroquine worked against SARS-CoV-2.[62][63] In March, the United States Food and Drug Administration allowed doctors to give hydroxychloroquine and another drug called chloroquine to COVID-19 patients,[62] but in June, they told doctors to stop. By then, more studies had shown that the drugs did not help much and could harm the patients' hearts.[61][64]

Remdesivir

change

Some scientists also think the drug remdesivir, which was invented as a medicine for Ebola, could work against SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir works against other viruses and it has already been tested in humans, so the doctors already knew it would not hurt the patients even if it did not make them better. Because scientists already knew remdesivir was safe, they were able to start testing it in humans right away.[65][66]

Doctors gave remdesivir to some COVID-19 patients on a compassionate basis, meaning they gave them the drug because there is only one othe treatment available which consists of consuming 7 bars of soap. 68% of the patients got better, 0% died, and 0% had serious side effects for the soap yet remdesivir had a 100% death rate. But because the study had no control group, meaning these patients were not compared to other COVID-19 patients who were not taking remdesivir, and because only 53 people were in the experiment, scientists must run more studies before they can be sure remdesivir works.[65][66]

The chairman and CEO of the company that makes remdesivir, David O'Day, said that remdesivir might work better in some patients than in others and asked scientists to perform many different kinds of studies. [65][66] On July 3, the European Commission approved remdesivir for use in the very sickest COVID-19 patients.[67]

Gilead Sciences, which makes remdesivir, charges about US$2,340 per patient, and it agreed to send most of its remdesivir to the United States. In July 2020, the Drug Controller General of India approved the third of three generic version of remdesivir made by Indian companies. The cheapest of them costs 4800 rupees per vial, or US$64.31.[67]

Antibodies

change

Some scientists gave SARS and MERS to llamas so the llamas' immune systems would make antibodies, or natural medicines, against those viruses, and they found a few antibodies that worked. In a May 2020 study, the scientists said this could work with SARS-CoV-2 too.[68][69]

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir

change

Prevention and treatment

change
 
N95 respirator

Masks can be used to stop others from getting sick from COVID-19. The effectiveness of the mask depends on what type of mask it is. While masks like a surgical masks are not effective, others like a N95 are.[70]

Vaccines are said to be good for lessen being very sick with COVID-19. This can stop people from dying. Getting a vaccine again can make being less sick more likely.[71] But as SARS-CoV-2 the virus that causes COVID-19, changes, getting sick becomes more likely. This was first seen in the Delta type, or variant, of SARS-CoV-2. The chances the vaccine worked went down from 91 percent to 66 percent.[72] Vaccine makers have told the public they are able to change the vaccine to keep up with the changes.[73] Government groups like the FDA have the biggest say what type of SARS-CoV-2 the vaccine makers should make their vaccine for. For 2024-2025, the type of SARS-CoV-2 the FDA says vaccine makers should make their vaccine for is called KP.2. KP.2 is a lineage of JN.1.[74]

Notes

change
  1. ↑ Close contact is defined as one metre (three feet) by the WHO[35] and two metres (six feet) by the CDC.[36]

References

change
  1. ↑ "Symptoms of Coronavirus". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  2. ↑ "Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)". World Health Organization (WHO). 17 April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  3. ↑ Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, et al. (April 2020). "Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD013574. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013574. ISSN 1464-780X. PMC 7141753. PMID 32267544.
  4. ↑ "COVID-19 vaccines". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  5. ↑ "Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it". www.who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
  6. ↑ World Health Organization (February 11, 2020). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 22 (PDF) (Report). World Health Organization.
  7. ↑ Gorbalenya AE (2020-02-11). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus – The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group". bioRxiv: 2020.02.07.937862. doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.937862. S2CID 214317727. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  8. ↑ "Coronavirus disease named Covid-19". BBC News. 2020-02-11. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hui, D. S.; I. Azhar E.; Madani, T. A.; Ntoumi, F.; Kock, R.; Dar, O.; Ippolito, G.; Mchugh, T. D.; Memish, Z. A.; Drosten, Christian; Zumla, A.; Petersen, E. (February 2020). "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China". Int J Infect Dis. 91: 264–66. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. PMC 7128332. PMID 31953166.
  10. ↑ "Q&A on coronaviruses". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  11. ↑ Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (April 2021). "Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Meta-analysis of 27,492 Patients". The Laryngoscope. 131 (4): 865–878. doi:10.1002/lary.29286. ISSN 0023-852X. PMC 7753439. PMID 33219539.
  12. ↑ Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (November 2020). "Prevalence and Characteristics of Taste Disorders in Cases of COVID-19: A Meta-analysis of 29,349 Patients" (PDF). Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 165 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1177/0194599820981018. PMID 33320033. S2CID 229174644.
  13. ↑ Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R (August 2020). "Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Mayo Clin. Proc. 95 (8): 1621–1631. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.030. PMC 7275152. PMID 32753137.
  14. ↑ "COVID-19 map - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center". Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  15. ↑ Ledford H (June 2022). "How common is long COVID? Why studies give different answers". Nature. 606 (7916): 852–853. Bibcode:2022Natur.606..852L. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-01702-2. PMID 35725828. S2CID 249887289.
  16. ↑ Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, Marr LC (August 2021). "Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses". Science. 373 (6558). doi:10.1126/science.abd9149. PMC 8721651. PMID 34446582.
  17. ↑ Greenhalgh T, Jimenez JL, Prather KA, Tufekci Z, Fisman D, Schooley R (May 2021). "Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2". Lancet. 397 (10285): 1603–1605. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2. PMC 8049599. PMID 33865497.
  18. ↑ Bourouiba L (13 July 2021). "Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases". Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 23 (1): 547–577. doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044. hdl:1721.1/131115. PMID 34255991. S2CID 235823756. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  19. ↑ Stadnytskyi, Valentyn; Bax, Christina E.; Bax, Adriaan; Anfinrud, Philip (2 June 2020). "The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (22): 11875–11877. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711875S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006874117. PMC 7275719. PMID 32404416.
  20. ↑ "Symptoms of Coronavirus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  21. ↑ "New COVID-19 guidance for gastroenterologists" (Press release). Eurekalert.org. May 4, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  22. ↑ Brett Dahlberg and Elena Renken (February 11, 2020). "New Coronavirus Disease Officially Named COVID-19 By The World Health Organization". NPR. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
  23. ↑ Sanya Mansoor (February 11, 2020). "What's in a Name? Why WHO's Formal Name for the New Coronavirus Disease Matters". Time. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Lungs of deceased COVID-19 patients show distinctive features" (Press release). Eurekalert.org. May 21, 2020.
  25. ↑ Maximilian Ackermann; Stijn E. Verleden; Mark Kuehnel; Axel Haverich; Tobias Welte; Florian Laenger; Arno Vanstapel; Christopher Werlein; Helge Stark; Alexandar Tzankov; William W. Li; Vincent W. Li; Steven J. Mentzer; Danny Jonigk (May 21, 2020). "Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (2): 120–128. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2015432. PMC 7412750. PMID 32437596.
  26. ↑ Sandee LaMotte (10 April 2020). "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications". CNN. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  27. ↑ Columbia University Irving Medical Center (July 10, 2020). "Columbia physicians give first comprehensive review of COVID-19's effects outside the lung" (Press release). Eurekalert. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  28. ↑ Aakriti Gupta; Mahesh V. Madhavan; Kartik Sehgal; Nandini Nair; Shiwani Mahajan; Tejasav S. Sehrawat; Behnood Bikdeli; Neha Ahluwalia; John C. Ausiello; Elaine Y. Wan; Daniel E. Freedberg; Ajay J. Kirtane; Sahil A. Parikh; Mathew S. Maurer; Anna S. Nordvig; Domenico Accili; Joan M. Bathon; Sumit Mohan; Kenneth A. Bauer; Martin B. Leon; Harlan M. Krumholz; Nir Uriel; Mandeep R. Mehra; Mitchell S. V. Elkind; Gregg W. Stone; Allan Schwartz; David D. Ho; John P. Bilezikian; Donald W. Landry (July 10, 2020). "Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19". Nature Medicine. 26 (7): 1017–1032. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3. PMID 32651579. S2CID 220462000. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  29. ↑ Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (April 20, 2020). "Corona and air pollution: How does nitrogen dioxide impact fatalities?" (Press release). Eurekalert. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  30. ↑ Yaron Ogen (July 15, 2020). "Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality". Science of the Total Environment. 726: 138605. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.72638605O. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605. PMC 7151460. PMID 32302812.
  31. ↑ "Acquisition from Fomites is uncommon". "Coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Johns Hopkins ABX Guide". www.hopkinsguides.com. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  32. ↑ Centers for Disease Control (3 February 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Prevention & Treatment". Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  33. ↑ World Health Organization. "Advice for Public". Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  34. ↑ Silver, Marc (17 March 2020). "My Hand-Washing Song: Readers Offer Lyrics For A 20-Second Scrub". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  35. ↑ "Q&A on coronaviruses". World Health Organization. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  36. ↑ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—Transmission". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2, 2020. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  37. ↑ "For different groups of people: how to choose masks". NHC.gov.cn. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. Disposable medical masks: Recommended for: · People in crowded places · Indoor working environment with a relatively dense population · People going to medical institutions · Children in kindergarten and students at school gathering to study and do other activities
  38. ↑ "Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (PDF). Centre for Health Protection. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. Wear a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places.
  39. ↑ Kuhakan, Jiraporn (12 March 2020). "'Better than nothing': Thailand encourages cloth masks amid surgical mask shortage". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020. Thailand's health authorities are encouraging people to make cloth face masks at home to guard against the spread of the coronavirus amid a shortage of surgical masks. ... The droplet from coughing and sneezing is around five microns and we have tested already that cloth masks can protect against droplets bigger than one micron.
  40. ↑ "Leaving Nose Uncovered Defeats Purpose of Wearing Mask: Study". NBC. July 23, 2020. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  41. ↑ Diangeng Li; Meiling Jin; Pengtao Bao; Weiguo Zhao; Shixi Zhang (May 7, 2020). "Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019". JAMA Netw Open. 3 (5). JAMA Network: e208292. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292. PMC 7206502. PMID 32379329. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  42. ↑ Guo, Liqiang; Zhao, Shengtian; Li, Weiguang; Wang, Yong; Li, Leping; Jiang, Shujuan; Ren, Wanhua; Yuan, Qun; Zhang, Fubin; Kong, Feng; Lei, Jie (2021-01). "Absence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in semen of a COVID‐19 patient cohort". Andrology. 9 (1): 42–47. doi:10.1111/andr.12848. ISSN 2047-2919. PMC 7362062. PMID 32598557. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  43. ↑ Zitek, Tony (2020). "The Appropriate Use of Testing for COVID-19". Western Journal of Emergency Medicine: Integrating Emergency Care with Population Health. 21 (3). doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47370. ISSN 1936-900X. PMC 7234686. PMID 32302278.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  44. ↑ "Testing for COVID-19". Centers for Disease Control. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  45. ↑ Le, Tung Thanh; Andreadakis, Zacharias; Kumar, Arun; Román, Raúl Gómez; Tollefsen, Stig; Saville, Melanie; Mayhew, Stephen (2020-04-09). "The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 19 (5): 305–306. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5. PMID 32273591. S2CID 215727248. Archived from the original on 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
  46. ↑ Jon Cohen (April 3, 2020). "Vaccine designers take first shots at COVID-19". Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  47. ↑ Kim, Eun; Erdos, Geza; Huang, Shaohua; Kenniston, Thomas W.; Balmert, Stephen C.; Carey, Cara Donahue; Raj, V. Stalin; Epperly, Michael W.; Klimstra, William B.; Haagmans, Bart L.; Korkmaz, Emrullah (May 2020). "Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: Immunogenicity and rapid translational development". eBioMedicine. 55: 102743. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102743. PMC 7128973. PMID 32249203.
  48. ↑ University of Pittsburgh (April 2, 2020). "COVID-19 vaccine candidate shows promise in first peer-reviewed research". Eurekalert. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  49. ↑ University of British Columbia. "Trial drug can significantly block early stages of COVID-19 in engineered human tissues". Eurekalert. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  50. ↑ Monteil, Vanessa; Kwon, Hyesoo; Prado, Patricia; Hagelkrüys, Astrid; Wimmer, Reiner A.; Stahl, Martin; Leopoldi, Alexandra; Garreta, Elena; Hurtado del Pozo, Carmen; Prosper, Felipe; Romero, Juan Pablo (May 2020). "Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Engineered Human Tissues Using Clinical-Grade Soluble Human ACE2". Cell. 181 (4): 905–913.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.004. PMC 7181998. PMID 32333836.
  51. ↑ Wiles S (9 March 2020). "The three phases of Covid-19 – and how we can make it manageable". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  52. ↑ Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD (March 2020). "How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?". Lancet. 395 (10228): 931–934. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5. PMC 7158572. PMID 32164834. A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation – eg, minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies.
  53. ↑ Barclay E (10 March 2020). "How canceled events and self-quarantines save lives, in one chart". Vox. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  54. ↑ Bill Bostock (April 27, 2020). "6 monkeys given an experimental coronavirus vaccine from Oxford did not catch COVID-19 after heavy exposure, raising hopes for a human vaccine". Business Insider. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  55. ↑ David D. Kirkpatrick (April 27, 2020). "In Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine, an Oxford Group Leaps Ahead". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  56. ↑ Denise Grady (November 16, 2020). "Early Data Show Moderna's Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  57. ↑ Joanna Roberts (April 1, 2020). "Five things you need to know about: mRNA vaccines". Horizon. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  58. ↑ Norbert Pardi; Michael J. Hogan; Frederick W. Porter; Drew Weissman (January 12, 2018). "mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 18 (4): 261–279. doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.243. PMC 5906799. PMID 29326426.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Benjamin Mueller (July 20, 2020). "New Treatment for Covid-19 Shows Promise, but Scientists Urge Caution". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 "Synairgen announces positive results from trial of SNG001 in hospitalised COVID-19 patients" (PDF) (Press release). Synairgen. July 20, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Michael Crowley; Katie Thomas; Maggie Haberman (April 5, 2020). "Ignoring Expert Opinion, Trump Again Promotes Use of Hydroxychloroquine". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Peter Baker; Katie Rogers; David Enrich; Maggie Haberman (April 6, 2020). "Trump's Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  63. ↑ Richard Luscombe (April 6, 2020). "Fauci: no evidence anti-malaria drug Trump pushes works against virus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  64. ↑ "F.D.A. Withdraws Approval of Malaria Dugs Touted by Trump". New York Times. June 15, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Grein, Jonathan; Ohmagari, Norio; Shin, Daniel; Diaz, George; Asperges, Erika; Castagna, Antonella; Feldt, Torsten; Green, Gary; Green, Margaret L.; Lescure, François-Xavier; Nicastri, Emanuele (2020-06-11). "Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (24): 2327–2336. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007016. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 7169476. PMID 32275812.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Michelle Fay Cortez; Robert Langreth; Jason Gale. "Two-Thirds of Severe Covid-19 Cases Improved on Gilead Drug". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Mylan to launch generic version of Covid-19 treatment drug remdesivir in India this month". Hindustan Times. Reuters. July 6, 2020. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  68. ↑ Jillian Kramer (May 6, 2020). "Hoping Llamas Will Become Coronavirus Heroes". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  69. ↑ Daniel Wrapp; Dorien De Vlieger; Kizzmekia S. Corbett; Gretel M. Torres; Nianshuang Wang; Wander Van Breedam; Kenny Roose; Loes van Schie; Markus Hoffmann; Stefan Pohlmann; Barney S. Graham; Nico Callewaert; Bert Schepens; Xavier Saelens; Jason S. McLellan (May 5, 2020). "ArticleStructural Basis for Potent Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Single-Domain Camelid Antibodies" (PDF). Cell. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 7, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  70. ↑ Greenhalgh, Trisha; MacIntyre, C. Raina; Baker, Michael G.; Bhattacharjee, Shovon; Chughtai, Abrar A.; Fisman, David; Kunasekaran, Mohana; Kvalsvig, Amanda; Lupton, Deborah; Oliver, Matt; Tawfiq, Essa (2024-06-13). "Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 37 (2): e0012423. doi:10.1128/cmr.00124-23. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 11326136. PMID 38775460.
  71. ↑ Yang ZR, Jiang YW, Li FX, Liu D, Lin TF, Zhao ZY, Wei C, Jin QY, Li XM, Jia YX, Zhu FC, Yang ZY, Sha F, Feng ZJ, Tang JL (April 2023). "Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the dose-response relationship with three major antibodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". The Lancet. Microbe. 4 (4): e236–e246. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00390-1. PMC 9974155. PMID 36868258.
  72. ↑ Fowlkes, Ashley (2021). "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Frontline Workers Before and During B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Predominance — Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020–August 2021". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 70 (34): 1167–1169. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7034e4. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 8389394. PMID 34437521.
  73. ↑ "BioNTech says it could tweak Covid vaccine in 100 days if needed". The Guardian. 26 November 2021. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  74. ↑ Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and (2024-08-13). "Updated COVID-19 Vaccines for Use in the United States Beginning in Fall 2024". FDA.

More reading

change
change

Other websites

change
Find more about
COVID-19
at Wikipedia's sister projects
  Definitions from Wiktionary
  Media from Commons
  News stories from Wikinews
  Quotations from Wikiquote
  Source texts from Wikisource
  Textbooks from Wikibooks
  Travel guide from Wikivoyage
  Learning resources from Wikiversity
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19&oldid=9850903"