Urdu alphabet

refs and resources change

Urdu alphabet

اردو‌ حروف‌تہجی

Urdu hurūf-e-tahajjī

اردو ‌تہجی

Urdu tahajjī
Urdu alphabet ; ; اردو‌ حروف‌تہجی; ; Urdu hurūf-e-tahajjī; ; اردو ‌تہجی; ; Urdu tahajjī
	<img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/150px-Urdu_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="857"> Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: Urdu
Script type	Abjad
Languages	Urdu, Balti[source?], infrequent use in Burushaski , others
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Nabataean Arabic Perso-Arabic Urdu alphabet ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Unicode
Unicode range	U+0600 to U+06FF; U+0750 to U+077F; U+FB50 to U+FDFF; U+FE70 to U+FEFF
	This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

templates change

when adding sections to the main article remember to use {{In use}}
{{hamza}}
{{-}} Template:Clear "It makes content wait until existing content is completed in all columns. It is often used to prevent text from flowing next to unrelated images."

wiki help change

related pages change

Word divider#Vertical arrangement change

00:04, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Nastaʿlīq used for Urdu

The Nastaʿlīq form of Islamic calligraphy uses vertical arrangement to separate words. The beginning of each word is written higher than the end of the preceding word, so that a line of text takes on a sawtooth appearance. Nastaliq spread from Persia and today is used for Persian, Uyghur, Pashto, and Urdu.

on line resources change

National Language Promotion Department - Pakistan
National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language - India
https://www.urducouncil.nic.in/
https://tech.cle.org.pk/
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/urdu-in-devanagari-shifting-orthographic-practices-and-muslim-identity-in-delhi/F89F162B15A6720008639E627D6F0242
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231786143_Urdu_in_Devanagari_Shifting_orthographic_practices_and_Muslim_identity_in_Delhi
google book
- exerpt of Views from Inside: Languages, Cultures, and Schooling for K?12 Educators ($80 for book)
- book details
- ref from book details: ^[1]
- ref generated from exerpt ^[2]
the BBC article i fount that book via http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/urdu/guide/alphabet.shtm

Formatted Reference List change

↑ Egbert, Joy; Ernst-Slavit, Gisela (2017). Views from Inside: Languages, Cultures, and Schooling for K?12 Educators. IAP. ISBN 978-1-64113-021-9. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
↑ Egbert, Joy; Ernst-Slavit, Gisela (2017). Views from Inside: Languages, Cultures, and Schooling for K?12 Educators. IAP. ISBN 978-1-64113-021-9. Retrieved 11 May 2020.

Draft content for the Urdu alphabet page change

notes for intro change

It looks like i added حروف and "Urdu harūf tahajī" in this edit

Word				examples of other uses
Urdu	IPA	transliteration	translation	Urdu	pronunciation	translation
حروف ‌تہجی		harūf tahajī	alphabet (letter sequence)	حروف تہجی ^[1]	harūf tahajī	alphabet

intro change

The Urdu alphabet (Urdu: اردو‌ حروف‌تہجی simplified script: اردو حروف تہجی, pronunciation: Urdu harūf tahajī, or اردو‌تہجی Urdu tahajī) is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. The Urdu alphabet has 39^[3] or 40 letters^[4] plus digraphs. The Urdu alphabet has no distinct letter cases, is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaliq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style.

Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script. The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.^[source?]

The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script and has its origins in 13th century Iran. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nastaʻliq]] style of Perso-Arabic script. Urdu script in its extended form is known as Shahmukhi script and is used for writing other Indo-Aryan languages of North Indian subcontinent like Punjabi and Saraiki as well.

Urdu and Hindi are mutually intelligible as spoken languages, or when written in the Latin alphabet. The most obvious distinction between Hindi and Urdu is the script. Both scripts have religious connotations.

,

Geographic distribution change

In addition to Pakistan, the Urdu language is official in five states of India: Bihar, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh^[source?].

Other than the Indian subcontinent, the Urdu script is also used by Pakistan's large diaspora, including in the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia, and other places.^[4]

Many Urdu speakers living outside of Pakistan use the Latin alphabet to write Urdu do to limited availability of software for writing Urdu ^[source?].

Nastaliq change

Example showing Nastaʿlīq's (Persian) proportion rules.

Urdu is written in the Nastaliq style (Persian: نستعلیق Nastaʿlīq). The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a Persian mixture of the Naskh and Ta'liq scripts. After the Mughal conquest, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan, and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.

In the Arabic alphabet, and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though obviously Arabic calligraphy can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even for simple non-decorative documents.^[5]^[6]

The names of 10 Urdu letters (see below) to show the variable letter forms in context. Rows 1 and 4: isolated letters. Rows 2 and 5: the names of those letters. Rows 3 and 6: the letter names broken up into individual letters.

Alphabet change

intro text change

currently in Urdu Alphabet change

The Urdu script is an abjad script derived from Perso-Arabic script, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic script. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew, whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an Indo-European language, which does not have the same luxury, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.^[7]

messy version change

The Urdu script is an abjad script derived from Perso-Arabic script, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic script. The Urdu alphabet was standardized in 2004 by the National Language Authority, which is responsible for standardizing Urdu in Pakistan. According to the National Language Authority^[source?], Urdu has 58^[3] letters of which 39^[3] are basic letters while 18^[3] are digraphs to represent aspirated consonants made by attaching basic consonant letters with a variant of He called do chashmi he.^[3]^[7]^[8]^[4] Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered a letter though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic.

The Urdu script is an abjad script derived from Perso-Arabic script, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic script.

The number of letters is somewhat ambiguous and debated.^[7]

Urdu has 39^[3] individual letters,

while 18^[3] digraphs to represent aspirated consonants made by attaching basic consonant letters with a variant of He called do chashmi he, for a total of 58.

^[3]

^[8]^[4] Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered a letter though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic.

As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew, whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an Indo-European language, which does not have the same luxury, hence necessitating more memorization.

As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew, whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an Indo-European language, which does not have the same luxury, hence necessitating more memorization. Urdu uses the vowels represented as full letters ا و ی ے more often than Arabic; there are fewer short vowels to omit. Also, Hamza ئ and the mada on Alif Mada آ are not omitted. Words in Urdu that differ only by ommitted short vowels are rarer in Urdu than Arabic, but the meanings are often far more divergent than Arabic words with the same root.

Letter Names and Phonemes change

The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is more ambiguous than the 26 in the English alphabet, the most commonly quoted numbers are 39^[3] or 40 letters^[4].
The usual letter forms in Urdu Nastaliq are somewhat more diverse than for most Arabic-derived alphabets, see "letter forms" below.

core alphabet change

(see also: Encoding Urdu in Unicode below) See below for written vowels

{{IPAslink}} {{IPAblink}}

an IP changed three letters 12:02, 16 January 2020 [1]

Reference from Hindustani orthography
http://www.cle.org.pk/Downloads/ling_resources/phoneticinventory/UrduPhoneticInventory.pdf

table change

version at Urdu_alphabet#Letter_names_and_phonemes

Letter names and phonemes change

Letter ^{[lower-roman 1]}	Name ^[9]		IPA	Romanization		Closest Sound in European Languages	Unicode	No. ^{^[source?]}
Letter ^{[lower-roman 1]}	Urdu	Roman Urdu	IPA	ALA-LC ^[10]	Hunterian ^[11]	Closest Sound in European Languages	Unicode	No. ^{^[source?]}
ا ‎	الف ‎	alif	/ɑː/, /ʔ/, /∅/	ā, –	ā, –	a as in Aunt.	U+0627	1
ب ‎	بے ‎	bē	/b/	b	b	b as in Ball.	U+0628	2
پ ‎	پے ‎	pē	/p/	p	p	p as in Pigeon.	U+067E	3
ت ‎	تے ‎	tē	/t/	t	t	No full English equivalent. Similar to a soft t in time.	U+062A	4
ٹ ‎	ٹے ‎	ṭē	/ʈ/	ṭ	t	T as in Train.	U+0679	5
ث ‎	ثے ‎	s̱ē	/s/	s̱	s	c as in cinema.	U+062B	6
ج ‎	جيم ‎	jīm	/d͡ʒ/	j	j	j in Jug.	U+062C	7
چ ‎	چے ‎	cē	/t͡ʃ/	c	ch	ch in Chimney.	U+0686	8
ح ‎	بڑی حے ‎	baṛī ḥē	/ɦ/	ḥ	h	h as in Happy.	U+062D	9
ح ‎	___ ‎	hutti hay	/ɦ/	ḥ	h	h as in Happy.	U+062D	9
خ ‎	خے ‎	k͟hē	/x/	k͟h	kh	No full equivalent in English. Similar to guttural kh in Khundak.	U+062E	10
د ‎	دال ‎	dāl	/d/	d	d	No full equivalent in English. Similar to soft d in dream.	U+062F	11
ڈ ‎	ڈال ‎	ḍāl	/ɖ/	ḍ	d	D as in Dream.	U+0688	12
ذ ‎	ذال ‎	ẕāl	/z/	ẕ	z	Z as in zebra.	U+0630	13
ر ‎	رے ‎	rē	/r/	r	r	r as in Razor.	U+0631	14
ڑ ‎	ڑے ‎	ṛē	/ɽ/ ^{[lower-roman 2]}	ṛ	r	No full equivalent in English. Similar to hard dh in Raigadh.	U+0691	15
ز ‎	زے ‎	zē	/z/	z	z	z as in Zebra.	U+0632	16
ژ ‎	ژے ‎	zhē	/ʒ/ ^{[lower-roman 3]}	zh	zh	si as in version.	U+0698	17
س ‎	سین ‎	sīn	/s/	s	s	s as in sea.	U+0633	18
ش ‎	شین ‎	shīn	/ʃ/	sh	sh	sh as in shine.	U+0634	19
ص ‎	صاد ‎	ṣwād	/s/	ṣ	s	s as in swear.	U+0635	20
ض ‎	ضاد ‎	ẓwād	/z/	ẓ	z	z as in gazette.	U+0636	21
ط ‎	طوے ‎	t̤oTemplate:Hamzaē	/t/	t̤	t	No full equivalent in English. Similar to ta as in Talia.	U+0637	22
ظ ‎	ظوے ‎	z̤oTemplate:Hamzaē	/z/	z̤	z	No full equivalent in English. Similar to hard z in zoo.	U+0638	23
ع ‎	عین ‎	ʻain	/ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/, /ʔ/, /ʕ/, /∅/	ʻ	ʻ ^[source?]	No full equivalent in English. Similar to harsh guttural a in apple.	U+0639	24
غ ‎	غین ‎	g͟hain	/ɣ/	g͟h	gh	No full equivalent in English. Similar to guttural gh in Ghalib.	U+063A	25
ف ‎	فے ‎	fē	/f/	f	f	f as in flower.	U+0641	26
ق ‎	قاف ‎	qāf	/q/	q	q	^{[example needed]}	U+0642	27
ک ‎	کاف ‎	kāf	/k/	k	k	k as in Kite.	U+06A9	28
گ ‎	گاف ‎	gāf	/ɡ/	g	g	g as in grass.	U+06AF	29
ل ‎	لام ‎	lām	/l/	l	l	l as in lemon.	U+0644	30
م ‎	میم ‎	mīm	/m/	m	m	m as in Mike.	U+0645	31
ن ‎	نون ‎	nūn	/n/, /ɲ/, /ɳ/, /ŋ/	n	n	n as in noon.	U+0646	32
ں ‎	نون غنّہ ‎	nūn g͟hunnā	/ ◌̃ / ^{[lower-roman 2]}	ṉ	n	n as in noon.	U+06BA U+0658 ^{[lower-roman 4]}	33
و ‎	واؤ ‎	wāTemplate:Hamzao	ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː	v, ū, u, o, au	w, ū, u, o, au	w as in walet.	U+0648	34
ہ ‎	گول ہے ‎	gōl hē	/ɦ/, /ɑː/, /e:/	h, ā, e	h, ā, e	h as in hot.	U+06C1 ^{[lower-roman 5]}	35
ہ ‎	چھوٹی ہے ‎	choṭī hē	/ɦ/, /ɑː/, /e:/	h, ā, e	h, ā, e	h as in hot.	U+06C1 ^{[lower-roman 5]}	35
ھ ‎	دو چشمی ہے ‎	do-cashmī hē	/ʰ/ or /ʱ/ ^{[lower-roman 2]}	h	h	^{[example needed]}	U+06BE	36
ی ‎	چھوٹی يے ‎	choṭī yē	/j/, /iː/, /ɑː/	y, ī, á	y, ī, á	y as in yellow or ee as in feel.	U+06CC	38
ے ‎	بڑی يے ‎	baṛī yē	/ɛː/, /eː/ ^{[lower-roman 2]}	ai, e	ai, e	a as in cat or ay as in day.	U+06D2	39
ء ‎	ہمزہ ‎	hamzā	/ʔ/ or /∅/ ^{[lower-roman 6]}	Template:Hamza, –, yi	Template:Hamza, –, yi	^{[example needed]}	U+0621	37 ^{^[source?]}
ئ ‎	ہمزہ ‎	hamzā	/ʔ/ or /∅/ ^{[lower-roman 6]}	Template:Hamza, –, yi	Template:Hamza, –, yi	^{[example needed]}	U+0626

Footnotes:

↑ The form shown is the isolated glyph. For other positional forms see: Nastaliq Letter Forms.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 No Urdu word begins with ں, ھ, ڑ, or ے.^[source?]
↑ Used mainly for Persian loanwords.
↑ The version shown on the left is U+06BA, which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic U+0658, which is usually omitted (see below for further information on diacritic omission in Urdu).
↑ Sometimes choṭī hē is used to refer to gōl hey but choṭī hē can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use U+0647 whereas Urdu uses U+06C1 for gōl hey.^[12] See also: Urdu in Unicode .
↑ Hamzah: In Urdu, hamzah is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as hamzah-e-izafat. The main use of hamzah in Urdu is to indicate a vowel cluster.

Alternate Romanisations:

my table change

Isolated Letter Form ^[N]		Sound				Name ^[13]^[12] ^{[glossary of key words below]}			Unicode ^[14]^[15]	number in alphabet
Isolated Letter Form ^[N]		ALA‑LC ^[10]	Hunterian ^[11]	IPA	closest sound in English	Nastaliq ^{[footnote 1]}	diacritics ^[12]	Romanizations ^[12]^[3]	Unicode ^[14]^[15]		^[12]
ا				/ɑː/ /ā/ /ʔ/ /–/ ^[source?]	^{[example needed]}	الف	الِف	alif^[12] / alef^[15]	U+0627	1	1
ب		b		/b/	B in "bat" ^[PB]	بے	بے	bē^[12] / beh^[15]	U+0628 U+0628	2	2
پ		p		/p/	^{[example needed]}	پے	پے	pē^[12] / peh^[14]	U+067E	3	3
ت		t		/t̪/	^{[example needed]}	تے	تے	tē^[12] / teh^[15]	U+062A	4	4
ٹ		ṭ	t	/ʈ/	^{[example needed]}	ٹے	ٹے	ṭē^[12] / tteh^[14]	U+0679	5	5
ث		s̱	s	/s/	^{[example needed]}	ثے	ثے	sē^[12] / s̱ē	U+062B	6	6
ج		j		/d͡ʒ/	^{[example needed]}	جيم	جِيم	jīm^[12] / jeem^[15]	U+062C U+062C	7	7
چ		c	ch	/t͡ʃ/	^{[example needed]}	چے	چے	čē^[12] / cē^[12] / tcheh^[14]	U+0686	8	8
ح		ḥ	h	/ɦ/	^{[example needed]}	بڑی حے	بَڑی حے	baṛī ħē^[12] / baṛī ḥē	U+062D	9	9
خ		k͟h	kh	/x/	^{[example needed]}	خے	خے	xē^[12] / khē^[12] / khah^[15] / k͟hē	U+062E	10	10
د		d		/d/	^{[example needed]}	دال	دال	dāl^[12] / dal^[15]	U+062F	11	11
ڈ		ḍ	d	/ɖ/	^{[example needed]}	ڈال	ڈال	ḍāl^[12] / ddal^[14]	U+0688	12	12
ذ		ẕ	z	/z/	^{[example needed]}	ذال	ذال	zāl^[12] / ẕāl	U+0630	13	13
ر		r		/r/	^{[example needed]}	رے	رے	rē^[12] / reh^[15]	U+0631	14	14
ڑ		ṛ	r	/ɽ/	^{[example needed]}	ڑے	ڑے	ṛē^[12] / rreh^[14]	U+0691	15	15
ز		z		/z/	^{[example needed]}	زے	زے	zē^[12] / zey	U+0632	16	16
ژ		zh	zh	/ʒ/	^{[example needed]}	ژے	ژے	žē^[12] / zhē^[12]	U+0698	17	17
س		s		/s/	^{[example needed]}	سین	سِين	sīn^[12] / seen^[15]	U+0633	18	18
ش		sh	sh	/ʃ/	^{[example needed]}	شین	شِين	šīn^[12] / shīn^[12] / sheen^[15]	U+0634	19	19
ص		ṣ	s	/s/	^{[example needed]}	صاد	صْواد	swād^[12] / sad^[15] / ṣwād	U+0635	20	20
ض		ẓ	z	/z/	^{[example needed]}	ضاد	ضْواد	żwād^[12] / ẓwād	U+0636	21	21
ط		t̤	t	/t/	^{[example needed]}	طوے	طوئے	tō’ē^[12] / tah^[15] / tōē / t̤o'ē / toy	U+0637	22	22
ظ		z̤ ^[footnote]	z	/z/	^{[example needed]}	ظوے	ظوئے	zō’ē^[12] / zōē / z̤o'ē	U+0638	23	23
ع		ʻ / ‘ / ` / ' / ’ / Template:Hamza ^{[footnote 3]}		/ɑː/ /oː/ /eː/ /ʔ/ /ʕ/ /∅/	^{[example needed]}	عین	عَيْن	‘ain^[12] / ain^[15] ayn	U+0639	24	24
غ		g͟h	gh	/ɣ/	^{[example needed]}	غین	غَيْن	ğain^[12] / ghain^[15] / g͟hain	U+063A	25	25
ف		f		/f/	^{[example needed]}	فے	فے	fē^[12] / feh^[15]	U+0641	26	26
ق		q		/q/	^{[example needed]}	قاف	قاف	qāf^[12] / qaf^[15]	U+0642	27	27
ک		k		/k/	^{[example needed]}	کاف	کاف	kāf^[12] / kāf	U+06A9	28	28
گ		g		/ɡ/	^{[example needed]}	گاف	گاف	gāf^[12] / gaf^[14]	U+06AF	29	29
ل		l		/l/	^{[example needed]}	لام	لام	lām^[12] / lam^[15]	U+0644	30	30
م		m		/m/	^{[example needed]}	میم	مِيم	mīm^[12] / meem^[15]	U+0645	31	31
ن		n		/n/ /ɲ/ /ɳ/ /ŋ/	^{[example needed]}	نون	نُون	nūn^[12] / noon^[15]	U+0646	32	32
ں		ṉ	n	/ ◌̃ /	^{[example needed]}	نون غنہ	نُونِ غُنّہ	nūn-e ğunnah^[12] noon ghunna^[14] nūn g͟hunnah	U+06BA	33
◌٘ ٘ ــ٘ـ		ṉ	n	/ ◌̃ /	^{[example needed]}	نون غنہ	نُونِ غُنّہ	nūn-e ğunnah^[12] noon ghunna^[14] nūn g͟hunnah	U+0658	33
و		v or ū/u/o/au ^[V/W]	w or ū/u/o/au ^[V/W]	/ʋ/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /oː/ /ɔː/ ^[V/W]	^{[example needed]}	واؤ	واؤ	vāō^[12] / wāō^[12] / waw^[15] / wā'o	U+0648	34	33
ہ		h / ā / e		/ɦ/ /ɑː/ /e:/	^{[example needed]}	گول ہے	گول ہے	gōl hē^[12] / heh goal^[14] / gol hē	U+06C1	35	34
ه		h / ā / e		/ɦ/ /ɑː/ /e:/	^{[example needed]}	چهوٹی هے	چهوٹی هے	čhōṭī hē ^[12]	U+0647 ^[12]	Arabic ^[footnote]
ھ		h		/ʰ/ or /ʱ/	^{[example needed]}	دو چشمی ہے	دوچَشْمی ہے	dō-čašmī hē^[12] / heh doachashmee^[14] / do-cashmī hē	U+06BE	36
ی		y / ī / á		/j/ /iː/ /ɑː/	^{[example needed]}	چھوٹی يے	چھوٹی يے	čhōṭī yē^[12] / choṭī yē	U+06CC	38	35
ے		ai / e		/ɛː/ /eː/	^{[example needed]}	بڑی يے	بَڑی يے	baṛī yē^[12] / yeh barree^[14]	U+06D2	39	35
ء	ء	Template:Hamza / – / yi		/ʔ/ /∅/	^{[footnote 2]}	ہمزہ	ہَمْزه	hamzah^[12] / hamza^[15]	U+0621	37	0 or 35
ئ	ئ	Template:Hamza / – / yi		/ʔ/ /∅/	^{[footnote 2]}	ہمزہ	ہَمْزه	hamzah^[12] / hamza^[15]	U+0626	37	0 or 35

Footnotes for letter names and phonemes: change

^ 1. This may display in a different style if you do not have a Nastaliq font installed. ^[endnote]. Footnote: where two styles are shown, the style on the right is a Naskh or modern Arabic style.

^P and B in English:

^Letters with similar sounds: Some sets of Urdu letters have matching sounds.^[16]^[17]

4 letters ز ذ ض ظ are all ≈ Z ^[16]^[17] ^Z. These excess diacritics do not reflect any significant difference in pronunciation between the letters ذ ز ض ظ all shown as "z" in other systems^[source?].
3 letters س ص ث are all ≈ S ^[16]^[17]
2 letters ت ط are both ≈ T ^[16]^[17] (a third letter ٹ is also often shown as English T, but is different to the other two Urdu letters, see #retroflex consonants below.)
2 letters ہ ح are both ≈ H ^[17] but are sometimes regarded s distinct.

^ 2. In Urdu, hamza ء is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as hamza-e-izafat. The main use of hamza ء in Urdu is to indicate a vowel cluster. Sometimes transliterated as "2" in informal Arabic but not in Urdu

In Urdu words, Hamza ء is always attached ئ to a form resembling the Arabic ى alef maksura^[source?]. Some fonts convert an isolated Hamza in this form to Hamza on the line.

^ 3. Ayn ع in its initial عـ and final ـع position is usually silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel. When it appears in the middle of a word there are a few different, similar looking, characters used to represent it in the Latin alphabet: (`) the grave accent, (‘) the left single quotation mark, (') the apostrophe, or the Pacific (ʻ) okina, or it can be pronounced like Arabic hamza (Template:Hamza) and be transliterated as equivalent marks in the reverse direction such as (’) the right single quotation mark. ^[source?] Sometimes transliterated as "3" in informal Arabic but not in Urdu.

^5. Gol He and do-cashmi-he diverged from the Arabic letter Hā, sometimes choti hey is used too refer to gol hey, while sometimes choti he refers to the Arabic version. The distinction is somewhat artificial, since gol he is an equivalent letter to the Arabic letter, but they have separate unicode characters. Some fonts make the Arabic hé look the same as gol hey or do-cashmi hé. ^{(see also)}

^V/W: The consonant pronunciation of و depends on the speaker's regional accent.^[18]

Vowel chart change

References to add:
from Hindustani orthography http://www.cle.org.pk/Downloads/ling_resources/phoneticinventory/UrduPhoneticInventory.pdf

Urdu does not have standalone vowel letters as a characteristic of abjads called mater lectionis. Short vowels (a, i, u), which do not occur word-finally, are represented by optional diacritics (zabar, zer, pesh) upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (alif, ain, or hamza) if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants alif, ain, ye, and wa'o, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (zabar, zer, pesh), whereas some are not (madd, hamza). This is a table of Urdu vowels:

Romanization	IPA	Final	Middle	Initial
a	/ə/	N/A	ـَ	اَ
ā	/aː/	ـَا ؛ ـَی ؛ ـَہ	ـَا	آ
i	/ɪ/	N/A	ــِـ	اِ
ī	/iː/	ـِى	ـِيـ	اِی
e	/eː/	ـے‬	ـيـ	اے
ai	/ɛː/	ـَے‬	ـَيـ	اَے
u	/ʊ/	N/A	ـُ	اُ
ū	/uː/	ـُو		اُو
o	/oː/	ـو		او
au	/ɔː/	ـَو		اَو

Additional characters and variations change

Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah change

Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered the 40th letter of the Urdu alphabet, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Tāʼ marbūṭah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu tē, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with Gol hē.

Table change

Table of additional characters and variations
Group	Letter ^[A]^[B]		Name (see: Glossary of key words)			Unicode ^[14]^[15]
Group	Letter ^[A]^[B]		Nastaliq ^[C]	with diacritics	Romanization or name in English ^[12]^[3]	Unicode ^[14]^[15]
Alif	آ	آ	الف مدہ	الِف مَدّه ^[12]	alif maddah ^[12] ^[D]	U+0622 alef with madda above ^[15]
Hamza ^[B]	ء	ء	ہمزہ	ہَمْزه ^[12]	hamzah	U+0621 hamza ^[15]
	ء	ء	___	___	hamza on the line	U+0621 hamza ^[15]
	ٔ	ٔ	___	___	hamza diacritic ^[D]^[B]	U+0654 Hamza Above
	ئ	ئ	ہمزہ	ہَمْزه ^[12]	hamzah	U+0626 yeh with hamza above ^[15]
	ئ	ئ	___	___	yē hamza / alif hamza	U+0626 yeh with hamza above ^[15]
	ۓ	ۓ	___	___	baṛī yē hamza	U+06D3 yeh barree with hamza above ^[14]
	ؤ	ؤ	واوِ مَہْمُوز	واوِ مَہْمُوز ^[12]	vāv-e mahmūz ^[12]	U+0624 waw with hamza above ^[15]
	ۂ ‍ۂ	ۂ ـۂ	___	___		U+06C2 heh goal with hamza above ^[14] or U+06C1 + U+0654
Arabic ^[E]	ۃ ‍ۃ	ۃ ـۃ	Arabic: تاء مربوطة	Arabic: تَاء مَرْبُوطَة	tāʼ marbūṭah "bound ta"	U+06C3 teh marbuta goal ^[14]
	ة ‍ة	ة ـة	Arabic: تاء مربوطة	Arabic: تَاء مَرْبُوطَة	tāʼ marbūṭah "bound ta"	U+0629 teh marbuta ^[15]
	ت	ت	Arabic: تاء مفتوحة	Arabic: تَاء مَفْتُوحَة	tāʼ maftūḥah "open ta"	U+062A Teh

Footnotes:

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Left: Urdu Nastaliq. Right: Arabic Naskh or modern style.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 See: Hamzah in Nastaliq.
↑ The Nastaliq text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in آزادی - "āzādī", ɑ:zɑ:d̪i, freedom^[19]) are distinguished in most contexts.
↑ see: Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah above.

Cite error: Cite error: <ref> tag with name "Oxford_Dictionaries" defined in <references> is not used in prior text. ().

Hamza in Nastaliq change

Hamza can be difficult to recognise in Urdu handwriting and fonts designed to replicate it, closely resembling two dots above as featured in ت Té and ق Qaf, whereas in Arabic and Geometric fonts it is more distinct and closely resembles the western form of the numeral 2 two.

junk rows change

Group	Letter		Name			Unicode	why it's junk
hamza	ۂ ‍ۂ	ۂ ـۂ				ہ + ـــٔــ U+06C1 + U+0654	given i had to resort to the Persian keyboard to find diacritic hamza, i think it's non-standard to build it this way, maybe mention the unicode characters, but no need to show it on the left.
hamzah	ٔ	ٔ	___	___	hamza diacritic ^[A]	U+0654 Hamza Above
hamzah	ٴ	ٴ	___	___	hamza diacritic ^[A]	U+0674 "High Hamza"	high hamzah fits better in similar unicode characters table

Vowels change

The Urdu language has a total of 10 vowels: 3 short, 5 long and 2 diphthongal. Like in its parent Arabic alphabet, Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. Alif, Wāʾo, Ye, He and their variants are used to represent vowels.

Alif change

Alif, the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, is a glottal stop consonant but is exclusively used as a vowel except in the syllable-initial position where it alone rather functions as a placeholder for syllable-initial short vowels, for example, اب ab, اسم ism, اڑ uṛ. As a vowel, it represents the long "a" (/ɑː/), for example, بھاگنا bhāgnā but when it follows another alif it takes the form of a tilde-like diacritic called madd on top of that alif, for example, آپ āp.

Waʾo change

Wāʾo is used, as a consonant/semivowel, for "w" (/w/) and its allophonic development, the labiodental approximant (/ʋ/), and, as a vowel, for long "u" (/uː/), long "o" (/oː/) and the monophthongized diphthong "au" (/ɔː/). However, when preceded by a k͟he (خ), wāʾo sometimes renders the short "u" (/ʊ/), for example, in خود k͟hud.

Ye and Bari ye change

Ye has a variant called baṛī ye ("greater ye") for which the regular Perso-Arabic ye (ی) is called choṭī ye ("lesser ye"), which is used, as a consonant/semivowel, for "y" (/j/) and, as a vowel, for long "i" (/iː/), long "e" (/eː/) and the monophthongized diphthong "ai" (/ɛː/).

Baṛī ye (ے) is however used to render the word-final long "e" and "ai" especially to distinguish prepositions and other single syllable words. Baṛī ye is never used as a consonant.

Letter's name	Nastaliq				Naskh
Letter's name	Final Form	Middle Form	Initial Form	Isolated Form	Final Form	Middle Form	Initial Form	Isolated Form
بڑی يے Baṛī yē	‍ے	[none]		ے	‍ے	[none]		ے
چھوٹی يے Chotī yē	‍ی	‍ی‍	ی‍	ی	‍ی	‍ی‍	ی‍	ی
يَاء Arabic Yāʾ	‍ي	‍ي‍	ي‍	ي	‍ي	‍ي‍	ي‍	ي

Nasal Nun change

Vowel nasalization is indicated by placing a nūn (ن) after the vowel and removing the supralinear dot ( ں , always in word-final position) or placing a V-shaped or U-shaped diacritic called maghnoona or ulta jazm on top (ن٘). This is known as nūn g͟hunnā or nūn-e-g͟hunnā ("nūn of nasalization"). For example, the nasalized form of the word ہَے (hai, /ɦɛː/) is written ہَیں (ha͠i, /ɦɛ̃ː/). Word-medially it is also present for the homorganic nasalization in digraphs with velar and retroflex consonants, such as in ٹان٘گ (ṭāṅg, /ʈɑːŋɡ/) or گھن٘ٹہ (ghaṇṭā, /ɡʱəɳʈɑː/), where the maghnoona or ulta jazm is often ignored unless disambiguation is necessary (as with Arabic-script diacritics in general).

Examples: change

Position	Urdu		Transcription / Transliteration	IPA	spelling for Hindi equivalent	Translation
Position	Nasta'lyq	Arial font ^[A]	Transcription / Transliteration	IPA	spelling for Hindi equivalent	Translation
Orthography	ں‎	ں	ṉ	/ ◌̃ / (diacritic on a vowel) e.g. /ɛ̃ː/ /æ̃:/	ँ ं
End form	مَیں‎	مَیں	maiṉ ma͠i	/mæ̃:/ ^[19] /mɛ̃ː/	मैं	I (first person singular pronoun) or egotism ^[19]
	میں‎	میں	mẽ	/mẽ:/	में	in / within / among / between / at ^[19]
	ہَیں ‎	ہَیں	ha͠i	/ɦɛ̃ː/ /hæ̃:/		"are" (auxiliary verb) ^[19]
Middle form ^[M]	کن٘ول‎	کن٘ول	kaṉwal ^[source?]	/kə̃vəl/ ^[19]		Lotus flower ^[20]
	گھن٘ٹہ ‎	گھن٘ٹہ	ghaṇṭā	ɡʱəɳʈɑː	घंटा	ghanta ritual bell^[19], hour^[19], clock^[19], slang for penis^[19], or vague non-specific expletive^[21]
	ٹان٘گ ‎	ٹان٘گ	ṭāṅg	/ʈɑːŋɡ/	टांग	the leg ^[19]
	پن٘جابی	پن٘جابی	Punjabi	Urdu: [pəndʒɑ:bi] ^[19] Punjabi: [pənˈdʒaːbːi]	Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Hindi: पंजाबी	Punjabi / Panjabi
Footnotes:
^[A] Arial is a popular font for writing Arabic, it is included for readers who are not familiar with the letters in the Nasta'liq style.
^[M] For the medial form, the maghnoona or ulta jazm is often ignored unless disambiguation is necessary.

Vowel Diacritics change

Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in Arabic based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses Persian names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are zabar (Arabic fatḥah), zer (Arabic kasrah), pesh (Arabic dammah) which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. Jazam (ـْـ , Arabic sukun) is used to indicate a consonant cluster and tashdid (ـّـ, Arabic shaddah) is used to indicate a gemination, although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include khari zabar (Arabic dagger alif), do zabar (Arabic fathatan) which are found in some common Arabic loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from Arabic. Zer-e-izafat and hamzah-e-izafat are described in the next section.

Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include kasrah-e-majhool, fathah-e-majhool, dammah-e-majhool, maghnoona, ulta jazam, alif-e-wavi and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only maghnoona is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.^[22]

The two He's change

He has two variants: gol he ("round he") and do-cashmī he ("two-eyed he").

Gol he (ہ) is the primary letter for the "h" (/ɦ/) sound but word-finally is pronounced as a long "a" or "e" (/ɑː/ or /e:/).

Do-cashmī he (ھ), which is written as a looped medial or initial hāʾ, is used to orthographically produce aspiration and breathy voice and sometimes to write Arabic words.

Gol He and do-cashmi-he diverged from the Arabic letter he, sometimes choti hey is used too refer to gol hey, while sometimes choti he refers to the Arabic version. The distinction is somewhat artificial, since gol he is an equivalent letter to the Arabic letter, but they have separate unicode characters. Some fonts make the Arabic he look the same as gol hey or do-cashmi he.

depictions of hey change

He in very different fonts Nastaliq (N), Arial (A), and Tahoma (T) ^[footnote]
Letter name and unicode	Isolated Form			Final Form			Middle Form			Initial Form
Letter name and unicode	N	A	T	N	A	T	N	A	T	N	A	T
گول ہے Gol he U+06C1^[23]	ہ ‎	ہ	ہ	‍ہ ‎	ـہ	ـہ	‍ہ‍ ‎	ـہـ	ـہـ	ہ‍ ‎	ہـ	ہـ
گول ہے Gol he U+06C1^[23]
دو چشمی ہے Do-cashmī he U+06BE^[24]	ھ ‎	ھ	ہ	‍ھ ‎	ـھ	ـہ	‍ھ‍ ‎	ـھـ	ـہـ	ھ‍ ‎	ھـ	ہـ
دو چشمی ہے Do-cashmī he U+06BE^[24]
Arabic Letter Heh U+0647^[25]	ه ‎	ه	ه	‍ه ‎	ـه	ـه	‍ه‍ ‎	ـهـ	ـهـ	ه‍ ‎	هـ	هـ
Arabic Letter Heh U+0647^[25]

Footnotes: ^

This may display in different fonts to those listed if you do not have Arial, Tahoma, and a Nastaliq font installed.
Nasta'liq is the style used for almost everything written in Urdu, from official documents to web memes. This will only display in Nastaliq if you have a Nastaliq font installed on your system, such as Urdu Typesetting (on Windows), Google's Noto Nastaliq Urdu,^[26] or SIL International's Awami Nastaliq.^[27]
Arial is a font commonly used for Arabic, but it also includes the Urdu letters.
Tahoma has an extensive and distinctive Arabic character set, particularly for Hey.

Aspirated and breathy voiced consonants change

Hindi has a very similar phonology to Urdu and they share a lot of vocabulary. Hindi is traditionally written in the Devanagari script. This script is also used to Urdu, particularly when seeking a wider audience for Urdu writing.^[28]^[29]

Devanagari has a very different way of Representing the aspirated consonants.

Table of digraphs: change

notes for below change

"Aspirated sonorants may be represented as conjuncts/ligatures with ह ha ...
म्ह mha, न्ह nha, ण्ह ṇha, व्ह vha, ल्ह lha, ळ्ह ḷha, र्ह rha."
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari

References to add:
from Hindustani orthography http://www.cle.org.pk/Downloads/ling_resources/phoneticinventory/UrduPhoneticInventory.pdf

contribution by User:Ash_wki
19:53, 25 February 2020 (thanked) Ash wki Aspirated consonants: "Digraphs don't have to include everything single letter in the alphabet. Aspirated consonants are strictly Indic." [2]
19:54, 25 February 2020: added "(not used)" to لھ [lʱ] [3]

an annon contributer said a lot of the digraphs are not used
18:26, 3 February 2020 220.247.131.218 [4]

table change

corresponding single-letters				Urdu digraphs ^[4]^[10]^[12]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[16]
Urdu Letter	Devanagari		IPA^[ə]	Urdu Digraphs		Urdu Name(s) ^[12]^[31]		Romanised name(s)	Devanagari ^[30]^[12]^[16]		ALA‑LC ^[10]	IPA^[ə]		Type ^[33]	Usage Examples
ھ	ह	^[H]	ʱ / ʰ	(below)		دوچَشْمی ہے	^[12]	dō‑čašmī hē	(none)	^[H]	h	ʱ / ʰ			^{[example needed]}
ب	ब		[[ ]]	بھ	^[12] ^[32]	بھے	^[12]	bhē^[12]	भ		bh	b ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
پ	प		[[ ]]	پھ		پھے	^[12]	phē^[12]	फ		ph	pʰ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
ت	त		[[ ]]	تھ	^[12]	تھے	^[12]	thē^[12]	थ		th	t̪ʰ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
ٹ	ट		[[ ]]	ٹھ		ٹھے	^[12]	ṭhē^[12]	ठ		ṭh	ʈ ʰ			^{[example needed]}
ج	ज		[[ ]]	جھ	^[12] ^[32]	جھے	^[12]	jhē ^[12]	झ		jh	d͡ʒ ʱ			^{[example needed]}
چ	च		[[ ]]	چھ	^[12]	چھے	^[12]	čhē^[12] / chhē	छ		ch	t͡ʃ ʰ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
د	द		[[ ]]	دھ	^[32]	دھے	^[12] ^[32]	dhē^[12]	ध		dh	d̪ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
ڈ	ड		[[ ]]	ڈھ	^[12] ^[32]	ڈھے	^[12]	ḍhē^[12]	ढ		ḍh	ɖ ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
ک	क		[[ ]]	کھ		کھے		khē	ख	^[16]	kh	k ʰ			^{[example needed]}
گ	ग		[[ ]]	گھ	^[12]	گھے	^[12]	ghē ^[12]	घ		gh	ɡ ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
ڑ	ड़		[[ ]]	ڑھ	^[12] ^[32]	ڑھے	^[12]	ṛhē ^[12]	ढ़		ṛh	ɽ ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
ر	र		[[ ]]	رھ	^[32]				[[ ]]		ṛh ^[32]	r ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
ن	न		[[ ]]	نھ	^[32]				न्ह		nh	n ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
م	म		[[ ]]	مھ	^[32]				म्ह		mh	m ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
ل	ल ळ		[[ ]]	لھ	^[32]				ऴ ल्ह			l ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
س	[[ ]]		[[ ]]	سھ					[[ ]]			[[ ]]			^{[example needed]}
ٮ	[[ ]]		[[ ]]	ٮھ					[[ ]]			[[ ]]			^{[example needed]}
ی	य		[[ ]]	یھ	^[32]				य्ह		yh ^[32]	j ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
و	व		[[ ]]	وھ					व्ह		wh ^[32]	ʋ ʱ	^[32]		^{[example needed]}
ل ا	ल आ		[[ ]]	لا		لام الِف	^[12]	lām alif	ला	^[12]	la				^{[example needed]}

garbage rows change

single-letter			digraphs
Urdu Letter	Devanagari	IPA^[ə]	Urdu Digraphs	Urdu Name(s)	Romanised name(s)	Devanagari	ALA‑LC	IPA^[ə]
ه	ह							h ʱ

Footnotes: change

^ə . The Devanagari equivalents all add a schwa ə vowel to the IPA.

^h . In most cases aspirated digraphs have a single devanagari character in Hindi, but on rare occasions ह is used.

^Lam Alif: This ligature is much mote prominent in Arabic styles than it is in Urdu's usual Nastaliq.

notes to add change

pre irtapil wiki change

ur: حروف تہجی change

بھ	پھ	تھ	ٹھ	جھ	چھ	دھ	ڈھ	ڑھ	کھ	گھ	لھ	مھ۔	نھ	ھ
بھ	پھ	تھ	ٹھ	جھ	چھ	دھ	ڈھ	ڑھ	کھ	گھ	لھ	مھ۔	نھ	ھ
بھ	پھ	تھ	ٹھ	جھ	چھ	دھ	ڈھ	ڑھ	کھ	گھ	لھ	مھ۔	نھ	ھ

ا	ب	بھ	پ	پھ	ت	تھ	ٹ	ٹھ	ث	ج	جھ	چ	چھ	ح	خ	د	دھ	ڈ	ڈھ	ذ	ر	ڑ	ڑھ	ز	ژ	س	ش	ص	ض	ط	ظ	ع	غ	ف	ق	ک	کھ	گ	گھ	ل	لھ	م	مھ۔	ن۔	نھ	و	ہ	ھ	ء	ی	ے

= omniglot urdu = change

https://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm ^[4]

bʰ بھ [bʱ] ^[4] pʰ پھ [pʰ] ^[4] tʰ تھ [tʰ] ^[4] ṭʰ ٹھ [ʈʰ] ^[4] jʰ جھ [dʒʱ] ^[4] cʰ چھ [tʃʰ] ^[4] dʰ دھ [dʱ] ^[4] ḍʰ ڈھ [ɖʱ] ^[4] rʰ رھ [rʱ] ^[4] ṛʰe ڑھ [ɽʱ] ^[4] kʰ کھ [kʰ] ^[4] gʰ گھ [gʱ] ^[4] lʰ لھ [lʱ] ^[4] mʰ مھ [mʱ] ^[4] nʰ نھ [nʱ] ^[4]