Oldest people

longevity record

This is a list of tables of the verified (validated) oldest people in the world in ordinal rank, such as oldest person or oldest man. In these tables, a supercentenarian is considered 'verified' if his or her claim has been validated by an international body that specifically deals in longevity research, such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records (GWR).[1]

  • Since the death of 117-year-old Maria Branyas Morera of Spain on 19 August 2024, Tomiko Itooka (born 23 May 1908) of Japan is the oldest living person whose age is validated.
  • Since the death of 112-year-old Shi Ping of China on 29 June 2024, John Tinniswood (born 26 August 1912) of the United Kingdom is the oldest living man whose age is validated.

Oldest living people

25
Rank Name Sex Birth date Age as of
25 November 2024
Country of
residence
01 Tomiko Itooka[1]
F
23 May 1908 116 years, 186 days   Japan
02 Inah Canabarro Lucas[1]
F
8 June 1908 116 years, 170 days   Brazil
03 Ethel Caterham[1]
F
21 August 1909 115 years, 96 days   United Kingdom
04 Okagi Hayashi[1]
F
2 September 1909 115 years, 84 days   Japan
05 Marie-Rose Tessier[1]
F
21 May 1910 114 years, 188 days   France
06 Mine Kondō[1]
F
1 September 1910 114 years, 85 days   Japan
07 Naomi Whitehead[1]
F
26 September 1910 114 years, 60 days   United States
08 Claudia Baccarini[1]
F
13 October 1910 114 years, 43 days   Italy
Izabel Rosa Pereira[1]
F
13 October 1910 114 years, 43 days   Brazil
010 Lucia Laura Sangenito[1]
F
22 November 1910 114 years, 3 days   Italy

Oldest living men

25
Rank Name Birth date Age as of
25 November 2024
Country of
residence
01 John Tinniswood[1] 26 August 1912 112 years, 91 days   United Kingdom
02 João Marinho Neto[1] 5 October 1912 112 years, 51 days   Brazil
03 Josino Levino Ferreira[1] 3 April 1913 111 years, 236 days   Brazil
04 Ilie Ciocan[1] 28 May 1913 111 years, 181 days   Romania
05 Ken Weeks[1] 5 October 1913 111 years, 51 days   Australia
06 Hilario Orozco Lemus[1] 3 November 1913 111 years, 22 days   Mexico
Julio Saldarriaga Hernandez[1] 3 November 1913 111 years, 22 days   Colombia
08 Zhou Renqing[1] 7 November 1913 111 years, 18 days   China
09 John Huang[1] 1 February 1914 110 years, 298 days   Netherlands
010 Luis Carrasco-Muñoz Pérez de la Isla[1] 13 February 1914 110 years, 286 days   Spain

100 oldest people ever

  Deceased (Validated)
  Living (Validated)
  Pending

25
Rank Name Sex Birth date Death date Age Country of death
or residence
1 Jeanne Calment
F
21 Feb 1875 4 Aug 1997 122 years, 164 days   France
2 Kane Tanaka
F
2 Jan 1903 19 Apr 2022 119 years, 107 days   Japan
3 Sarah Knauss
F
24 Sept 1880 30 Dec 1999 119 years, 97 days   United States
4 Lucile Randon
F
11 Feb 1904 17 Jan 2023 118 years, 340 days   France
5 Nabi Tajima
F
4 Aug 1900 21 Apr 2018 117 years, 260 days   Japan
6 Marie-Louise Meilleur
F
29 Aug 1880 16 Apr 1998 117 years, 230 days   Canada
7 Violet Brown
F
10 Mar 1900 15 Sept 2017 117 years, 189 days   Jamaica
8 María Branyas Morera
F
4 Mar 1907 19 Aug 2024 117 years, 168 days   Spain
9 Emma Morano
F
29 Nov 1899 15 Apr 2017 117 years, 137 days   Italy
10 Chiyo Miyako
F
2 May 1901 22 July 2018 117 years, 81 days   Japan
11 Delphia Welford
F
9 Sept 1875 14 Nov 1992 117 years, 66 days   United States
12 Misao Okawa
F
5 Mar 1898 1 Apr 2015 117 years, 27 days   Japan
13 Francisca Celsa dos Santos
F
21 Oct 1904 5 Oct 2021 116 years, 349 days   Brazil
14 María Capovilla
F
14 Sept 1889 27 Aug 2006 116 years, 347 days   Ecuador
15 Susannah Mushatt Jones
F
6 July 1899 12 May 2016 116 years, 311 days   United States
16 Gertrude Weaver
F
4 July 1898 6 Apr 2015 116 years, 276 days   United States
17 Júlia Maria Francisca Simão
F
9 Jan 1901 8 Oct 2017 116 years, 272 days   Brazil
18 Fusa Tatsumi
F
25 Apr 1907 12 Dec 2023 116 years, 231 days   Japan
19 Antonia da Santa Cruz
F
13 June 1905 23 Jan 2022 116 years, 224 days   Brazil
20 Tomiko Itooka
F
23 May 1908 Living 116 years, 186 days   Japan
21 Tane Ikai
F
18 Jan 1879 12 July 1995 116 years, 175 days   Japan
22 Inah Canabarro Lucas
F
8 June 1908 Living 116 years, 170 days   Brazil
23 Jeanne Bot
F
14 Jan 1905 22 May 2021 116 years, 128 days   France
24 Elizabeth Bolden
F
15 Aug 1890 11 Dec 2006 116 years, 118 days   United States
25 Besse Cooper
F
26 Aug 1896 4 Dec 2012 116 years, 100 days   United States
26 Maria Giuseppa Robucci
F
20 Mar 1903 18 June 2019 116 years, 90 days   Italy
27 Tekla Juniewicz
F
10 June 1906 19 Aug 2022 116 years, 70 days   Poland
28 Jiroemon Kimura
M
19 Apr 1897 12 June 2013 116 years, 54 days   Japan
29 Ana Vela Rubio
F
29 Oct 1901 15 Dec 2017 116 years, 47 days   Spain
30 Giuseppina Projetto
F
30 May 1902 6 July 2018 116 years, 37 days   Italy
31 Easter Wiggins
F
1 June 1874 7 July 1990 116 years, 36 days   United States
32 Jeralean Talley
F
23 May 1899 17 June 2015 116 years, 25 days   United States
33 Edie Ceccarelli
F
5 Feb 1908 22 Feb 2024 116 years, 17 days   United States
34 Ella Miller
F
6 Dec 1884 21 Nov 2000 115 years, 351 days   United States
35 Shigeyo Nakachi
F
1 Feb 1905 11 Jan 2021 115 years, 345 days   Japan
36 Maggie Barnes
F
6 Mar 1882 19 Jan 1998 115 years, 319 days   United States
37 Dina Manfredini
F
4 Apr 1897 17 Dec 2012 115 years, 257 days   United States
38 Shimoe Akiyama
F
19 May 1903 29 Jan 2019 115 years, 255 days   Japan
39 Christian Mortensen
M
16 Aug 1882 25 Apr 1998 115 years, 252 days   United States
40 Hester Ford
F
15 Aug 1905 17 Apr 2021 115 years, 245 days   United States
41 Charlotte Hughes
F
1 Aug 1877 17 Mar 1993 115 years, 228 days   United Kingdom
42 Edna Parker
F
20 Apr 1893 26 Nov 2008 115 years, 220 days   United States
43 Mary Ann Rhodes
F
12 Aug 1882 3 Mar 1998 115 years, 203 days   Canada
44 Harumi Nakamura
F
15 Mar 1900 27 Sept 2015 115 years, 196 days   Japan
45 Margaret Skeete
F
27 Oct 1878 7 May 1994 115 years, 192 days   United States
46 Magdalena Oliver Gabarró
F
31 Oct 1903 1 May 2019 115 years, 182 days   Spain
47 Bernice Madigan
F
24 July 1899 3 Jan 2015 115 years, 163 days   United States
48 Gertrude Baines
F
6 Apr 1894 11 Sept 2009 115 years, 158 days   United States
49 Emiliano Mercado del Toro
M
21 Aug 1891 24 Jan 2007 115 years, 156 days   Puerto Rico
50 Bettie Wilson
F
13 Sept 1890 13 Feb 2006 115 years, 153 days   United States
51 Shin Matsushita
F
30 Mar 1904 27 Aug 2019 115 years, 150 days   Japan
52 Iris Westman
F
28 Aug 1905 3 Jan 2021 115 years, 128 days   United States
53 Julie Winnefred Bertrand
F
16 Sept 1891 18 Jan 2007 115 years, 124 days   Canada
54 Maria de Jesus
F
10 Sept 1893 2 Jan 2009 115 years, 114 days   Portugal
55 Marie-Josephine Gaudette
F
25 Mar 1902 13 July 2017 115 years, 110 days   Italy
56 Susie Gibson
F
31 Oct 1890 16 Feb 2006 115 years, 108 days   United States
57 Thelma Sutcliffe
F
1 Oct 1906 17 Jan 2022 115 years, 108 days   United States
58 Edna Kern
F
14 Oct 1900 20 Jan 2016 115 years, 98 days   United States
59 Ethel Caterham
F
21 Aug 1909 Living 115 years, 96 days   United Kingdom
60 Elizabeth Francis
F
25 July 1909 22 Oct 2024 115 years, 89 days   United States
61 Okagi Hayashi
F
2 Sept 1909 Living 115 years, 84 days   Japan
62 Casilda Benegas
F
8 Apr 1907 28 June 2022 115 years, 81 days   Argentina
63 Augusta Holtz
F
3 Aug 1871 21 Oct 1986 115 years, 79 days   United States
64 Valentine Ligny
F
22 Oct 1906 4 Jan 2022 115 years, 74 days   France
65 Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper
F
29 June 1890 30 Aug 2005 115 years, 62 days   Netherlands
66 Bessie Hendricks
F
7 Nov 1907 3 Jan 2023 115 years, 57 days   United States
67 Mina Kitagawa
F
3 Nov 1905 19 Dec 2020 115 years, 46 days   Japan
68 Marie Brémont
F
25 Apr 1886 6 June 2001 115 years, 42 days   France
69 Yoshi Otsunari
F
17 Dec 1906 26 Jan 2022 115 years, 40 days   Japan
70 Maud Farris-Luse
F
21 Feb 1887 18 Mar 2002 115 years, 25 days   United States
71 Koto Ōkubo
F
24 Dec 1897 12 Jan 2013 115 years, 19 days   Japan
72 Antonia Gerena Rivera
F
19 May 1900 2 June 2015 115 years, 14 days   United States
73 Chiyono Hasegawa
F
20 Nov 1896 2 Dec 2011 115 years, 12 days   Japan
74 Annie Jennings
F
12 Nov 1884 20 Nov 1999 115 years, 8 days   United Kingdom
75 Anonymous
F
29 Apr 1907 30 Apr 2022 115 years, 1 day   Japan
76 Eva Morris
F
8 Nov 1885 2 Nov 2000 114 years, 360 days   United Kingdom
77 Diolinda Maria da Conceição
F
10 Mar 1906 4 Mar 2021 114 years, 359 days   Brazil
78 Kama Chinen
F
10 May 1895 2 May 2010 114 years, 357 days   Japan
79 Mary Bidwell
F
9 May 1881 25 Apr 1996 114 years, 352 days   United States
80 Sofía Rojas de Díaz
F
13 Aug 1907 30 July 2022 114 years, 351 days   Colombia
81 Maria Gomes Valentim
F
9 July 1896 21 June 2011 114 years, 347 days   Brazil
82 Hazel Plummer
F
19 June 1908 25 May 2023 114 years, 340 days   United States
83 Ophelia Burks
F
25 Oct 1903 27 Sept 2018 114 years, 337 days   United States
84 Juan Vicente Pérez Mora
M
27 May 1909 2 Apr 2024 114 years, 311 days   Venezuela
85 Kahoru Furuya
F
18 Feb 1908 25 Dec 2022 114 years, 310 days   Japan
86 Mary Josephine Ray
F
17 May 1895 7 Mar 2010 114 years, 294 days   United States
87 Goldie Steinberg
F
30 Oct 1900 16 Aug 2015 114 years, 290 days   United States
88 Kiyoko Ishiguro
F
4 Mar 1901 5 Dec 2015 114 years, 276 days   Japan
89 Maria do Couto Maia
F
24 Oct 1890 25 July 2005 114 years, 274 days   Portugal
90 Eudoxie Baboul
F
1 Oct 1901 1 July 2016 114 years, 274 days   French Guiana
91 Ramona Trinidad Iglesias Jordan
F
1 Sept 1889 29 May 2004 114 years, 271 days   Puerto Rico
92 Yukie Hino
F
17 Apr 1902 13 Jan 2017 114 years, 271 days   Japan
93 Olindina Juvêncio Atanásio da Silva
F
25 May 1906 20 Feb 2021 114 years, 271 days   Brazil
94 Charlotte Kretschmann
F
3 Dec 1909 27 Aug 2024 114 years, 268 days   Germany
95 Horacio Celi Mendoza
M
3 Jan 1897 25 Sept 2011 114 years, 265 days   Peru
96 Delphine Gibson
F
17 Aug 1903 9 May 2018 114 years, 265 days   United States
97 Eugénie Blanchard
F
16 Feb 1896 4 Nov 2010 114 years, 261 days   Saint Barthélemy
98 Mary Royster
F
15 Apr 1875 28 Dec 1989 114 years, 257 days   United States
99 Venere Pizzinato
F
23 Nov 1896 2 Aug 2011 114 years, 252 days   Italy
100 Neva Morris
F
3 Aug 1895 6 Apr 2010 114 years, 246 days   United States

100 oldest men ever

  Deceased (Validated)
  Living (Validated)
  Pending

25
Rank Name Birth date Death date Age Country of death
or residence
1 Jiroemon Kimura 19 Apr 1897 12 June 2013 116 years, 54 days   Japan
2 Christian Mortensen 16 Aug 1882 25 Apr 1998 115 years, 252 days   United States
3 Emiliano Mercado del Toro 21 Aug 1891 24 Jan 2007 115 years, 156 days   Puerto Rico
4 Juan Vicente Pérez Mora 27 May 1909 2 Apr 2024 114 years, 311 days   Venezuela
5 Horacio Celi Mendoza 3 Jan 1897 25 Sept 2011 114 years, 265 days   Peru
6 Walter Breuning 21 Sept 1896 14 Apr 2011 114 years, 205 days   United States
7 Yukichi Chuganji 23 Mar 1889 28 Sept 2003 114 years, 189 days   Japan
8 Tomás Pinales Figuereo 31 Mar 1906 24 Sept 2020 114 years, 177 days   Dominican Republic
9 Joan Riudavets Moll 15 Dec 1889 5 Mar 2004 114 years, 81 days   Spain
10 Gustav Gerneth 15 Oct 1905 21 Oct 2019 114 years, 6 days   Germany
11 Fred Hale 1 Dec 1890 19 Nov 2004 113 years, 354 days   United States
12 Yisrael Kristal 15 Sept 1903 11 Aug 2017 113 years, 330 days   Israel
13 Efraín Antonio Ríos García 4 Apr 1910 11 Jan 2024 113 years, 282 days   Colombia
14 Tomoji Tanabe 18 Sept 1895 19 June 2009 113 years, 274 days   Japan
15 John McMorran 19 June 1889 24 Feb 2003 113 years, 250 days   United States
16 Masazō Nonaka 25 July 1905 20 Jan 2019 113 years, 179 days   Japan
17 Mauro Ambriz Tapia 21 Nov 1897 18 Apr 2011 113 years, 148 days   Mexico
18 Frederick Frazier 27 Jan 1880 14 June 1993 113 years, 138 days   United States
19 Eusebio Quintero López 6 Mar 1910 16 July 2023 113 years, 132 days   Colombia
20 James Sisnett 22 Feb 1900 23 May 2013 113 years, 90 days   Barbados
21 Wenceslao Leyva González 28 Sept 1903 27 Dec 2016 113 years, 90 days   Mexico
22 Domingo Villa Avisencio 26 Aug 1906 3 Nov 2019 113 years, 69 days   Mexico
23 Maximiano José dos Santos 22 Feb 1893 25 Apr 2006 113 years, 62 days   Brazil
24 Walter Richardson 7 Nov 1885 25 Dec 1998 113 years, 48 days   United States
25 Francisco Núñez Olivera 13 Dec 1904 29 Jan 2018 113 years, 47 days   Spain
26 Henry Allingham 6 June 1896 18 July 2009 113 years, 42 days   United Kingdom
27 Emilio Flores Márquez 8 Aug 1908 12 Aug 2021 113 years, 4 days   Puerto Rico
28 Chitetsu Watanabe 5 Mar 1907 23 Feb 2020 112 years, 355 days   Japan
29 Antonio Todde 22 Jan 1889 3 Jan 2002 112 years, 346 days   Italy
30 Saturnino de la Fuente García 11 Feb 1909 18 Jan 2022 112 years, 341 days   Spain
31 Moses Hardy 6 Jan 1894 7 Dec 2006 112 years, 335 days   United States
32 Yasutaro Koide 13 Mar 1903 19 Jan 2016 112 years, 312 days   Japan
33 John Evans 19 Aug 1877 10 June 1990 112 years, 295 days   United Kingdom
34 Shi Ping 1 Nov 1911 29 June 2024 112 years, 241 days   China
35 Richard Overton 11 May 1906 27 Dec 2018 112 years, 230 days   United States
36 Delio Venturotti 25 Oct 1909 1 June 2022 112 years, 219 days   Brazil
37 Denzō Ishizaki 2 Oct 1886 29 Apr 1999 112 years, 209 days   Japan
38 George Francis 6 June 1896 27 Dec 2008 112 years, 204 days   United States
39 James King 15 Nov 1854 5 June 1967 112 years, 202 days   United States
40 Georges Thomas 19 Nov 1911 1 June 2024 112 years, 195 days   France
41 Josep Armengol Jover 23 July 1881 20 Jan 1994 112 years, 181 days   Spain
42 Giovanni Frau 29 Dec 1890 19 June 2003 112 years, 172 days   Italy
43 Jules Théobald 17 Apr 1909 5 Oct 2021 112 years, 171 days   Martinique
44 John Painter 20 Sept 1888 1 Mar 2001 112 years, 162 days   United States
45 Marcel Meys 12 July 1909 15 Dec 2021 112 years, 156 days   France
46 Masamitsu Yoshida 30 May 1904 29 Oct 2016 112 years, 152 days   Japan
47 Sakari Momoi 5 Feb 1903 5 July 2015 112 years, 150 days   Japan
48 Victor Chanca Santos 14 June 1910 9 Nov 2022 112 years, 148 days   Peru
49 Gisaburō Sonobe 6 Nov 1911 31 Mar 2024 112 years, 146 days   Japan
50 Efraín Núñez Núñez 28 Dec 1904 22 May 2017 112 years, 145 days   Dominican Republic
51 Alphaeus Philemon Cole 12 July 1876 25 Nov 1988 112 years, 136 days   United States
52 Augusto Moreira de Oliveira 6 Oct 1896 13 Feb 2009 112 years, 130 days   Portugal
53 João Zanol 13 Oct 1907 12 Feb 2020 112 years, 122 days   Brazil
54 George Johnson 1 May 1894 30 Aug 2006 112 years, 121 days   United States
55 Mikizō Ueda 11 May 1910 9 Sept 2022 112 years, 121 days   Japan
56 Lawrence Brooks 12 Sept 1909 5 Jan 2022 112 years, 115 days   United States
57 Salustiano Sánchez 8 June 1901 13 Sept 2013 112 years, 97 days   United States
58 John Tinniswood 26 Aug 1912 Living 112 years, 91 days   United Kingdom
59 CP Crawford 25 Aug 1907 23 Nov 2019 112 years, 90 days   United States
60 Jorge Durán Coral 23 Apr 1909 21 July 2021 112 years, 89 days   Mexico
61 Yoshikazu Yamashita 10 Apr 1907 7 July 2019 112 years, 88 days   Japan
62 Gengan Tonaki 30 Oct 1884 24 Jan 1997 112 years, 86 days   Japan
63 Bob Weighton 29 Mar 1908 28 May 2020 112 years, 60 days   United Kingdom
64 João Marinho Neto 5 Oct 1912 Living 112 years, 51 days   Brazil
65 Tadanosuke Hashimoto 27 Apr 1891 31 May 2003 112 years, 34 days   Japan
66 Kumekichi Tani 20 Apr 1891 12 May 2003 112 years, 22 days   Japan
67 Ernest Peronneau 7 Mar 1902 26 Mar 2014 112 years, 19 days   United States
68 George Feldman 2 Dec 1906 2 Dec 2018 112 years, 0 days   United States
69 Tsunahei Ogawa 9 Jan 1907 4 Jan 2019 111 years, 360 days   Japan
70 Arturo Licata 2 May 1902 24 Apr 2014 111 years, 357 days   Italy
71 Stanisław Kowalski 14 Apr 1910 5 Apr 2022 111 years, 356 days   Poland
72 Silverio Pereira Ayala 11 June 1906 30 May 2018 111 years, 353 days   Paraguay
73 Frank Morimitsu 26 Dec 1886 9 Dec 1998 111 years, 348 days   United States
74 Walter Seward 13 Oct 1896 14 Sept 2008 111 years, 337 days   United States
75 Faustino Vargas Pérez 27 Sept 1896 20 Aug 2008 111 years, 328 days   Costa Rica
76 Maurice Floquet 25 Dec 1894 10 Nov 2006 111 years, 320 days   France
77 Valerio Piroddi 13 Nov 1905 18 Sept 2017 111 years, 309 days   Italy
78 Shigeru Nakamura 11 Jan 1911 15 Nov 2022 111 years, 308 days   Japan
79 Arthur Nash 7 Jan 1885 4 Nov 1996 111 years, 302 days   Canada
80 James McCoubrey 13 Sept 1901 5 July 2013 111 years, 295 days   United States
81 Mikhail Krichevsky 9 Mar 1897 26 Dec 2008 111 years, 292 days   Ukraine
82 Ezra Hill 19 Dec 1910 4 Oct 2022 111 years, 289 days   United States
83 John Mosley Turner 15 June 1856 21 Mar 1968 111 years, 280 days   United Kingdom
84 Hermann Dörnemann 27 May 1893 2 Mar 2005 111 years, 279 days   Germany
85 Laurence Thompson 23 Jan 1887 24 Oct 1998 111 years, 274 days   United States
86 Agustín Reyes Ortiz 8 Feb 1887 6 Nov 1998 111 years, 271 days   Puerto Rico
87 Antonio Urrea Hernández 18 Feb 1888 15 Nov 1999 111 years, 270 days   Spain
88 Choki Miyagi 15 Nov 1904 7 Aug 2016 111 years, 266 days   Japan
89 Reuben Sinclair 5 Dec 1911 27 Aug 2023 111 years, 265 days   Canada
90 Pedro Batista Layana 25 June 1909 7 Mar 2021 111 years, 255 days   Cuba
91 Arthur Carter 5 Oct 1889 11 June 2001 111 years, 249 days   United States
92 Santos Hildebrando Rivas García 17 Aug 1911 17 Apr 2023 111 years, 243 days   El Salvador
93 Jan Machiel Reyskens 11 May 1878 7 Jan 1990 111 years, 241 days   Netherlands
94 Jesús Mosteo Pérez 1 Jan 1908 28 Aug 2019 111 years, 239 days   Spain
95 Josino Levino Ferreira 3 Apr 1913 Living 111 years, 236 days   Brazil
96 Frank Sylvester 25 June 1893 12 Feb 2005 111 years, 232 days   United States
97 Henry Tseng 12 July 1907 27 Feb 2019 111 years, 230 days   United States
98 Toichi Sasaki 4 Sept 1905 20 Apr 2017 111 years, 228 days   Japan
99 Joe Thomas 1 May 1875 14 Dec 1986 111 years, 227 days   United States
100 André Boite 6 Dec 1910 15 July 2022 111 years, 221 days   France

Chronological list of the oldest living person in the world since 1951

25
From To Name Sex Age when
oldest
Lifespan Country
of death
Un­known 28 Apr 1951 Lucy Woodman
F
N/A–109 3 May 1841 – 28 Apr 1951
109 years, 360 days
  United States
28 Apr 1951 14 Jan 1954
(2 yrs, 261 days)
Nancy Merriman
F
109–112 19 Dec 1841 – 14 Jan 1954
112 years, 26 days
  United States
14 Jan 1954 24 Oct 1955
(1 yr, 283 days)
Betsy Baker
F
111–113 20 Aug 1842 – 24 Oct 1955
113 years, 65 days
  United States
24 Oct 1955 16 Dec 1956
(1 yr, 53 days)
Jennie Howell
F
110–111 11 Feb 1845 – 16 Dec 1956
111 years, 309 days
  United States
16 Dec 1956 7 Jan 1957
(22 days)
Mathias Hansen Saether
M
108 21 Oct 1848 – 7 Jan 1957
108 years, 78 days
  Norway
7 Jan 1957 4 Jan 1959
(1 yr, 362 days)
Catherine Waller
F
108–110 1 Dec 1848 – 4 Jan 1959
110 years, 34 days
  United States
4 Jan 1959 7 Oct 1959
(276 days)
Christina Karnebeek-Backs
F
109–110 2 Oct 1849 – 7 Oct 1959
110 years, 5 days
  Netherlands
7 Oct 1959 9 Oct 1960
(1 yr, 2 days)
Robert Early
M
109–111 8 Oct 1849 – 9 Oct 1960
111 years, 1 day
  United States
9 Oct 1960 28 Nov 1960
(50 days)
Nettie Minick
F
109 3 Apr 1851 – 28 Nov 1960
109 years, 239 days
  United States
28 Nov 1960 30 Dec 1964
(4 yrs, 32 days)
Mary Kelly
F
109–113 7 June 1851 – 30 Dec 1964
113 years, 206 days
  United States
30 Dec 1964 5 June 1967
(2 yrs, 157 days)
James King
M
110–112 15 Nov 1854 – 5 June 1967
112 years, 202 days
  United States
5 June 1967 21 Oct 1968
(1 yr, 138 days)
Narcissa Rickman
F
111–113 13 Sept 1855 – 21 Oct 1968
113 years, 38 days
  United States
21 Oct 1968 14 Nov 1968
(24 days)
Tome Horigome
F
111 22 Jan 1857 – 14 Nov 1968
111 years, 297 days
  Japan
14 Nov 1968 4 May 1969
(171 days)
Marie Bernátková
F
111 22 Oct 1857 – 4 May 1969
111 years, 194 days
  Czech Republic
4 May 1969 31 Dec 1969
(241 days)
Haruno Shimada
F
111–112 24 Dec 1857 – 31 Dec 1969
112 years, 7 days
  Japan
31 Dec 1969 11 Jan 1970
(11 days)
Ada Roe
F
111 6 Feb 1858 – 11 Jan 1970
111 years, 339 days
  United Kingdom
11 Jan 1970 10 July 1972
(2 yrs, 181 days)
Kitty Harvey
F
109–112 12 Jan 1860 – 10 July 1972
112 years, 180 days
  United States
10 July 1972 27 Feb 1973
(232 days)
Josefa Salas Mateo
F
111–112 14 July 1860 – 27 Feb 1973
112 years, 228 days
  Spain
27 Feb 1973 18 Aug 1973
(172 days)
Alice Stevenson
F
111–112 10 July 1861 – 18 Aug 1973
112 years, 39 days
  United Kingdom
18 Aug 1973 10 Jan 1974
(145 days)
Ettie Crist
F
111 14 Feb 1862 – 10 Jan 1974
111 years, 330 days
  United States
10 Jan 1974 7 Apr 1974
(87 days)
Laurence Entiope
F
111 9 Dec 1862 – 7 Apr 1974
111 years, 119 days
  Martinique
7 Apr 1974 31 May 1975
(1 yr, 54 days)
Mito Umeta
F
111–112 27 Mar 1863 – 31 May 1975
112 years, 65 days
  Japan
31 May 1975 16 Nov 1976
(1 yr, 169 days)
Niwa Kawamoto
F
111–113 17 Sept 1863 – 16 Nov 1976
113 years, 60 days
  Japan
16 Nov 1976 5 Nov 1978
(1 yr, 354 days)
Alice Coles
F
111–113 28 Aug 1865 – 5 Nov 1978
113 years, 69 days
  United States
5 Nov 1978 29 June 1979
(236 days)
Josefa Llovet Llovet
F
111–112 25 Feb 1867 – 29 June 1979
112 years, 124 days
  Spain
29 June 1979 27 Jan 1981
(1 yr, 212 days)
Eliza Underwood
F
112–113 15 Mar 1867 – 27 Jan 1981
113 years, 318 days
  United States
27 Jan 1981 26 Aug 1981
(211 days)
Judia Ward
F
112–113 15 June 1868 – 26 Aug 1981
113 years, 72 days
  United States
26 Aug 1981 13 Nov 1982
(1 yr, 79 days)
Nellie Spencer
F
112–113 24 Aug 1869 – 13 Nov 1982
113 years, 81 days
  United States
13 Nov 1982 13 Oct 1983
(334 days)
Emma Wilson
F
112–113 12 May 1870 – 13 Oct 1983
113 years, 154 days
  United States
13 Oct 1983 21 Oct 1986
(3 yrs, 8 days)
Augusta Holtz
F
112–115 3 Aug 1871 – 21 Oct 1986
115 years, 79 days
  United States
21 Oct 1986 2 Feb 1987
(104 days)
Mary McKinney
F
113 30 May 1873 – 2 Feb 1987
113 years, 248 days
  United States
2 Feb 1987 27 Dec 1987
(328 days)
Anna Eliza Williams
F
113–114 2 June 1873 – 27 Dec 1987
114 years, 208 days
  United Kingdom
27 Dec 1987 11 Jan 1988
(15 days)
Florence Knapp
F
114 10 Oct 1873 – 11 Jan 1988
114 years, 93 days
  United States
11 Jan 1988 7 July 1990
(2 yrs, 177 days)
Easter Wiggins
F
113–116 1 June 1874 – 7 July 1990
116 years, 36 days
  United States
7 July 1990 4 Aug 1997
(7 yrs, 28 days)
Jeanne Calment
F
115–122 21 Feb 1875 – 4 Aug 1997
122 years, 164 days
  France
4 Aug 1997 16 Apr 1998
(255 days)
Marie-Louise Meilleur
F
116–117 29 Aug 1880 – 16 Apr 1998
117 years, 230 days
  Canada
16 Apr 1998 30 Dec 1999
(1 yr, 258 days)
Sarah Knauss
F
117–119 24 Sept 1880 – 30 Dec 1999
119 years, 97 days
  United States
30 Dec 1999 21 Nov 2000
(327 days)
Ella Miller
F
115 6 Dec 1884 – 21 Nov 2000
115 years, 351 days
  United States
21 Nov 2000 6 June 2001
(197 days)
Marie Brémont
F
114–115 25 Apr 1886 – 6 June 2001
115 years, 42 days
  France
6 June 2001 18 Mar 2002
(285 days)
Maud Farris-Luse
F
114–115 21 Feb 1887 – 18 Mar 2002
115 years, 25 days
  United States
18 Mar 2002 28 May 2002
(71 days)
Grace Clawson
F
114 15 Nov 1887 – 28 May 2002
114 years, 194 days
  United States
28 May 2002 21 Aug 2002
(85 days)
Adelina Domingues
F
114 19 Feb 1888 – 21 Aug 2002
114 years, 183 days
  United States
21 Aug 2002 29 Dec 2002
(130 days)
Mae Harrington
F
113 20 Jan 1889 – 29 Dec 2002
113 years, 343 days
  United States
29 Dec 2002 28 Sept 2003
(273 days)
Yukichi Chuganji
M
113–114 23 Mar 1889 – 28 Sept 2003
114 years, 189 days
  Japan
28 Sept 2003 13 Nov 2003
(46 days)
Mitoyo Kawate
F
114 15 May 1889 – 13 Nov 2003
114 years, 182 days
  Japan
13 Nov 2003 29 May 2004
(198 days)
Ramona Trinidad Iglesias Jordan
F
114 1 Sept 1889 – 29 May 2004
114 years, 271 days
  Puerto Rico
29 May 2004 27 Aug 2006
(2 yrs, 90 days)
María Capovilla
F
114–116 14 Sept 1889 – 27 Aug 2006
116 years, 347 days
  Ecuador
27 Aug 2006 11 Dec 2006
(106 days)
Elizabeth Bolden
F
116 15 Aug 1890 – 11 Dec 2006
116 years, 118 days
  United States
11 Dec 2006 24 Jan 2007
(44 days)
Emiliano Mercado del Toro
M
115 21 Aug 1891 – 24 Jan 2007
115 years, 156 days
  Puerto Rico
24 Jan 2007 28 Jan 2007
(4 days)
Emma Tillman
F
114 22 Nov 1892 – 28 Jan 2007
114 years, 67 days
  United States
28 Jan 2007 13 Aug 2007
(196 days)
Yone Minagawa
F
114 4 Jan 1893 – 13 Aug 2007
114 years, 221 days
  Japan
13 Aug 2007 26 Nov 2008
(1 yr, 105 days)
Edna Parker
F
114–115 20 Apr 1893 – 26 Nov 2008
115 years, 220 days
  United States
26 Nov 2008 2 Jan 2009
(37 days)
Maria de Jesus
F
115 10 Sept 1893 – 2 Jan 2009
115 years, 114 days
  Portugal
2 Jan 2009 11 Sept 2009
(252 days)
Gertrude Baines
F
115 6 Apr 1894 – 11 Sept 2009
115 years, 158 days
  United States
11 Sept 2009 2 May 2010
(233 days)
Kama Chinen
F
114 10 May 1895 – 2 May 2010
114 years, 357 days
  Japan
2 May 2010 4 Nov 2010
(186 days)
Eugénie Blanchard
F
114 16 Feb 1896 – 4 Nov 2010
114 years, 261 days
  Saint Barthélemy
4 Nov 2010 18 Nov 2010
(14 days)
Ana Nogueira de Luca
F
114 21 June 1896 – 18 Nov 2010
114 years, 150 days
  Brazil
18 Nov 2010 21 June 2011
(215 days)
Maria Gomes Valentim
F
114 9 July 1896 – 21 June 2011
114 years, 347 days
  Brazil
21 June 2011 4 Dec 2012
(1 yr, 166 days)
Besse Cooper
F
114–116 26 Aug 1896 – 4 Dec 2012
116 years, 100 days
  United States
4 Dec 2012 17 Dec 2012
(13 days)
Dina Manfredini
F
115 4 Apr 1897 – 17 Dec 2012
115 years, 257 days
  United States
17 Dec 2012 12 June 2013
(177 days)
Jiroemon Kimura
M
115–116 19 Apr 1897 – 12 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
  Japan
12 June 2013 1 Apr 2015
(1 yr, 293 days)
Misao Okawa
F
115–117 5 Mar 1898 – 1 Apr 2015
117 years, 27 days
  Japan
1 Apr 2015 6 Apr 2015
(5 days)
Gertrude Weaver
F
116 4 July 1898 – 6 Apr 2015
116 years, 276 days
  United States
6 Apr 2015 17 June 2015
(72 days)
Jeralean Talley
F
115–116 23 May 1899 – 17 June 2015
116 years, 25 days
  United States
17 June 2015 12 May 2016
(330 days)
Susannah Mushatt Jones
F
115–116 6 July 1899 – 12 May 2016
116 years, 311 days
  United States
12 May 2016 15 Apr 2017
(338 days)
Emma Morano
F
116–117 29 Nov 1899 – 15 Apr 2017
117 years, 137 days
  Italy
15 Apr 2017 15 Sept 2017
(152 days)
Violet Brown
F
117 10 Mar 1900 – 15 Sept 2017
117 years, 189 days
  Jamaica
15 Sept 2017 21 Apr 2018
(218 days)
Nabi Tajima
F
117 4 Aug 1900 – 21 Apr 2018
117 years, 260 days
  Japan
21 Apr 2018 22 July 2018
(92 days)
Chiyo Miyako
F
116–117 2 May 1901 – 22 July 2018
117 years, 81 days
  Japan
22 July 2018 19 Apr 2022
(3 yrs, 271 days)
Kane Tanaka
F
115–119 2 Jan 1903 – 19 Apr 2022
119 years, 107 days
  Japan
19 Apr 2022 17 Jan 2023
(273 days)
Lucile Randon
F
118 11 Feb 1904 – 17 Jan 2023
118 years, 340 days
  France
17 Jan 2023 19 Aug 2024
(1 yr, 215 days)
María Branyas Morera
F
115–117 4 Mar 1907 – 19 Aug 2024
117 years, 168 days
  Spain
19 Aug 2024 Present
(98 days)
Tomiko Itooka
F
116* Born 23 May 1908
116 years, 186 days
Living in
  Japan

Chronological list of the oldest living man in the world since 1951

25
From To Name Age when
oldest
Lifespan Country
of death
Un­known 27 Mar 1951 James Smith N/A–108 10 July 1842 – 27 Mar 1951
108 years, 265 days
  United States
27 Mar 1951 12 Mar 1953
(1 yr, 350 days)
James Hard 107–109 15 July 1843 – 12 Mar 1953
109 years, 240 days
  United States
12 Mar 1953 10 Oct 1953
(212 days)
Karl Glockner 107 29 Dec 1845 – 10 Oct 1953
107 years, 286 days
  Germany
10 Oct 1953 17 Sept 1954
(342 days)
Wayland Newell 107–108 15 Sept 1846 – 17 Sept 1954
108 years, 2 days
  United States
17 Sept 1954 23 Sept 1954
(6 days)
Anders Johansson 106 24 Mar 1848 – 23 Sept 1954
106 years, 183 days
  Sweden
23 Sept 1954 3 Dec 1954
(71 days)
Euclid Story 106 30 July 1848 – 3 Dec 1954
106 years, 126 days
  United States
3 Dec 1954 14 Mar 1955
(101 days)
Daniel Cummings 106 25 Sept 1848 – 14 Mar 1955
106 years, 170 days
  United States
14 Mar 1955 7 Jan 1957
(1 yr, 299 days)
Mathias Hansen Saether 106–108 21 Oct 1848 – 7 Jan 1957
108 years, 78 days
  Norway
7 Jan 1957 9 Oct 1960
(3 yrs, 276 days)
Robert Early 107–111 8 Oct 1849 – 9 Oct 1960
111 years, 1 day
  United States
9 Oct 1960 9 Dec 1960
(61 days)
Willem Kostering 108–109 22 Nov 1851 – 9 Dec 1960
109 years, 17 days
  Netherlands
9 Dec 1960 12 Mar 1962
(1 yr, 93 days)
Sylvester Melvin 109–110 29 Nov 1851 – 12 Mar 1962
110 years, 103 days
  United States
12 Mar 1962 16 Mar 1962
(4 days)
Joseph Saint-Amour 110 26 Feb 1852 – 16 Mar 1962
110 years, 18 days
  Canada
16 Mar 1962 22 Nov 1962
(251 days)
William Smith 108 28 Feb 1854 – 22 Nov 1962
108 years, 267 days
  United States
22 Nov 1962 5 June 1967
(4 yrs, 195 days)
James King 108–112 15 Nov 1854 – 5 June 1967
112 years, 202 days
  United States
5 June 1967 21 Mar 1968
(290 days)
John Mosley Turner 110–111 15 June 1856 – 21 Mar 1968
111 years, 280 days
  United Kingdom
21 Mar 1968 24 Nov 1968
(248 days)
Eli Lindsay 110 28 Feb 1858 – 24 Nov 1968
110 years, 270 days
  Canada
24 Nov 1968 26 Dec 1968
(32 days)
John Chaney 109 12 Oct 1859 – 26 Dec 1968
109 years, 75 days
  United States
26 Dec 1968 22 Apr 1969
(117 days)
William Lamb 109 24 Nov 1859 – 22 Apr 1969
109 years, 149 days
  United States
22 Apr 1969 29 Dec 1969
(251 days)
Antonije Mladenović 108–109 30 June 1860 – 29 Dec 1969
109 years, 182 days
  Serbia
29 Dec 1969 2 Dec 1971
(1 yr, 338 days)
Theophilus May 108–110 5 Jan 1861 – 2 Dec 1971
110 years, 331 days
  United States
2 Dec 1971 5 May 1973
(1 yr, 154 days)
Friedrich Wedeking 109–110 10 Oct 1862 – 5 May 1973
110 years, 207 days
  Germany
5 May 1973 18 Oct 1974
(1 yr, 166 days)
Isaac Edwards 109–110 6 Dec 1863 – 18 Oct 1974
110 years, 316 days
  United States
18 Oct 1974 7 Jan 1977
(2 yrs, 81 days)
James Holt 108–111 25 Dec 1865 – 7 Jan 1977
111 years, 13 days
  United States
7 Jan 1977 17 Mar 1977
(69 days)
Jean Teillet 110 6 Nov 1866 – 17 Mar 1977
110 years, 131 days
  France
17 Mar 1977 20 Aug 1978
(1 yr, 156 days)
Charlie Nelson 109–110 21 Sept 1867 – 20 Aug 1978
110 years, 333 days
  United States
20 Aug 1978 5 Sept 1980
(2 yrs, 16 days)
Charlie Phillips 109–111 5 May 1869 – 5 Sept 1980
111 years, 123 days
  United States
5 Sept 1980 10 Apr 1982
(1 yr, 217 days)
Zachariah Blackistone 109–111 16 Feb 1871 – 10 Apr 1982
111 years, 53 days
  United States
10 Apr 1982 4 Mar 1983
(328 days)
James Nash 109–110 31 July 1872 – 4 Mar 1983
110 years, 216 days
  United States
4 Mar 1983 11 Aug 1983
(160 days)
Walter Wilcox 110 1 Nov 1872 – 11 Aug 1983
110 years, 283 days
  United States
11 Aug 1983 22 Dec 1983
(133 days)
Gregory Pandazes 110 15 Jan 1873 – 22 Dec 1983
110 years, 341 days
  United States
22 Dec 1983 25 June 1984
(186 days)
Benjamin Garner 110 10 Aug 1873 – 25 June 1984
110 years, 320 days
  United States
25 June 1984 15 Dec 1984
(173 days)
Randolph Davis 110–111 15 Oct 1873 – 15 Dec 1984
111 years, 61 days
  United States
15 Dec 1984 14 Dec 1986
(1 yr, 364 days)
Joe Thomas 109–111 1 May 1875 – 14 Dec 1986
111 years, 227 days
  United States
14 Dec 1986 5 Jan 1987
(22 days)
Herman Smith-Johannsen 111 15 June 1875 – 5 Jan 1987
111 years, 204 days
  Norway
5 Jan 1987 25 Nov 1988
(1 yr, 325 days)
Alphaeus Philemon Cole 110–112 12 July 1876 – 25 Nov 1988
112 years, 136 days
  United States
25 Nov 1988 10 June 1990
(1 yr, 197 days)
John Evans 111–112 19 Aug 1877 – 10 June 1990
112 years, 295 days
  United Kingdom
10 June 1990 18 June 1990
(8 days)
Henri Pérignon 110 14 Oct 1879 – 18 June 1990
110 years, 247 days
  France
18 June 1990 24 Dec 1990
(189 days)
Robert Freeman 110–111 22 Dec 1879 – 24 Dec 1990
111 years, 2 days
  United States
24 Dec 1990 14 June 1993
(2 yrs, 172 days)
Frederick Frazier 110–113 27 Jan 1880 – 14 June 1993
113 years, 138 days
  United States
14 June 1993 20 Jan 1994
(220 days)
Josep Armengol Jover 111–112 23 July 1881 – 20 Jan 1994
112 years, 181 days
  Spain
20 Jan 1994 25 Apr 1998
(4 yrs, 95 days)
Christian Mortensen 111–115 16 Aug 1882 – 25 Apr 1998
115 years, 252 days
  United States
25 Apr 1998 25 Dec 1998
(244 days)
Walter Richardson 112–113 7 Nov 1885 – 25 Dec 1998
113 years, 48 days
  United States
25 Dec 1998 29 Apr 1999
(125 days)
Denzō Ishizaki 112 2 Oct 1886 – 29 Apr 1999
112 years, 209 days
  Japan
29 Apr 1999 15 Nov 1999
(200 days)
Antonio Urrea Hernández 111 16 Feb 1888 – 15 Nov 1999
111 years, 272 days
  Spain
15 Nov 1999 1 Mar 2001
(1 yr, 106 days)
John Painter 111–112 20 Sept 1888 – 1 Mar 2001
112 years, 162 days
  United States
1 Mar 2001 3 Jan 2002
(308 days)
Antonio Todde 112 22 Jan 1889 – 3 Jan 2002
112 years, 346 days
  Italy
3 Jan 2002 28 Sept 2003
(1 yr, 268 days)
Yukichi Chuganji 112–114 23 Mar 1889 – 28 Sept 2003
114 years, 189 days
  Japan
28 Sept 2003 5 Mar 2004
(159 days)
Joan Riudavets Moll 113–114 15 Dec 1889 – 5 Mar 2004
114 years, 81 days
  Spain
5 Mar 2004 19 Nov 2004
(259 days)
Fred Hale 113 1 Dec 1890 – 19 Nov 2004
113 years, 354 days
  United States
19 Nov 2004 24 Jan 2007
(2 yrs, 66 days)
Emiliano Mercado del Toro 113–115 21 Aug 1891 – 24 Jan 2007
115 years, 156 days
  Puerto Rico
24 Jan 2007 19 June 2009
(2 yrs, 146 days)
Tomoji Tanabe 111–113 18 Sept 1895 – 19 June 2009
113 years, 274 days
  Japan
19 June 2009 18 July 2009
(29 days)
Henry Allingham 113 6 June 1896 – 18 July 2009
113 years, 42 days
  United Kingdom
18 July 2009 14 Apr 2011
(1 yr, 270 days)
Walter Breuning 112–114 21 Sept 1896 – 14 Apr 2011
114 years, 205 days
  United States
14 Apr 2011 25 Sept 2011
(164 days)
Horacio Celi Mendoza 114 23 Jan 1897 – 25 Sept 2011
114 years, 265 days
  Peru
25 Sept 2011 12 June 2013
(1 yr, 260 days)
Jiroemon Kimura 114–116 19 Apr 1897 – 12 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
  Japan
11 June 2013 13 Sept 2013
(94 days)
Salustiano Sánchez 112 8 June 1901 – 13 Sept 2013
112 years, 97 days
  United States
13 Sept 2013 26 Mar 2014
(194 days)
Ernest Peronneau 111–112 7 Mar 1902 – 26 Mar 2014
112 years, 19 days
  United States
26 Mar 2014 24 Apr 2014
(29 days)
Arturo Licata 111 2 May 1902 – 24 Apr 2014
111 years, 357 days
  Italy
24 Apr 2014 8 June 2014
(45 days)
Alexander Imich 111 4 Feb 1903 – 8 June 2014
111 years, 124 days
  United States
8 June 2014 5 July 2015
(1 yr, 27 days)
Sakari Momoi 111–112 5 Feb 1903 – 5 July 2015
112 years, 150 days
  Japan
5 July 2015 19 Jan 2016
(198 days)
Yasutaro Koide 112 13 Mar 1903 – 19 Jan 2016
112 years, 312 days
  Japan
19 Jan 2016 11 Aug 2017
(1 yr, 204 days)
Yisrael Kristal 112–113 15 Sept 1903 – 11 Aug 2017
113 years, 330 days
  Israel
11 Aug 2017 29 Jan 2018
(171 days)
Francisco Núñez Olivera 112–113 13 Dec 1904 – 29 Jan 2018
113 years, 47 days
  Spain
29 Jan 2018 20 Jan 2019
(356 days)
Masazō Nonaka 112–113 25 July 1905 – 20 Jan 2019
113 years, 179 days
  Japan
20 Jan 2019 21 Oct 2019
(274 days)
Gustav Gerneth 113–114 15 Oct 1905 – 21 Oct 2019
114 years, 6 days
  Germany
21 Oct 2019 24 Sept 2020
(339 days)
Tomás Pinales Figuereo 113–114 31 Mar 1906 – 24 Sept 2020
114 years, 177 days
  Dominican Republic
24 Sept 2020 12 Aug 2021
(322 days)
Emilio Flores Márquez 112–113 8 Aug 1908 – 12 Aug 2021
113 years, 4 days
  Puerto Rico
12 Aug 2021 18 Jan 2022
(159 days)
Saturnino de la Fuente García 112 11 Feb 1909 – 18 Jan 2022
112 years, 341 days
  Spain
18 Jan 2022 2 Apr 2024
(2 yrs, 75 days)
Juan Vicente Pérez Mora 112–114 27 May 1909 – 2 Apr 2024
114 years, 311 days
  Venezuela
2 Apr 2024 29 June 2024
(88 days)
Shi Ping 112 1 Nov 1911 – 29 June 2024
112 years, 241 days
  China
29 June 2024 Present
(149 days)
John Tinniswood 111–112* Born 26 Aug 1912
112 years, 91 days
Living in
  United Kingdom

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 "World Supercentenarian Rankings List". Gerontology Research Group.
  2. "World's oldest living person titleholders". Guinness World Records (GWR) and the Gerontology Research Group (GRG).
  3. "World's oldest living man titleholders". Guinness World Records (GWR) and the Gerontology Research Group (GRG).