Wikipedia

Confederate States Navy

maritime warfare branch of the Confederate States' military

The Navy of the Confederate States (CSN) was the Navy of the Confederate States of America. After the Confederacy established itself in 1861, the elected president, Jefferson Davis appointed Stephen Mallory as his Secretary of the Confederate Navy. At the time the South had no ships capable of challenging the United States Navy's frigates. It did not have the shipbuilding capability or the raw materials necessary to build a navy.[1] While they had limited resources, and did not have the firepower of the Union Navy, they developed a number of technologies.[2] The Confederates developed naval mines, ironclad techniques and managed to sink a Union warship with a working submarine.

Seal of the Confederate States of America Navy

History

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The Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, won the 1860 presidential election. Southerners were outraged by the election of Lincoln, who opposed slavery in territories and new states.[a][4] After the election seven Southern states seceded and declared their independence from the Union. They formed the Confederate States of America, even before Lincoln became president on March 4, 1861.[5] The outgoing U.S. president, James Buchanan, said this was against the law, but did nothing to stop them.[4] Lincoln and his Republican party treated this secession as a rebellion.

Fighting started when the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter, a Union Army fort. Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for a period of 90 days.[6] He also set up a blockade of the Southern coast and ports.[7] Lincoln had no more than 40 usable warships and needed to start building up his Navy.[7] This was to prevent the South from exporting its cotton and importing the war materials they needed to wage war.[7] The North also needed to develop a fleet of gunboats for a "brown-water navy".[7] This was to support the Union Army in operations around major rivers like the Mississippi.[7]

Norfolk shipyard

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Ruins of the shipyard after the Civil War, 1864; photo by James Gardner. From the collection of the National Archives & Records Administration.

In 1861, Virginia joined the Confederate States of America. Fearing that the Confederacy would take control of the facility, the shipyard commander Charles Stewart McCauley ordered the burning of the shipyard.[8] At the time it was called the Gosport Navy Yard. Despite conflicting orders from the Secretary of the Navy, the resignation of many of his officers, and most of his yard workers leaving, his remaining men began destroying the shipyard.[8] Ships that could not leave on their own were burned.[8] This included the Union warship USS Merrimack.[8] Finally the two men who were placing explosives to blow up the dry dock were captured before they could finish their work.[8] The Confederates were able to repair Gosport and make it a working shipyard again.[8]

The capture of the shipyard allowed a tremendous amount of war material to fall into Confederate hands. In all, 1,195 heavy guns were taken and used by the Confederacy. They were used in many areas from Hampton Roads all the way to Fort Donelson Tennessee. When they left the shipyard, the Union forces withdrew to Fort Monroe across Hampton Roads. This was the only land in the area which remained under Union control.[9]

In early 1862, the Confederate ironclad warship CSS Virginia was rebuilt using the burned-out hulk of the USS Merimack. In the haste to abandon the shipyard, the Merrimack had only been destroyed above the waterline. The Confederates built an armored superstructure over the burned out hull. In March and April of 1862 the Confederate ironclad came close to upsetting the Union Navy's superiority.[1] At Hampton Roads, the Virginia began sinking the blockading Union warships almost at will. The fleet was saved by the arrival of the Union ironclad USS Monitor which engaged the Virginia at the Battle of Hampton Roads.[1] But after hours of fighting neither ship was able to defeat the other.[10] Both ships left the fight claiming the victory.[11] But the Confederates failed to break the blockade.[12] When Norfolk fell in May 1862, the CSS Virginia was destroyed by its crew so it wouldn't be captured.[13] The Confederate Navy had two more ironclads under construction.[1] But before they could be completed the Union fleet captured the port and city of New Orleans where they were being built.[1]

Commerce raiders

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The Confederate Navy realized the Union Navy had more ships, guns and men they had with their limited resources. This called for a change in strategy. First, they would build forts to guard their key rivers and ports.[14] They would build gunboats to assist this effort.[14] Secondly, the South set up a fleet of naval vessels to attack Union merchant ships at sea.[14] They also commissioned privateers to help with this effort.[14]

This was not a new concept. The Americans had been successful using commerce raiding against British merchant ships during the American Revolutionary War.[14] Outgunned by the Union Navy they realized building lighter and faster cruisers would allow them to outrun the larger warships and go after the slower and usually unarmed merchant ships.[14] Because the South had little shipbuilding capacity, they had these ships built in Great Britain.[b][14] This was technically illegal, since Great Britain was a neutral country.[14] So these ships had to be built in secret.[14]

 
CSS Alabama escaping from a Federal warship

Some the more successful and famous of the Confederate commerce raiders were:

  • CSS Florida, was the first of the commerce raiders built in England.[15] She sailed from Liverpool as the Orto and was commissioned the CSS Florida on August 17, 1862 in the Bahamas.[15] She captured 37 merchant ships and two of those were converted into commerce raiders.[15] Together they took another 23 ships.[15] She was illegally captured by the USS Wachusett in the neutral port of Bahia, Brazil.[15]
  • CSS Sumter, was a steam cruiser built in Philadelphia in 1859. She was purchased by the Confederate government at New Orleans in 1861 and commissioned the Sumter. In six months she captured 18 US merchant ships. Of these she burned 8 and released or bonded 9. She was blocked by US warships in the port of Gibraltar. While there a number of US warships took turns keeping her from leaving the port. She was sold at auction 19 December 1862, but continued as a Confederate blockade runner renamed the Gibraltar and flying a British flag. She kept a number of US warships tied up hunting her and keeping her in port.

Privateers

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The Confederate States privateer Savannah, carrying letter of marque no. 1, captured off Charleston by the U.S. Brig Perry in 1861

The Confederacy also issued a Letter of marque to any private ship captain who wanted to make a profit raiding United States merchant vessels.[14] At first the risk was low and they kept the ship and its cargo much the same as pirates did.[19] The owner and crew divided up the large profits.[14] They avoided doing battle with Union warships and were usually fast enough to outrun them.[14]

There was only one problem with the scheme. In the Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law signed in 1865, privateering was outlawed.[19] All privateers were considered pirates and were subject to the death penalty when they were captured.[19] Even though the United States had not signed the agreement, President Lincoln declared Confederate privateers were pirates and pirates were subject to death.[19] This didn't stop a number of enterprising Southerners from outfitting a ship and getting involved in piracy on the high seas.[19] One of the first ships seized actually hurt the South. It was a cargo of fruit going to the port of New Orleans.[19]

Soon the illegal privateers were taking cargo ships in the Gulf of Mexico and all up and down the East Coast of the United States.[19] An early Union victory was the capture of the CSS Savannah which had just been out to sea two days. The crew quickly found themselves on trial for piracy.[19] The Confederacy threatened to hang captured Northern seamen if the crew was executed.[19] In the end, the Union court dropped the charges of piracy and held the crew as prisoners of war. The crew was later traded in a prisoner exchange.[19]

Torpedo service

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Sketch of one of Muray's "infernal machines" found in the Potomac River

A modern torpedo is a cigar-shaped, self-propelled, underwater explosive device designed to destroy another ship or submarine.[20] During the Civil War, what was then called a torpedo would be best described as a naval mine.[21]Confederate president Davis was opposed to their use. He thought they were cowardly weapons and it was unethical to use them against anyone.[21] Despite Davis' objections, the Congress of the Confederate States passed a law authorizing rewards for anyone inventing new ways to blow up enemy vessels using submersibles and mines.[21]

In St. Louis, Missouri Confederates were hiding explosives in the firewood used to fuel the boilers of Union steamships on the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.[21] In 1861, Matthew Fontaine Maury first used mines as a weapon against enemy ships. In Virginia, his "infernal machines" made the James River almost completely impassible.[22]

Another invention was the coal torpedo. Disguised to look like a lump of coal it exploded when shoveled into a boiler.[21] Another invention was called the "horological torpedo". It had a timer that allowed a delay in the explosion.[21] They also developed better fuses and more powerful explosives.

Underwater mines were used by both sides.[22] The Confederacy had more success. In 1862 Confederate mines sank the Union ironclad, the USS Cairo.[22] The destroyed or damaged dozens more Union ships while Union torpedo mines sank only about six Confederate naval ships.[22]

Singer Secret Service Corps

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The Confederate secretary of war, James Seddon, decided to issue rules that "passenger vessels of citizens of the United States on the high seas and private property on the water and [on] railroads or within the territory of the United States … not be subject of operations."[21] But he added, "The public property of the enemy may be destroyed wherever it may be found."[21] Seddon hired up to 25 secret agents to place torpedoes and explosives wherever they could across the Confederacy.[21]

Known as the "Singer Secret Service Corps" and Singer's Torpedo Company", they were a group of middle age Freemasons from a wide variety of backgrounds.[23] They developed and used inventions such as torpedo boats, underwater mines and submarines during the last two years of the war.[23] Some of these inventions had never been seen before while others were advancements on earlier designs. One of their main weapons was patented by Edgar C. Singer, the underwater contact mine. It contained 50 pounds (23 kg) of black powder.[23] They used up to seven different types of mines, torpedos, torpedo boats, and submarines.

 
Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley, built by Singer and his associates

They built the submersible H. L. Hunley. This submarine destroyed the Union warship USS Housatonic by ramming it with a torpedo mounted on a pole.[22]

From their headquarters in the Spotswood Hotel in Richmond, Virginia, Singer and his agents set up secret workshops all over the South in coastal cities.[23] During their two years of operations they blew up ships, trains, and railroad bridges killing a large number of people.[23] Most of their missions were done at night close to Union patrol boats and sentries.[23] Northern newspapers called Singer's inventions "infernal machines" and condemned their use as unchristian and assassinations of the worst kind.[23] To cover up who they were and what they had done, their records were burned at the end of the war.[23] They were constantly hunted as saboteurs and spies by Northern authorities.[23] Admiral David Dixon Porter ordered that any of Singer's agents were caught with any of these inventions they were to be "shot on the spot".[23] Names and descriptions of Singer's operatives were distributed by Union commanders.

One group, under the notorious Henry Dillingham, was sent by Davis near the end of the war to occupied Kentucky and Missouri to destroy a key bridge and any federal transportation they could.[23] They were known to use the "coal torpedos" and several sources say one was used to blow up the Sultana in April 1865.[23] It was in the area Dillingham was operating in and it was ferrying ex-confederate prisoners of war at the time it was destroyed.[c][23]

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Notes

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  1. ↑ More than this, Lincoln and the new Republican-controlled Congress opposed Slave Power.[3] Up to this time in American History, the southern slaveholders had control of the federal government at all levels.[3] By 1850, they had controlled the presidency for 50 years and the Speaker of the House's chair for 41 years.[3] They had also controlled the powerful House Ways and Means committee for 42 years.[3] They controlled great economic power as well. In 1860, the market value of the South's four million slaves alone was close to $3 billion.[3] The election of Lincoln and the Republicans ended that control.[3]
  2. ↑ A series of demands for damages was made by the government of the United States from the United Kingdom in 1869. These were for the attacks upon Union merchant ships by Confederate Navy commerce raiders because they were built in British shipyards during the American Civil War. The claims focused chiefly on the most famous of these raiders, the Alabama, which took more than sixty prizes before she was sunk in 1864. After international arbitration endorsed the American position in 1872, Britain settled the matter by paying the United States $15.5 million. This ended the dispute and led to a treaty that restored friendly relations between Britain and the United States. That international arbitration established a legal precedent in international law.
  3. ↑ An estimated 1,800 passengers were killed in the Sultana explosion.[24] The paroled ex-Confederate prisoners were mainly from Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee and West Virginia.[25] The disaster was overshadowed in the press by the news of John Wilkes Booth being killed the day before.[26]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "The Confederate Naval Buildup; Could More Have Been Accomplished?". AmericanCivilWar.com. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  2. ↑ James M. McPherson, War on the Waters: The Union and Confederate Navies, 1861-1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), pp. 1–2
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Abraham Lincoln and Slavery". The Lehrman Institute. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Robert McNamara (November 24, 2016). "President James Buchanan and the Secession Crisis". About Education. About, Inc. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Roland, pp. 27–29.
  6. ↑ "Lincoln Calls for 75,000 Volunteers". Civil War on the Western Border. Kansas City Public Library/Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "The Navies of the Civil War". Civil War Trust. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Anna Holloway (April 20, 2011). "Gosport Burning!". Mariners' Museum. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  9. ↑ Dave Page, Ships Versus Shore: Civil War Engagements Along Southern Shores and Rivers (Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press, 1994), p. 30
  10. ↑ Clifford L. Linedecker, Civil War, A to Z: The Complete Handbook of America's Bloodiest Conflict (New York: Ballantine Books; Presidio Press, 2005), p. 156
  11. ↑ John V. Quarstein, The Battle of the Ironclads (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 1999), p. 8
  12. ↑ Adam Hook; Angus Konstam, Hampton Roads 1862: Clash of the Ironclads (Oxford: Osprey, 2002), p. 7
  13. ↑ Craig L. Symonds, The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2001), p. 87
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 "Commerce Raiders; Confederate Privateers and Cruisers in the Civil War". Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Richard Billies. "Confederate Commerce Raiders". North Against South. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Mark Lardas, CSS Alabama vs USS Kearsarge: Cherbourg 1864 (Botley, Oxford; Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2011), p. 24
  17. ↑ John Hirtle. "The U.S.S. Kearsarge vs. the C.S.S. Alabama". Lane Memorial Library. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Mark Lardas, CSS Alabama vs USS Kearsarge: Cherbourg 1864 (Botley, Oxford; Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2011), pp. 8–9
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 ""Avast, Y'all!" — Confederate Pirates of the Civil War". MilitaryHistoryNow.com. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  20. ↑ "torpedo". Dictionary.com. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 John Grady (November 15, 2014). "The Confederate Torpedo". The New York Times. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Evan Andrews (April 9, 2013). "8 Unusual Civil War Weapons". History Lists. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 Mark K. Ragan, Confederate Saboteurs: Building the Hunley and Other Secret Weapons of the Civil War (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2015), pp. 1–7
  24. ↑ H.E. Berryman; J.O. Potter; S. Oliver, 'The Ill-fated Passenger Steamer Sultana: an Inland Maritime Mass Disaster of Unparalleled Magnitude', Journal of Forensic Sciences Vol. 33, No. 3 (1988), pp. 842–850
  25. ↑ Gene Eric Salecker, Disaster on the Mississippi : the Sultana Explosion, April 27, 1865 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996), pp. 226-290
  26. ↑ "The sinking of the Sultana: A disaster lost in the lingering fog of the Civil War". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 24, 2016.

Other websites

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