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Saudi Arabia

country in West Asia
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Saudi Arabia,[b] officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA),[c] is a country in West Asia including most of the Arabian Peninsula. The land area is approximately 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), so Saudi Arabia is geographically the 5th-largest state in Asia and 2nd-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Palestine and Egypt by The Red sea. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and the Arabian Gulf coast, and most of its land is dry and barren. Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Arabs and Islam [9] and sometimes called "the Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. Arabic is the exclusive official language in Saudi Arabia.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
المملكة العربية السعودية
al-Mamlaka al-‘Arabiyya as-Su‘ūdiyya
Emblem of Saudi Arabia
Emblem
Motto: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله
"Lā ʾilāha ʾillāl–lāh, Muhammadun rasūl allāh"
"There is no god but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God."[1][a] (Shahada)
Anthem: السلام الملكي (as an instrumental)
"as-Salâm al-Malaki"
"The Royal Salute"
Aash Al Maleek (instrumental)
Location of Saudi Arabia
Capital
and largest city
Riyadh
Official languagesArabic
Demonym(s)Saudi
GovernmentUnitary Islamic
absolute monarchy
• King
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Mohammad bin Salman
LegislatureNone - legislation by king's decree.
Establishment
23 September 1932[5]
Area
• Total
2,250,000 km2 (870,000 sq mi) (12th)
• Water (%)
0.7
Population
• 2024 estimate
41,344,786[6] (34th)
• Density
12/km2 (31.1/sq mi) (216th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
$3.059 trillion[7]
• Per capita
$24,056.715
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
$2.094 trillion
• Per capita
$19,890.183
HDI (2011)Increase 0.770[8]
high · 56th
CurrencySaudi riyal (SR) (SAR)
Time zoneUTC+3 (AST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 ((not observed))
Driving sideright
Calling code+966
ISO 3166 codeSA
Internet TLD.sa, السعودية.

Sunni Islam is the state religion.[10] The practice of non-Islamic religions is not allowed in public but it's allowed in private.[11] The Hanbali school of faith has a big influence, and the ultra-conservative Wahhabism religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called "the predominant feature of Saudi culture".

Saudi Arabia is the largest state in western Asia by land area (most of the Arabian Peninsula) and the second-largest in the Arab World. It has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 8.8 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 1.5 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.[12]

Saudi Arabia has the world's largest petroleum reserves and is the world's largest oil exporter.[13] Oil accounts for more than 90% of exports and nearly 75% of government revenues, facilitating the creation of a welfare state.[14] However, human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Arabia has cities that are important to the Muslim religion. Many Muslims from around the world visit Mecca in Saudi Arabia to make a pilgrimage. The pilgrimage is one of the "pillars of Islam". Other big cities are Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam. The pilgrimage is called hajj in the Arabic language. Somebody who makes a pilgrimage to Mecca is called a hajj in the Arabic language. People who are not Muslim are not allowed to enter Mecca.

Most people speak the Arabic language.

The currency of Saudi Arabia is referred to as the Saudi Riyal.[15]

History

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See the main article: History of Saudi Arabia

The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd, and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. The country has since been an absolute monarchy, governed along Islamic lines.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932. The conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which is an absolute monarchy, refers to its system of government as being Islamic. It has a strong basis in Wahhabism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.

Politics

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Verses from the Quran. The Quran is the official constitution of the country and a primary source of law. Arabia is unique in enshrining a religious text as a political document

Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy.[16] However, according to the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with Sharia (Islamic law) and the Quran, while the Quran and the Sunnah (the traditions of Muhammad) are declared to be the country's constitution.[17] The primary source of law is the Islamic Sharia derived from the teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah (the traditions of the Prophet).[18] Saudi Arabia is unique among modern Muslim states in that Sharia is not codified and there is no system of judicial precedent, giving judges the power to use independent legal reasoning to make a decision. Saudi judges tend to follow the principles of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence (or fiqh) found in pre-modern texts[19] and noted for its literalist interpretation of the Qur'an and hadith.[20]

Because the judge is empowered to disregard previous judgments (either his own or of other judges) and may apply his personal interpretation of Sharia to any particular case, divergent judgements arise even in apparently identical cases,[21] making predictability of legal interpretation difficult.[22] The Sharia court system constitutes the basic judiciary of Saudi Arabia and its judges (qadi) and lawyers form part of the ulema, the country's Islamic scholars.

Royal decrees are the other main source of law; but are referred to as regulations rather than laws because they are subordinate to the Sharia.[18] Royal decrees supplement Sharia in areas such as labor, commercial and corporate law. Additionally, traditional tribal law and custom remain significant.[23] Extra-Sharia government tribunals usually handle disputes relating to specific royal decrees.[24] Final appeal from both Sharia courts and government tribunals is to the King and all courts and tribunals follow Sharia rules of evidence and procedure.[25]

Culture

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In Saudi Arabia, music and dance are important parts of life. People usually sing traditional songs together with poetry. They play instruments like the rabābah, which is similar to a three-string fiddle, and percussion instruments such as the ṭabl (drum) and the ṭār (tambourine). The country's national dance is Ardah, a sword dance from Najd. Men form lines or circles and sing poetry while performing it.[26] Bedouin poetry, known as nabaṭī, is also well-liked.[27]

Since 1985, a cultural heritage festival named Jenadriyah is celebrated once every year, for two weeks.[27]

Women

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Further information: Women and Islam
 
A Saudi woman wearing a traditional niqab.

A hijab is a traditional Islamic norm whereby women are required "to draw their outer garments around them (when they go out or are among men)" and dress in a modest manner.[28] Saudi Arabia is different from many Islamic societies in the extent of the covering that it considers Islamically correct hijab (everything except the hands and eyes) and the fact that covering is enforced by Mutaween or religious police.

Among unrelated men, women must cover the parts of the body that are awrah (private). In much of Islam, a women's face is not considered awrah. In Saudi Arabia and some other Arab states, all of the body is considered awrah except the hands and eyes. Accordingly, most women are expected to wear the hijab (head covering), a full black cloak called an abaya, and a face-veil called niqab. Many historians and Islamic scholars argue that the Quran was interpreted to require the veil as part of adapting it to tribal traditions.[29] [30][31][32]

Geography

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Deserts of Saudi Arabia - panoramio (5)

Saudi Arabia is home to the largest mass of sand on earth,[33] known as the Rub-al Khali desert (Rub-al Khali means "empty quarter"). The temperature is very hot. There are almost no rivers or lakes in the country. There are many wadis.

The countries of Yemen and Oman are south of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is west of Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, and Jordan. All of these countries, except Jordan and Iraq, make the Arabian Peninsula.

Animal life includes wolves, hyenas, mongooses, baboons, hares, sand rats, and jerboas. There used to be many larger animals such as gazelles, oryx, and leopards. By the 1950s hunting from motor vehicles made these animals almost extinct. Birds include falcons (which are caught and trained for hunting), eagles, hawks, vultures, sand grouse and bulbuls. There are several species of snakes, many of which are venomous, and numerous types of lizards. There is a wide variety of marine life in the Persian Gulf. Domesticated animals include camels, sheep, goats, donkeys, and chickens.

Because it is mostly a desert Saudi Arabia’s plant life is mostly small herbs and shrubs that need little water. There are a few small areas of grass and trees in southern Asir. The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is widespread.

Provinces

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Saudi Arabia is divided into 13 provinces.[34] The provinces are divided into 118 governorates.

No. Region Capital
 
Provinces of Saudi Arabia
1 Al Jawf (or Jouf) Sakaka
2 Northern Borders Arar
3 Tabuk Tabuk
4 Ha'il Ha'il
5 Al Madinah Medina
6 Al Qasim Buraidah
7 Makkah Mecca
8 Al Riyadh Riyadh
9 Eastern Province Dammam
10 Al Bahah (or Baha) Al Bahah
11 Asir Abha
12 Jizan Jizan
13 Najran Najran

Cities

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These are the largest cities in Saudi Arabia.

Largest cities by population
(2007)
mill. 		   
Riyadh 8.7
Jeddah 4.6
Mecca 1.7
Medina 1.3 Riyadh Jeddah Mecca
Dammam 2.5      
Ta'if 0.7
Buraydah 0.6
Tabuk 0.5
Abha 0.4
Khamis Mushait 0.4 Medina Dammam Abha

Notes

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  1. ↑ The shahada (statement of faith) is sometimes translated into English as "There is no god but Allah", using the romanization of the Arabic word "Allah" instead of its translation. The Arabic word "Allah" literally translates as the God, as the prefix "Al-" is the definite article.[2][3][4]
  2. ↑ Arabic: السعودية as-Su‘ūdiyya or as-Sa‘ūdiyya
  3. ↑ Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlaka al-‘Arabiyya as-Su‘ūdiyya,  Arabic pronunciation (help·info)

References

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  1. ↑ "About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures". The royal embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C., United States. Archived from the original on 2019-01-06. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  2. ↑ "God". Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS.
  3. ↑ "Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allah.
  4. ↑ L. Gardet. "Allah". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
  5. ↑ "Saudi Arabia the country in Brief". Saudia-online.com. Archived from the original on 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  6. ↑ Central Department Of Statistics & information Archived 2012-09-22 at the Wayback Machine as updated 2010
  7. ↑ "Saudi Arabia". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  8. ↑ "HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme" (PDF). United Nations. 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  9. ↑ "Cultural Dimension of Saudi Arabia". sauditourism. sauditourism. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  10. ↑ "The Basic Law of Government, Chapter one".
  11. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Saudi Arabia". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  12. ↑ "Saudi Arabia". American Bedu. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  13. ↑ Soldatkin, Vladimir; Nastassia Astrasheuskaya (November 9, 2011). "Saudi Arabia to overtake Russia as top oil producer-IEA". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  14. ↑ "The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia – A Welfare State". Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, London. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  15. ↑ Staff, Communicate. "The Emerging Trends Shaping the Future of Brands in Saudi Arabia". www.communicateonline.me. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  16. ↑ World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2.
  17. ↑ Robbers, Gerhard (2007). Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1. p. 791. ISBN 978-0-8160-6078-8.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Campbell, Christian (2007). Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the Middle East. Lulu.com. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-4303-1914-6.
  19. ↑ Hefner, Robert W. (2011). Shari'a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World. Indiana University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-253-22310-4.
  20. ↑ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2006). Encyclopedia of Islam. Facts on File. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1.
  21. ↑ Otto, pp. 161–162
  22. ↑ Oxford Business Group (2009). The Report: Saudi Arabia 2009. Oxford Business Group. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-902339-00-9. it is not always possible to reach a conclusion on how a Saudi court or judicial committee would view a particular case [because] decisions of a court or a judicial committee have no binding authority with respect to another case, [and] in general there is also no system of court reporting in the Kingdom. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  23. ↑ Otto, p. 157
  24. ↑ Esposito, John L. (1998). Islam and politics. Syracuse University Press. pp. 110–112. ISBN 978-0-8156-2774-6.
  25. ↑ Campbell, Christian (2007). Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the Middle East. Lulu.com. pp. 268–269. ISBN 978-1-4303-1914-6.
  26. ↑ "Al-Ardha – The National Sword Dance of Saudi Arabia". Saudi Arabesque. 2016-08-25. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Culture & Art | The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". www.saudiembassy.net. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  28. ↑ "The Question of Hijab: Suppression Or Liberation?". islamswomen.com. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  29. ↑ "Niqab". BBC. 3 September 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  30. ↑ Abdullah Atif Samih (7 March 2008). "Do women have to wear niqaab?". Islam Q&A. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  31. ↑ Munajjid (7 March 2008). "Shar'i description of hijab and niqaab". Islam Q&A. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  32. ↑ "Correct view on the ruling on covering the face". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  33. ↑ Vincent, Peter (2008). Saudi Arabia: an environmental overview. Taylor & Francis. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-415-41387-9. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  34. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Administrative divisions". arab.net. Retrieved 2008-09-21.

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