Xenon

Xenon, ₀₀Xe
	A xenon-filled discharge tube glowing light blue
Xenon
Pronunciation	/ˈzɛnɒn/; (ZEN-on); /ˈziːnɒn/; (ZEE-non);
Appearance	colorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in an electric field
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Xe)
	131.293(6)
Abundance
in the Earth's crust	2 × 10-9%
in the solar system	1.56 × 10-8%
Xenon in the periodic table
	iodine ← xenon → caesium
Group	group 18 (noble gases)
Period	period 5
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 8
Physical properties
Phase at STP	gas
Melting point	161.40 K (−111.75 °C, −169.15 °F)
Boiling point	165.051 K (−108.099 °C, −162.578 °F)
Density (at STP)	5.894 g/L
when liquid (at b.p.)	2.942 g/cm3
Triple point	161.405 K, 81.77 kPa
Critical point	289.733 K, 5.842 MPa
Heat of fusion	2.27 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	12.64 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	21.01 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0, +2, +4, +6, +8 (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.6
Ionization energies	1st: 1170.4 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2046.4 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3099.4 kJ/mol ; ;
Covalent radius	140±9 pm
Van der Waals radius	216 pm
	Spectral lines of xenon
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound	gas: 178 m·s−1; liquid: 1090 m/s
Thermal conductivity	5.65×10−3 W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−43.9×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
CAS Number	7440-63-3
History
Discovery and first isolation	William Ramsay and Morris Travers (1898)
Isotopes of xenon v; e;
	Category: Xenon; view; talk; edit; \| references

Xenon is a non-metal chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is one of the few elements that are a gas at the standard temperature and pressure.

History

Sir William Ramsay and M. W. Travers discovered this element in 1898. The element's name came from the Greek word xenos, which means 'stranger'.

Chemistry

Xenon belongs to the group of the noble gases. Noble gases are very unreactive. However, in 1962, chemists have found that xenon can react with fluorine under special conditions, such as high pressure and high temperature. It is not known why xenon behaves differently under these circumstances. There are also some compounds with oxygen. The gas is not very reactive, because if fulfills the octet rule. This means that a lot of energy is needed to remove an electron from xenon. This activation energy for xenon is 1172 kJ/mol. To remove a second electron from xenon, an energy of 2046.4 kJ/mol is needed.

Known oxidation states of xenon are 0, +1, +2, +4, +6 and +8. However, the most stable form is pure xenon, or the xenon's oxidation state of 0. Xenon has 8 stable isotopes and more than 30 unstable isotopes.

Uses

Xenon gas is used in electron tubes, bactericidal lamps, trobe lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers. It has the atomic mass of 131.294 and is the 5th inert gas in the inner gas group.

Xenon is also a trace gas in the atmosphere, occurring at 87 ±1 nL/L (parts per billion) or approximately 1 in 11.5 million. It is also emitted from some mineral springs.

Xenon in shaped Geissler tubes.

Related pages

References

↑ "xenon". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
↑ "Xenon". Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Xenon". CIAAW. 1999.
↑ "Xenon". Gas Encyclopedia. Air Liquide. 2009.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.123. ISBN 1439855110.
↑ Hwang, Shuen-Cheng; Weltmer, William R. (2000). "Helium Group Gases". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01. ISBN 0-471-23896-1.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in ¹²⁴Xe with XENON1T". Nature. 568 (7753): 532–535. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1124-4.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C.; Bonatt, J.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Burenkov, A.; Cao, G. F.; Chambers, C.; Chaves, J.; Cleveland, B.; Cook, S.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Danilov, M.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, C. G.; Davis, J.; Devoe, R.; Delaquis, S.; Dobi, A.; Dolgolenko, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Dunford, M.; et al. (2014). "Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of ¹³⁶Xe with the EXO-200 detector". Physical Review C. 89. arXiv:1306.6106. Bibcode:2014PhRvC..89a5502A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Albert2013" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Redshaw, M.; Wingfield, E.; McDaniel, J.; Myers, E. (2007). "Mass and Double-Beta-Decay Q Value of ¹³⁶Xe". Physical Review Letters. 98 (5): 53003. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98e3003R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.053003.

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[1] "xenon". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.

[2] "Xenon". Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010.

[3] "Standard Atomic Weights: Xenon". CIAAW. 1999.

[4] "Xenon". Gas Encyclopedia. Air Liquide. 2009.

[b92-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.123. ISBN 1439855110.

[6] Hwang, Shuen-Cheng; Weltmer, William R. (2000). "Helium Group Gases". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01. ISBN 0-471-23896-1.

[7] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[8] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-9] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[XENON1T-10] "Observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in ¹²⁴Xe with XENON1T". Nature. 568 (7753): 532–535. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1124-4.

[Albert2013-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C.; Bonatt, J.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Burenkov, A.; Cao, G. F.; Chambers, C.; Chaves, J.; Cleveland, B.; Cook, S.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Danilov, M.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, C. G.; Davis, J.; Devoe, R.; Delaquis, S.; Dobi, A.; Dolgolenko, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Dunford, M.; et al. (2014). "Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of ¹³⁶Xe with the EXO-200 detector". Physical Review C. 89. arXiv:1306.6106. Bibcode:2014PhRvC..89a5502A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Albert2013" defined multiple times with different content

[12] Redshaw, M.; Wingfield, E.; McDaniel, J.; Myers, E. (2007). "Mass and Double-Beta-Decay Q Value of ¹³⁶Xe". Physical Review Letters. 98 (5): 53003. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98e3003R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.053003.

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