Boston

For the town in England, see Boston, Lincolnshire.

Boston is the largest city of Massachusetts in the United States. It was founded in 1630. Boston is one of the oldest, richest and most culturally important cities in the United States.

Boston
City
City of Boston
From top, left to right: Downtown (from the Boston Harbor); Acorn Street in Beacon Hill; Old State House; Massachusetts State House; Fenway Park ballgame; Back Bay (from the Charles River)
Flag Seal
Nickname:  See Nicknames of Boston
Motto(s):  Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis (Latin) 'As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us'
Interactive maps of Boston
Coordinates: 42°21′29″N 71°03′49″W
Country	United States
Region	New England
State	Massachusetts
County	Suffolk
Historic countries	Kingdom of England Commonwealth of England Kingdom of Great Britain
Historic colonies	Massachusetts Bay Colony, Dominion of New England, Province of Massachusetts Bay
Settled (town)	September 7, 1630 (1630-09-07) (date of naming, Old Style)
Incorporated (city)	March 19, 1822 (1822-03-19)
Named for	Boston, Lincolnshire
Government
• Type	Strong mayor / Council
• Mayor	Michelle Wu (D)
• Council	Boston City Council
Area
• City	89.62 sq mi (232.11 km2)
• Land	48.34 sq mi (125.20 km2)
• Water	41.28 sq mi (106.91 km2)
• Urban	1,770 sq mi (4,600 km2)
• Metro	4,500 sq mi (11,700 km2)
• CSA	10,600 sq mi (27,600 km2)
Elevation	141 ft (43 m)
Population  (2020)
• City	675,647
• Rank	25th in the United States 1st in Massachusetts
• Density	13,977/sq mi (5,397/km2)
• Metro	4,941,632 (10th)
Demonym	Bostonian
Time zone	UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes	53 ZIP Codes 02108–02137, 02163, 02196, 02199, 02201, 02203–02206, 02210–02212, 02215, 02217, 02222, 02126, 02228, 02241, 02266, 02283–02284, 02293, 02295, 02297–02298, 02467 (also includes parts of Newton and Brookline)
Area codes	617 and 857
FIPS code	25-07000
GNIS feature ID	617565
Primary Airport	Logan International Airport
Interstates
Commuter Rail	MBTA Commuter Rail
Rapid Transit	MBTA subway
Website	Boston.gov

History

Boston was founded on September 7, 1630, by Puritan colonists from England. Boston's early European settlers called the area Trimountaine (Three Mountains). They renamed the town for Boston, England, in Lincolnshire because many important "Pilgrim" colonists came from there.

Most of Boston's early citizens were Puritans. Shortly after Boston's settlement, Puritans created America's first public school and America's first university, Harvard University (1636). Harvard is in the city of Cambridge, which is across the Charles River from Boston. Until the 1760s, Boston was America's largest city.

During the early 1770s, the British tried to control the thirteen colonies with taxes. This made people from Boston start the American Revolution. The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several early battles happened in or near the city. It held its first town meeting in Faneuil Hall in 1743.

Boston continued to grow and attract immigrants from around the world. Many immigrants came from Ireland, and gave Boston a very Irish culture that remains today. President John F. Kennedy was a member of an Irish-American family that lived in Boston. Many immigrants also came from Italy, and lived in Boston's North End, where Italian culture remains, with various Italian stores, restaurants, bakeries, and homes.

On 15 April 2013, two bombs exploded at the Boston Marathon.

Geography

Boston is located on the Shawmut Peninsula. The city covers 41.3 square miles (107 km²). Boston Harbor and the Atlantic Ocean is located east of the city. A much larger metropolitan area surrounds Boston.

The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill, at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level. The lowest point is at sea level. Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an ocean coastline.

Climate

Boston has a continental climate with some ocean effects. Summers are normally warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters alternate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild. Existing wind patterns that blow offshore lower the effect of the Atlantic Ocean.

The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 73.4 °F (23.0 °C). The coldest month is January, with an average of 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C). Extremes have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.

Boston's location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very likely to suffer from Nor'easter storm systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.7 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 45.1 inches (1,150 mm) of snowfall per year.

Towers

The tallest towers in Boston are the Prudential Tower and the John Hancock Tower.

Culture

Symphony Hall, home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops Orchestra

Boston has a culture that is quite similar to New England, such as a New England accent and foods that are mostly seafood, salt, and dairy products. Irish-Americans are very important in Boston's politics and religious activities. Boston people also have a style of talking which is called Boston slang.

It is often thought that Bostonians have a strong sense of culture. Perhaps this is because Boston is famous for being a very intellectual place, with much of its culture coming from its universities. The city has many complex theatres, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Boston Opera House, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre. The headquarters of Unitarian Universalism (UU) is located in Boston. The Christian Science movement has also made its home in the Boston area.

Boston has many historic places and Bostonians take pride in their city's history. The American Revolution began in Boston, and many of its leaders, such as Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere were from the city. Many of the sites from the Revolution are preserved in the city, including Faneuil Hall, the Old State House, Park Street Church, and others. These form the "Freedom Trail", a walk that takes visitors past many historic places in the city.

Boston today

Boston is one of the United States' most important cities in education and health care. Boston and the towns around it contain many of the country's leading universities. Harvard, MIT, and Boston University are some of the most famous.

Professional sports are an important part of life in Boston. The Red Sox play baseball at Fenway Park, the oldest stadium in Major League Baseball (1912). The Celtics, a basketball team, and the Bruins, a hockey team, both play at the TD Garden. Boston's football team, the New England Patriots, play in Foxborough, a town 22 miles south of the city.

Demographics

People

In 2020, the population of Boston was 675,647. The population had grown 9.4% since 2010. Boston has 13,977 people per square mile. The population is 47.3% male and 52.7% female. The racial breakdown is shown in the Racial Groups table.

The people from outside the United States are 178,805. 27.7% of the population come from outside of the United States.

Racial groups

Race	2020
White (includes White Hispanics)	47.1%
Black	20.6%
Amerindian	0.4%
Asian	11.3%
Two or more races	10.5%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	18.7%
Non-Hispanic Whites	44.6%

Homeless population

The unemployment rate in Boston is 5.9% since June 2014. The 35th annual homeless census from 2015 said there were 7,663 homeless men, women, and children in Boston. The homeless population increased 5.6% since 2013. The number of homeless people sleeping on the streets decreased by 22.8% since 2013. However, the number of adults in emergency shelters has grown by 10.9%. In 2015, the homeless family population increased by 25%. The total number of homeless men, woman, families and children increased by 20.9% from 3,541 to 4,281.

Mayor Marty Walsh announced his goal to help those in need for a permanent housing solution. Agencies such as Pine Street Inn, Boston Healthcare, Project Hope, and Boston Public Health Commission are helping the homeless. The homeless are helped by reducing family evictions. Property management companies and nonprofits, such as Project Hope and the Department of Neighborhood Development, will increase affordable housing options. Boston Public Health Commission and the Department of Neighborhood Development will work together to provide support for treatment options and shelters. The Wyman Re-Entry Center has a 90-day residential substance-abuse and recovery program. The Safe Harbor serves adults with HIV. The project SOAR stands for Stability, Opportunity, Achievement, and Recovery, and helps clients maintain a healthy lifestyle and provide support in moving to permanent housing.

Education

About 89.1% of the population ages 25 years and over in Boston have a high school diploma or higher in 2022. Those with a Bachelor's degree or higher make up 54.2% of the population.

Some of the Colleges and Universities in Boston are:

• Baystate College
• Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
• Berklee College of Music
• Boston University
• Boston College
• Bunker Hill Community College
• Emerson College
• Emmanuel College
• Fisher College
• Massachusetts College of Art and Design
• MGH Institute of Health Professions
• New England College of Business and Finance
• Northeastern University
• School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
• Simmons College
• Suffolk University
• Wentworth Institute of Technology
• Wheelock College
• University of Massachusetts Boston

There are many more not listed here.

Transportation

The MBTA runs the city's subway (known as "the T"), commuter rail, buses, and ferries. The main airport for the city is Logan International Airport.

The main highways for the area are:

Number		Highway
93		Interstate 93
90		Interstate 90
95		Interstate 95
495		Interstate 495

Tunnels

Tunnel	Carries	Opened	Notes
Boston Harbor tunnels
Sumner Tunnel	Route 1A South	1934	Toll of $3.50 for non-commercial vehicles and $5.25 for commercial vehicles.
Callahan Tunnel	Route 1A North	1961	Repair work to this tunnel caused complete closure of the tunnel, which began at 11 pm on December 27, 2013 and ended on March 12, 2014.
Ted Williams Tunnel	Interstate 90 both East and West	1995	built for the Big Dig
Mainland tunnels
Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel	Interstate 93 North and South	2003-2006	built for the Big Dig
Dewey Square Tunnel	Interstate 93 south (Congress st to Kneeland st)	1959
City Square Tunnel	US Route 1		built for the Big Dig

Bridges

Bridge Name	Opened	Notes
Charlestown Bridge	1900	connects Charlestown with Downtown area
Leverett Circle Connector Bridge	1999-10-07	connects Storrow Drive with Interstate 93, built for the big dig
Tobin Bridge	1950-02-27	Is more than two miles (3 km) from Charlestown to Chelsea over the Mystic River in Massachusetts. The bridge is the largest in New England.
Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge (Zakim Bridge)	2003	built for the Big Dig, carries Interstate 93 North and South

References

Notes

Related pages

• Boston Symphony Orchestra

Further reading

• Boston: A to Z (2000), Thomas H. O'Connor, ISBN 0674003101
• Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800–2000 (2000), Douglass Shand-Tucci, ISBN 1558492011
• Lost Boston (1999), Mariner Books, ISBN 0395966108
• Boston: A Topographical History, Third Enlarged Edition (2000), Belknap Press, ISBN 0674002687
• When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac (2004), Northeastern, ISBN 1555536204
• Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston (2003), Nancy S. Seasholes, ISBN 0262194945
• Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub, (2009), Globe Pequot; First edition ISBN 0762750626
• AIA Guide to Boston, 3rd Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods, (2008), Michael Southworth and Susan Southworth, GPP Travel, ISBN 0762743379
• Boston: A Pictorial Celebration (2006), Jonathan M. Beagle, Elan Penn (photographer), ISBN 1402719779
• City in Time: Boston (2008), Jeffrey Hantover, Gilbert King (photographer), ISBN 1402733003
• Mapping Boston (2001), Alex Krieger (editor), David Cobb (editor), Amy Turner (editor), Norman B. Leventhal (Foreword by) MIT Press, ISBN 0262611732
• Boston Beheld: Antique Town and Country Views (2008), D. Brenton Simons, University Press of New England, ISBN 1584657405
• Boston (2010) by Jordan Worek; photographs by Bill Horsman, Firefly Books, ISBN 1554075912

Other websites

• Boston at the Open Directory Project
• City of Boston official website
• Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce
• Greater Boston Convention and Visitors Bureau
• WikiSatellite view of Boston at WikiMapia
• Mayor Marty Walsh
• Boston Public Health Commission Archived 2015-12-12 at the Wayback Machine