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The timeline of schizophrenia is a list of significant events in the creation, definition, development and continued redefinition of the diagnostic category "schizophrenia", as was originally created by the doctors of Burgholzli, the hospital clinic of the University of Zurich, during an approximately eleven year period beginning in the early 20th century.

2023: a novel method for electrochemistry probe of dopamine; using N,N’-di(trimethylaminoethyl) perylene diimide[1]

NOVEMBER: A medication with a new route of effect: Muscarinic agonist, is submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration for approval. [2]

2022: The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown. [3]

2021:

a novel method for electrochemistry detection of dopamine; perylene diimide (PDI)-MXene (Ti3C2TX)[4]

The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown.[5]

2019: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification: primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia. For schizophrenia to be diagnosed depends on the existence for most of a 1 month duration 2 of (a) - (g) of which one of the two must be (a) - (d): Persistent delusions (a), and, or, hallucinations (b), disorganized thinking (c), experiences of influence, passivity or control (d), Negative symptoms such as affective flattening, alogia or paucity of speech, avolition, asociality and anhedonia (e), grossly disorganized behaviour that impedes goal-directed activity (f), psychomotor disturbances (g)[6][7]

2014: the Mandarin name for schizophrenia in Taiwan is changed to a word with a new meaning: “disorder with dysfunction of thought and perception” [8]

2013: DSM-5 is published. There are no tests for the purpose of diagnosis using a laboratory or by psychometric methods. Neurological imaging, pathology, and physiology research indicates the presence of abnormalities within the brain, but "none are diagnostic".[9] Schizophrenia has the Diagnostic Criteria codes: 295.90 (F20.9), and is within the group: Schizophrenia Spectrum and other psychotic disorders [10]

2012: The Korean term for schizophrenia (jungshinbunyeolbyung / jeongshin-bunyeol-byung: mind-split disorder) is changed to attunement disorder by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. The concept of the replacement word was inspired by the text of a South Korean monk written during 1579.[11][12]

2010: a review of existing literature on the benefit of lesion generation by stereotactic neurosurgery for schzophrenia (general anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, schizoaffective disorder, addiction) found schizophrenia (and addiction) had the least improvement from surgery. Of the techniques utilised cingulotomy provided the most benefit, although "all lesional techniques confounded".[13][14][15][16]

2002: In Japan, the translation of the word schizophrenia in discontinued, replaced by Japanese words which mean "integration disorder" or ‘disintegration disorder’[17][18][19][20]

2001: the term for schizophrenia in Hong Kong (jing-shen-fen-lie: 'mental split-mind disorder' / splitting of the mind) is changed to si-jue-shi-tiao.[21][12]

1997: an explanation for schizophrenia by neural diathesis-stress is made by Walker & Diforio via "a substantive literature on the behavioral effects of psychosocial stressors" and recent studies on "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" cortisol activation[22][23]

1994: DSM-IV is published. Schizophrenia is encoded as 295, with the types: Catatonic, Disorganised, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Undifferentiated [24][25]

1990: ICD 10th revision: encodes "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" [26][27] The diagnostic concept is divided: Catatonic, Cenesthopathic, Hebephrenic, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Simple, Undifferentiated, unspecified.[28]

1982: Irwin Feinberg proposes the hypothesis that a cause of schizophrenia is correlation to reduction in synaptic density within the cortex of the brain of adolescent aged individuals.[29][30][31]

1980: DSM-III is published. Diagnosis of schizophrenia depends on the existence of one of (1) - (6) for at least six months: (1): bizarre delusions (2): somatic, grandiose, religious, nihilistic, or other delusions without persecutery or jealous content (3): delusions with persecutory or jealous content if accompanied by hallucinations of any type (4): auditory hallucinations in which either a voice keeps up a running commentary on the individual's behavior or thoughts, or two or more voices converse with each other (5): auditory hallucinations on several occasions with content of more than one or two words (6): incoherence, marked loosening of associations, markedly illogical thinking, or marked poverty of content of speech if associated with at least one of the following: (a) blunted, flat, or inappropriate affect (b) delusions or hallucinations (c) catatonic or other grossly disorganized behavior. Encoded as 295 with the types: Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, Residual.[32]

1976:

the first tomography study of schizophrenia[33][34]

a movie is made entitled "Schizo" [35][36]

1975: ICD 9th revision: "(295-299) Other psychoses" "295 Schizophrenic psychoses" [37][27]

1972: philosopher Gilles Deleuze and psychoanalyst and political activist Félix Guattari first publish on the subject of "anti-Oedipus" with Capitalism and schizophrenia, as a critique of conventional psychiatric and psychoanalytic practices.[38][39][40]

1969: A study is made to investigate a possible causal state for incidence of schizophrenia from cannabis sativa consumption[41][42][43]

1968: DSM-II is published. Schizophrenia is within the group: Psychoses not attributed to physical conditions previously listed. The diagnostic code is 295. The concept is divided into the types: acute schizophrenic episode, catatonic, childhood, chronic undifferentiated, hebephrenic, latent, other (and unspecified) types, paranoid, residual, schizo-affective, simple.[44]

1966: Jacques Van Rossum proposes that a more than normally active or more stimulated anatomical receptors for the cerebrally neurotransmitting biochemical catecholamine dopamine could be an etiology. Catecholamines are synthesized in the adrenal medulla.[45][46][47][48]

1965: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses" of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia" [49][27]

1955: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision: "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"[50]

1952: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-I: "Psychoses": 300.0-.8: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)" [51]

1950: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, an English language translation by J. Zinkin of Dr Bleuler's 1911 work is published [52]

1948: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision: Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7) / Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7 [53]

1945: about 40,000 psychiatric patients of 283,000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead [54]

1941:

Rümke's idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia [54]

senior physician at Friedmatt, the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Basel and battalion physician of the Swiss army Dr Manfred Bleuler finds, from a "eugenic standpoint", sterilisation is necessary from the results of a hereditary study of "316 hospitalized schiophrenics and their 11410 relatives"[55][56][57]

1940 JANUARY: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany [54][58]

1939:

SEPTEMBER 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia effected by an overdose of morphine as a consequence of the pathological effects of tobacco and the psychoactive nicotine (an addiction) in addition to or without cocaine, which were precipitative of oral cancer, diagnosed during 1923.[59][60][61][62][63][64]

SEPTEMBER after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government.[54][nb 1]

JULY 15: Dr Bleuler dies[76][77]

Schneider's First Rank Symptoms are included in a monograph by Schneider [78] Schneider's idea of Second Rank Symptoms include "Wahneinfall, thought inhibition (slowing or poverty of thought), flight of ideas, incoherence or dilapidation (Zerfahrenheit), compulsion".[79] The word Zerfahrenheit was created by Dr Kraepelin as the sole sign necessary for recognition of all possible forms of dementia praecox.[80]

1938 OCTOBER 3–7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)" [81][27][82]

1938: Kurt Schneider mentions his idea of symptoms (First Rank Symptoms: FRS) in a conference in Berlin [78][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90]

1937:

the publically known correspondance of Professor Bleuler and Dr Freud concludes with 26 letters written by Dr Freud, 53 by Professor Bleuler[91]

Schizophrenia in Japan commences to exist by the transferal of the concept by the approval of a translation of the term by a committee within the Japanese Society for Psychiatry and Neurology [20]

Langfeldt describes schizophrenia as “process" or alternatively (for the same considerations) "nuclear" [92][93][94]

1936 FEBRUARY: developed by A C de A F Egas Moniz; the first operative treatment by psycho-neurosurgical intervention, which is by leukotomy, is performed on patients including a patient or patients (psychiatric clinic Bombarda, Lisbon) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Almeida Lima was the surgeon by the direction of E Moniz, the procedure consists of an injection of alcohol into the brain white matter.[95][96]

1934: Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, which is approximately 26% of the total in Germany, are made unable to produce children via sterilisation [97]

1933 JULY 14: the German government make a law that people diagnosed with "Schizophrenia" can be sterilised.[98][54] [nb 2]

1932: the President of the Royal Society of Medicine in preambulatory speech states that schizophrenia is a "reaction-type"[101][nb 3]

1930: an early or earliest known modern use of the word schizo is made in the Detroit Free Press.[108][36]

1929: International List of Causes of Death (ILCD 4th revision): "84a" the description for this code is: "Dementia praecox" [109][27] [nb 4]

1924:

Dr Bleuler supports ideas of eugenics.[115]

diagnosis by feelings: Ludwig Binswanger[116][117]

1923: Dr Bleuler differentiates process and reactive schizophrenia [118]

1920: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility" [119][27][120]

1919 before FEBRUARY 20: schizophrenia as a diagnostic term is used within America in Boston Psychopathic Hospital by Bullard Professor in Neuropathology at Harvard Medical School E. E. Southard.[121][122]

1914: Erwin Stransky describes intrapsychic ataxia [123][nb 5]

1913:

Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists"[126]

Dr Kraepelin provides his most detailed description of schizophrenia[127]

1912: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for those diagnosed as mentally ill to marry[128][129]

1911:

Dr Bleuler's German language work: Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien is published in Leipzig & Vienna.[130][131][nb 6] Schizophrenia is a group of diseases not a sole disease. The groupings (paranoid, hebrephrenic, simple, catatonic) are entities constructed for nosology purposes not as descriptions of nature [132]

  • Association-splitting is a primary symptom, the secondary symptoms of sz happen because of "loosening of the associations".[133][134][135] Disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom"[136][83] "Schizophrenic splitting" per se is "only" an "exaggerated" form of existing healthy "physiological processess" (sic).[137][138]
  • For treatment Dr Bleuler considers the best option available is occupation by work, even if the patient is within the acute stage, if not this, then sport, if neither are possible then preoccupation with games. Work provides the patient the opportunity to escape from an autistic existence.[139]
  • Dr Bleuler's theory of the symptoms but not the causes of schizophrenia used psychology analysis ideas invented by Dr Sigmund Freud.[140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147] Dr Bleuler wrote for his 1911 text that an "important aspect" of the Dr and the Dr's colleagues theory of concepts of the psychology of pathology (this is the "psychopathology") of schizophrenia was the "application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox".[148][149][150][151][152][153][154]
  • Dr Bleuler expresses his "hope" that sterilisation will be used in certain circumstances with regards to those diagnosed with schizophrenia "for eugenic reasons".[155]

Dr Freud's hypothesis that schizophrenia is an "inability to maintain libidinal cathexis of objects"[156]

Dr Ballet describes the nosology psychose hallucinatoire chronique[157][158]

1910: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility [159][27][160]

1909 MARCH 7: work at the clinic of Zürich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin[161][162]

1908:

APRIL 24: the term "schizophrenie" is first used at a Deutscher Verein für Psychiatrie (German Association for Psychiatry) conference in Berlin by Dr Bleuler, in a lecture entitled 'Prognosis of Dementia Praecox (Group of Schizophrenias)'. Dr Bleuler's concept is from an approximately eight year study of 647 patients [163][164][165][166][167][nb 7] The conference was the first time the Association had convened to discuss specifically dementia praecox. Maximilian Jahrmärker spoke on the ease of the diagnosing and differentiating from other psychoses of d. praecox.[181]

Wolff proposes dysphrenie as a type of mental disorder [65][66]

1907:

Indiana (in the United States of America) is the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles" [129][182]

Dr Carl Jung's work on the psychology of Dementia Praecox is published.[183] The work contains no direct reference to schizophrenia.[184] Dr Jung refers to "dissociation (Binet, Janet)" as a "weakness of consciousness due to the splitting-off of one or a series of ideas". Dr Jung discusses Otto Gross's "synchronous series" as consciousness if affected by disease in the lexicon of the "French School" which is that "associations" are "split-off", and that a split-off series of ideas occur in hysteria [185] in situations of hypnotism and with the somnambulists.[186][187][188] Dr Jung explicitly associates a "split off series of ideas" with "Freud and Gross".[189] Dr Jung in discussion of organisms sans brain, and, catatonia, in relation to automatism (the "reflex machine") propounds the notion that the reality of the catatonic state is of a complex in the mind split off ("unassailable") from any external psychological stimuli [190] In discussion of Paranoid Dementia, with reference specifically to "hysterics with dissociation of consciousness", in a first state of one consciousness, the existence of a second subsequent state of consciousness (in a temporal sequence) will not occur in the hysterics consciousness normally, and instead, the "force" of the second state of consciousness is expressed as hallucination or "other automatisms", as a split-off complex disturbing another complex. The disturbance is compared (with reference to Flournoy) as the disturance of an invisible planet in orbit to a visible planet. Split off thoughts coalesce ("crowd themselves") into consciousness forming hallucination.[191]

1906:

investigation of word-association made by Dr Jung and Dr Riklin inside Burgholzli is finished.[192]

Assoziation, Traum und Hysterische Symptom by Dr C Jung is published [193]

1905:

Dr Bleuler's Bewußtsein und Assoziation is published [193]

1904:

Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud[91]

Jung & Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people" [194]

Über die Bedeutung von Assoziationsversuchen by Dr Bleuler is published [193]

1903: investigation of word-association made by Dr Jung and Dr Riklin inside Burgholzli begins.[142]

1902:

Jung uses the idea of a complex in his thesis.[195][196]

Bleuler first reads the writings of Freud [197]

1900:

Carl Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zürich where Dr Eugen Bleuler is director[198]

The Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ILCD-1) describes psychiatric disorders as: "85 General paralysis of insane 86 Insanity (not puerperal)" [199][27]

1899:

the first complete description of Dementia Praecox is made, published in Emil Kraepelin’s textbook [200]

a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Kraepelin in his textbook[201]

a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy[182]

Die Assoziationen in der Erschöpfung by Dr G. Aschaffenburg is published in Psychologische Arbeiten (Volume II) in which Dr E. Kraepelin is the editor [202]

1896: Experimentelle Studien über Associationen by Dr G. Aschaffenburg is published in Psychologische Arbeiten (Volume I) in which Dr E. Kraepelin is the editor [202][203]

1895:

Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas"[204]

Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America for which an enforcement is made that it is illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry [205][206][207]

Freud is using cocaine [208]

1894: Dr Freud is inhaling ignited tobacco smoke containing the psychoactive nicotine from about 20 cigars every day [209][210]

1893: Dr Josef Breuer of Vienna and Dr Freud explain the existence of the phenomenon of "splitting of consciousness" as "present to a rudimentary degree in all forms of hysteria".[211][212]

1892: Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association"[213][214][215]

1888: Professor (1886; chef de clinique, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 1885) Gilbert Ballet thinks "inner speech unfolds a life of its own" which "occasionally" persist in consciousness to an extent which is to "border on auditory hallucination" [216]

1887 JANUARY 1: Experiments on the association of ideas by James McKeen Cattell is published by the Mind Association [202][217]

1886: (eugenics) Auguste Forel is the first in Europe (as Director of Burgholzli hospital in Zürich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis [218][129][198]

OCTOBER 20,1885 - FEBRUARY 28, 1886: Freud's work changes from neuropathology to psychopathology.[219][220][221] During this period Dr Freud is attending lectures provided by the neurologist professor Jean-Martin Charcot ('le pere de la neurologie' in France, the father of modern neurology), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière.[222][223][224][221][216] Dr Freud participates in the drug-use of cocaine, a psychoactive drug, during this period.[219][220][209][225][226]

1884 after APRIL 21 - before JUNE 19: Dr Freud first consumes and self administers cocaine in order to report on the history, pharmacology, effects, and possible medicinal use; published as Über Coca during July 1884.[227][59][228][229][230]

1883: Sir F Galton F.R.S publishes his use of: a word association test. Galton invents "eugenics".[231][232]

1882: Dr Arnold Pick describes the general concept krankheitsbewuẞtstein (awareness of illness), which contains specifically krankheitsgefühl (awareness of feeling ill) and kranksheitseinsicht (insight into illness). Reason and or reflection produce kranksheitseinsicht [233][234][235]

after MAY 1880 and before MAY 1881: S Freud begins his predominantly life-long habit of tobacco consumption. During 31 March 1881 Dr S Freud qualifies as a doctor of medicine. Dr Freud's father was also a consumer of the same plant the smoke of which contains the psychoactive substance nicotine and a number of toxic substances.[236][237][238][210][239][240]

1880: "dementia praecox" is first used as a description by alienist Heinrich Schüle within Illenau asylum (construction completed 1842) in Baden, Germany.[241][242][243] Schuele's concept of nosology was made in harmony with an idea of degression from health in which insanity is progressive through generation by biological inheritance, named the theory of degeneration.[244]

1879: Francis Galton first mentions in publication the "essence" of a novel idea for psychological investigation: a word association experiment[245]

1874: Kahlbaum creates the idea of catatonia[246][247]

1863:

Kahlbaum creates the idea of hebephrenia[248][249][250][251] Hebe is the translation of an ancient greek word which meant "goddess of the youth", hebe in the psychiatric sense meant "youth"[248][249][250][252]

Kahlbaum differentiates vesania typica from dysphrenia.[253][254][nb 8]

1861: positive and negative symptoms, a concept, created by the assistant physician (University College Hospital) John Russell Reynolds, in which the former include hallucinations and delusions of the paranoid type (clonic jerking and movements of a non-normal sort), (the latter: loss of sensation, paralysis and coma)[256][257][258]

1860: Morel's degeneration-theory (in Traité des maladies mentales), from Saint-Yon asylum (opened 11 July 1825), is published "1st generation: neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation". The degenerative process as from the first stage is thought caused by alcohol and, or, other toxic substances. The possible danger of the problem of degeneration is that it could develop as a “physiological and moral malaria” within a hypothetical population by defective development of circumstances as a consequence of environmental pathologicity.[259][260][261][262][263][264][265] [nb 9]

1859: Heinrich Neumann considered insanity ("Wahsinn") to be a staggered process of development in which the first manifestation is melancholia, should this persist, develops into periods of mania, the third state if continuation of insanity occurs is amentia confusion ("Verwirtheit") or paranoia ("Verrucktheit"). Within individuals with no relief from symptomatic states of the previous three stages the consequence is dementia ("Blödsinn") [nb 10] [269][270]

1852: Alienist Bénédict-Augustin Morel first describes "démence précoce" [271][272][273][262]

1841: medical examiner and physician Canstatt creates the word psychosis; in the original German language version: "Psychose". Dr. Canstatt was "königlich bayerischem Gerichtsarzte" (a royal Bavarian court physician) during 1843, during the reign of Ludwig I.[274][275][276][277][278][279][280] «Psychose» signifies psychic neurosis [281]

1835: Dr Eisenmann created the terms somatopsychrosen and psychrosen to describe orders of neurotic illness.[282][67] The fourth family of somatopsychrosen illnesses is named Dysphrenesien. The fourth family of psychorosen is named phrensie, which is described as sufferings of the intelligence ("Leiden der intelligens"). Phrensie has six groups: Aphelxia ("Zerstreutheit": absent-mindedness), Anamnesia ("Vergefslichteit": obsessiveness), Monomoria ("fixe ideen": fixed ideas), Moria ("Narrheit": folly), Lerema ("Kindischwerden": childishness), Anoëa ("Blödsinn": nonsense - nonsensicalness) [67] [nb 11]

1833: Joseph Guislain considered insanity to develop through definable states (1)manie (2)folie (3)stupidité (4)l’epilepsie (5)hallucinations (6)confusion, with the seventh and terminus state being: dementia [287]

1797: the retrospective first supposed contended obvious example of the admission to an institution of an individual with thoughts and behaviours which indicate the existence of a schizophrenia-like disorder: the case of James Tilly Matthews.[288][289]

1700: the concept of associations of ideas is used explicitly in the year of the fourth edition of Essay Concerning Human Understanding of John Locke; madness is made by associations of ideas which are not within human understanding.[290][291][292][293][294]

1652: the historian Alexander Ross, in his book about the history of the world, states Michael the Stammerer (Michael Balbus) "dyed" (during the year 829) "of a Phrensie and Strangury or as some say of a Bloudy flux" [295][296]

after circa 1640 [nb 12] and before 1651: Thomas HOBBES of Malmesbury is the first to make use of the idea of what is known by Locke as the «association of ideas» [299][290][297][300]

1602-8: Professor (University of Basel) Felix Platter determines within states of phrensie "spectra varia ex falsa imaginatione existiment". Platter determines lesion of the mind as mentis alienatio with mentis hallucinatio.[301]

c. 1533:[nb 13] scholar, university teacher (Dôle, Pavia), lawyer (Metz), physician, court astrologer, Knight, Magician Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim contends that phrensie is the "soul coming from the Gods, or Demons". While "Plato defines this by alienation, and binding", phrensie is divine which proceeds from dieties.[303][304][305][306]

before 1422: an account by a monk of St Albans Thomas Walsingham in which is written of deaths in Cantebriggae during 1389 where people died (moriebantur) by invading (invasi) phrensy (phrenesi) of mind (mentis) [nb 14] ("prout dicebatur, sospites, invasi mentis phrenesi moriebantur, sine viatico sive sensu") [nb 15] [309][310]

c. 1420: the first known use of the English version word dilusioun; Siege of Thebes of John Lydgate, monk at Bury St Edmunds, within the only Middle English poem on Oedipus's sons.[311][312][313][314] [nb 16]

1368: first known use in France of the word realité [317] [nb 17]

1300's: the word frentik is understood to mean both "fooles" and "madde" in England in Piers Plowman and by Geoffrey Chaucer (esquire) respectively.[323][324][325][326][327][328][329][330]

after c. 1241: reading Aristotle’s treatises, a monk of the Order of St Dominic: Albertus (of Lauingen, born as Count von Bollstädt) uses realistic ideas instead of allegory and symbolism for synthesis of libri naturales with sapientia biblica to produce a position of thought of how to understand nature by christian contemplation as realism. [nb 18] [332][333][334][335][336][337]

c. 1200 the idea of insight exists in writing in the Ormulum, in which Canon Regular of St Augustine Orrm (christened Ormin) provides translation of the Gospels (expounds hope for salvation of the illiterate that should be made by their education in the details of christian devotion) as verse-homilies [338][339][340][341][342][343][nb 19]

c. 130 AD: Claudius Galenus Pergami (Greek: Κλαύδιος Γαληνός) recognizes the location of the phrenic nerve at the spinal cord 3rd mylotome with the diaphragm [345]

195 or 185 - 159 BCE Terentius Afer uses "deludi" a word of the ancient Latin language [346]

between c. 205-184: "earum ipsarum rerum rēapse, non oratione perfectio" (a line of Truculentes a comedical play (palliata) by T.M. Plautus); the Latin language words rerum rēapse mean the reality of things. "Phronesium" is a character.[347][348][349][350][351]

Παρανοίας γραφή (paranoías graphḗ) a legal action against insanity, as in Plato's text "Laws" (Πλάτων Νόμοι),[352][353] was a process in which someone could make complaint, usually against a father, or against anyone who is "mad or senile".[354][355][356]

399: Σωκράτης (Socrates) is condemned by a court to be expelled from Athens in relation in part to a voice he hears (τὸ δαιμόνιον - the daimonion).[357][358][359][360][361][362][363][364]

428: In an ancient Greek theatre play by ΕΥΡΙΠΙΔΗΣ (Euripides) a nurse is made to speak on the subject of a problem which relates to φρένας (phrenes)[365][366][367]

c. 1894–1595: Babylonian language has no word for mind.[368] The concept of the possibility of gaining topical intelligence by access of a supra-consciousness existed as known of by the medium of divination.[369]

References

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  1. ↑ Cui, Xiaomin; Geng, Huiying; Zhang, Hong; Sun, Xinyang; Shang, Lei; Ma, Rongna; Jia, Liping; Li, Chuan; Zhang, Wei; Wang, Huaisheng (2024). "Perylene Diimide Electrochemistry Probe with Persulfate as Signal Enhancer for Dopamine Sensing". The Analyst. doi:10.1039/D3AN01966G. S2CID 266317294.
  2. ↑ Braner, Sarah (March 4, 2024). "New schizophrenia medications could signal a comeback for psychiatric drugs". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 (11): 5968. doi:10.3390/ijms23115968. PMC 9181262. PMID 35682647.
  3. ↑ Białoń, Magdalena; Wąsik, Agnieszka (2022). "Advantages and Limitations of Animal Schizophrenia Models". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 (11): 5968. doi:10.3390/ijms23115968. PMC 9181262. PMID 35682647.
  4. ↑ Amara, Umay; Mehran, Muhammad Taqi; Sarfaraz, Bilal; Mahmood, Khalid; Hayat, Akhtar; Nasir, Muhammad; Riaz, Sara; Nawaz, Mian Hasnain (July 2021). "Perylene diimide/MXene-modified graphitic pencil electrode-based electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection". Microchimica Acta. 188 (7): 230. doi:10.1007/s00604-021-04884-0. PMID 34117945. S2CID 235407072.
  5. ↑ Bouet, Valentine; Percelay, Solenn; Leroux, Elise; Diarra, Boubacar; Léger, Marianne; Delcroix, Nicolas; Andrieux, Annie; Dollfus, Sonia; Freret, Thomas; Boulouard, Michel (2021). "A new 3-hit mouse model of schizophrenia built on genetic, early and late factors". Schizophr Res. 228: 519–528. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.043. PMID 33298334.
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  7. ↑ ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version : January 2023) 6A20 Schizophrenia Archived 2018-08-01 at Archive.today Excerpt of "Description": "multiple mental modalities...including thinking...perception...self-experience...cognition...volition...affect...and behaviour"
  8. ↑ Chiu, Yi-Hang; Kao, Meei-Ying; Goh, Kah Kheng; Lu, Cheng-Yu; Lu, Mong-Liang (2022). "Renaming Schizophrenia and Stigma Reduction: A Cross-Sectional Study of Nursing Students in Taiwan". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 19 (6): 3563. doi:10.3390/ijerph19063563. PMC 8954196. PMID 35329254.
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  11. ↑ Lee, Yu Sang; Kim, Jae-Jin; Kwon, Jun Soo (August 2013). "Renaming schizophrenia in South Korea". The Lancet. 382 (9893): 683–684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61776-6. PMID 23972810. S2CID 46524779. jungshinbunyeolbyung
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sartorius, N.; Chiu, H.; Heok, K. E.; Lee, M.-S.; Ouyang, W.-C.; Sato, M.; Yang, Y. K.; Yu, X. (1 March 2014). "Name Change for Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 40 (2): 255–258. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt231. PMC 3932100. PMID 24457142. jeongshin-bunyeol-byung... a lot of medical terms used in China are actually from Japan, including those of schizophrenia and dementia: the Chinese name of schizophrenia and dementia are exactly the same as the Japanese Kanji
  13. ↑ Leiphart and Valone 2010 In: Lévêque, Marc; Durand, Edgar; Weil, Alexander G. (2014). "Psychosurgery for Schizophrenia". Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 92 (6): 412. doi:10.1159/000366005. PMID 25376376. Retrieved 20 December 2023. performed a review of the literature, identifying 172 publications for schizophrenia compared to 147 for depression and 33 for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Assessment of these publications shows that it is for schizophrenia – and addiction disorder – that results are the most deceiving, all lesional techniques confounded. For schizophrenic patients, the best results are obtained with cingulotomy. To this effect, Leiphart and Valone comment that the 'best reported outcome for cingulotomy was 1.6, a poor outcome in comparison with the other disorders'.
  14. ↑ Leiphart, James W; Valone III, Frank H (December 2010). "Stereotactic lesions for the treatment of psychiatric disorders". J Neurosurg. 113 (6): 1204–11. doi:10.3171/2010.5.JNS091277. PMID 3300791. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  15. ↑ Soares, Matheus Schmidt; Silva Paiva, Wellingson; Guertzenstein, Eda Z; Amorim, Robson Luis; Silveira Bernardo, Luca; Francisco Pereira, Jose; Talamoni Fonoff, Erich; Jacobsen Teixeira, Manoel (15 April 2013). ""Conclusion" in "Psychosurgery for schizophrenia: history and perspectives"". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 9: 509–515. doi:10.2147/NDT.S35823. PMC 3666566. PMID 23723702. There is still no evidence base to support the use of stereotactic procedures for schizophrenia. Well designed controlled studies are still needed to establish the effectiveness of psychosurgery in patients with the disease. There remain legal and ethical issues concerning psychosurgery, and outcomes have been unfavorable in the past.
  16. ↑ Christmas, David; Morrison, Colin; Eljamel, Muftah S.; Matthews, Keith (2004). ""Contraindications to surgery" in "Neurosurgery for mental disorder"". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 10 (3): 189–199. doi:10.1192/apt.10.3.189. There is no evidence that personality disorders, anorexia nervosa or schizophrenia respond to neurosurgery, and patients with these disorders should not be considered unless the aim of the surgery is restricted to chronic intractable affective or obsessional comorbid symptoms.
  17. ↑ Kim, Y.; Berrios, G. E. (2001). "At Issue: Impact of the Term Schizophrenia on the Culture of Ideograph: The Japanese Experience". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 27 (2): 181–185. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006864. PMID 11354585.
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  19. ↑ Lee, Yu Sang; Park, II Ho; Park, Seon-Cheol; Kim, Jae-Jin; Kwon, Jun Soo (April 2014). "Johyeonbyung (attunement disorder): Renaming mind splitting disorder as a way to reduce stigma of patients with schizophrenia in Korea". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 8: 118–120. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2014.01.008. PMID 24655643. The term schizophrenia, which comes from the Greek roots "skhizein" and "phren," was translated as "Jungshinbunyeolbyung" in East Asian Countries, including Japan, Korea, and China.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Maruta, Toshimasa; Matsumoto, Chihiro (June 2019). "Renaming schizophrenia". Chihiro. 28 (3): 262–264. doi:10.1017/S2045796018000598. PMC 6998908. PMID 30370893. 'disintegration disorder'
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  121. ↑ Lunbeck (1994: 373) In: Noll, Richard (2007). "Kraepelin's 'lost biological psychiatry'? Autointoxication, organotherapy and surgery for dementia praecox". History of Psychiatry. 18 (3): 317. doi:10.1177/0957154X07078705. PMID 18175634. S2CID 7995446. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. According to Lunbeck (1994: 373), schizophrenia was fi rst used as a diagnostic term at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital in 1919. E. E. Southard, who was the medical director of that hospital, wrote to several colleagues about this time to ask their opinion on the comparative desirability of the two terms. He summarized them in notes attached to his unpublished typescript, 'Non-Dementia Non-Praecox: Note on the Advantages to Mental Hygiene of Extirpating a Term' (held among his Nachlass at the Countway Library of Medicine at Harvard Medical School). The unpublished paper was the basis of a lecture he delivered to the Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology on 20 February 1919
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  130. ↑ Bleuler, Dr Professor, Eugen; Jung, Dr, Carl; Riklin, Dr, Franz; Abraham, Dr, Karl; Zablocka, Dr, Emma-Marie; Wolfsohn, Dr, Ryssia (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Leipzig & Wien: Franz Deuticke.
  131. ↑ Feldmann, Silke (2005). ""3.3.4 Die Jahresversammlung des Deutschen Vereins für Psychiatrie 1908" in "Die Verbreitung der Kraepelinischen Krankheitslehre im deutschen Sprachraum zwischen 1893 und 1912 am Beispiel der Dementia praecox" (Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Medizin des Fachbereichs Medizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen)". d-nb.info. Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Diese und die folgenden Erkenntnisse hatte er mithilfe de Daten zweier Doktoranden (Emma-Marie Zablocka und Ryssia Wolfsohn) seiner Klinik Burghölzli gewonnen.
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  133. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). "Theory of Symptoms" "B. The Secondary Symptoms 1. The Indvidual Symptoms" (352) "2. The Origin of the Secondary Symptoms" (354-5) & "(a) The Train of Thought-Splitting" (362) In: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia no. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien ). Translated 1950 by J. Zinkin. archive.org: International Universities Press. pp. 352, 354, 355, 359, 362.
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  137. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911) Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias) archive.org International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York) 362: "The splitting is the prerequisite condition of most of the coinplicated phenomena of the disease. It is the splitting which gives the peculiar stamp to the entire symptomatology. However, behind this systematic splitting into definite idea-complexes, we have found a previous primary loosening of the associational structure which can lead to an irregular fragmentation of such solidly established elements as concrete ideas. The term, schizophrenia, refers to both kinds of splitting which often fuse in their effects. Schizophrenic splitting is again only another example of exaggerated physiological processess. Even the healthy person can harbor various complexes, all more or less unconnected with each other; and he may even continue to elaborate and develop them in his unconscious or in dreams."
  138. ↑ Stotz-Ingenlath, Gabriele (2000). "Epistemological aspects of Eugen Bleuler's conception of Schizophrenia in 1911". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 3 (2): 153–159. doi:10.1023/A:1009919309015. PMID 11079343. S2CID 25457004. so-called pathological phenomena actually seemed to be only exaggerations of normal psychic functions. So there were only a quantitative, not a qualitative difference between schizophrenia and normal psychic processes
  139. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin with the help of L.W. Zinkin, 1950. New York). pp. 476-8. At the present time, the only type of therapy that can seriously be considered for schizophrenia as a whole is the psychic method...At present, there is nothing we can do at the peak of an active thrust of the disease. We are forced to wait for improvement. However, in many cases, it is difficult to recognize when the end of the acute stage has been reached...The general tasks or treatment, then, consist in educating the patient in re-establishing his contact with reality, i.e., in combatting autism...Occupational therapy represents the best means of meeting our demands. It provides an opportunity for exercising the normal psychic functions, for continual active and passive contact with reality, it stimulates the patients' capacity for adaptation, and forces them to think about normal life outside the hospital. After all, in the absence of some such external means, it is impossible for anyone to maintain for any length of time psychic contact with individuals with whom one does not have any spiritual rapport. Even in acute stages, occupational therapy proves often both practical and useful. Every mental institution should have the kind of set-up that will make it possible to offer every patient some kind of work at all times... Sports may also be considered as an inferior substitute for work. However, as an addition to work, it is of considerable value when dealing with people who are well acquainted with it. Otherwise, games...
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  143. ↑ Falzeder, Ernst (2019). "The story of an ambivalent relationship: Sigmund Freud and Eugen Bleuler". Psychoanalytic Filiations. pp. 177–196. doi:10.4324/9780429478949-8. ISBN 978-0-429-47894-9. S2CID 243319197.
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  147. ↑ A.A. Brill (1909) In: "The physiological psychologist" Kieran McNally Looking Back: Treasures of knowledge Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine the british psychological society 18 October 2013 "Based on experimental psychology, and on the new and invaluable psychology of Freud..."
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  151. ↑ Moskowitz, Andrew; Heim, Gerhard (May 2011). "Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (3): 471–479. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr016. PMC 3080676. PMID 21505113. Archived from the original on 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  152. ↑ Stengel, E. (1957). "Concepts Of Schizophrenia". The British Medical Journal. 1 (5028): 1174–1176. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5028.1174. JSTOR 25382555. PMC 1973489. PMID 13426576.
  153. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). "Author's Preface" In: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien). archive.org: International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin, 1950). p. 1. Our knowledge of the disease group which Kraepelin established under the name of Dementia Praecox is too recent to warrant a complete description. The whole complex is still too fluid, incomplete, tentative.... An additional difficulty arises with regard to the chapters on psychopathology, that is the embryonic state of contemporary psychology. We do not even have the necessary terminology for the new psychological concepts.... An important aspect of the attempt to advance and enlarge the concepts of psychopathology is nothing less than the application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox. I feel certain that every reader realizes how greatly we are indebted to this author, without my mentioning his name at each appropriate point of the discussion.
  154. ↑ Kieran McNally "A psychological persuasion" "The physiological psychologist" History and philosophy Looking Back: Treasures of knowledge Archived 2023-11-16 at the Wayback Machine. "Based on experimental psychology, and on the new and invaluable psychology of Freud." A.A. Brill, 1909
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    Under all circumstances, if the disease is diagnosed or suspected, marriage must be discouraged with the greatest emphasis...we know of no measures which will cure the disease, as such, or even bring it to a halt...it is to be hoped that sterilisation will soon be employed on a larger scale in these cases as in other patients with a pathological Anlage for eugenic reasons
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  159. ↑ International List of Causes of Death, Revision 2 (1909) Archived 2023-10-21 at the Wayback Machine Wolfbane Cybernetique
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  162. ↑ Studies in Word-Association Experiments in the Diagnosis of Psychopathological Conditions carried out at the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Zurich under the direction of C. G. Jung , LL.D. (formerly of the University of Zurich) authorized translation by Dr. Eder. New York Moffat, Yard & Company 1919

    Professor E Bleuler, Dr CG Jung, Dr F Riklin, Dr E Fürst, Dr L Binswanger, & Dr H Nunberg: hathitrust.org Archived 2010-10-10 at the Wayback Machine: Record/010606802 Archived 2023-12-08 at the Wayback Machine archive.org: front cover abridged title page, title page Translator's Preface Contents Index

  163. ↑ JMS Pearce Eugen Bleuler and schizophrenia Archived 2023-12-23 at the Wayback Machine Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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  166. ↑ "Eine Gesellschaft mit Tradition: historische Entwicklung der DGPPN". www.dgppn.de. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde e. V. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
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  181. ↑ Feldmann, Silke (2005). ""3.3.4 Die Jahresversammlung des Deutschen Vereins für Psychiatrie 1908" in "Die Verbreitung der Kraepelinischen Krankheitslehre im deutschen Sprachraum zwischen 1893 und 1912 am Beispiel der Dementia praecox" (Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Medizin des Fachbereichs Medizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen)". d-nb.info. Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Es war das erste Mal, dass Kraepelins Dementia praecox im Mittelpunkt einer Versammlung stand und nicht nur dessen Schüler sich mit Referaten über dieses Thema äußerten... Jahrmärker würdigt in seinem Vortrag Kraepelins Verdienst in Bezug auf eine Abgrenzung der Dementia praecox gegenüber anderen Psychosen und die damit verbundene Erleichterung beim Stellen einer Diagnose.
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  185. ↑ Dr C Jung pp.25-6-7 1907

    Dissociation according to the French school is a weakness of consciousness due to the splitting off of one or a series of ideas. They separate themselves from the hierarchy of the conscious ego and begin a more or less independent existence.77 The hysteria doctrine of Breuer and Freud was developed on this foundation...77 See the fundamental work of Janet : L'automatisme psychologique....If the connection between Gross's synchronous series is severed by disease, disintegration of consciousness results. Translated into the language of the French school, it means that if one or more association series are split off there results a dissociation causing weakness of consciousness. Let us not quarrel over words....As aforesaid, the displeasing part in this hypothesis is the assumption of synchronous independent association series. Normal psychology does not furnish us with any facts on this point. Where we can best observe split-off series of ideas, namely, in hysteria, we find that the opposite holds true.
  186. ↑ Dr C Jung p.28 1907

    If we weaken the power of consciousness by suggestion and produce thereby a split-off series of presentations, as, for example, in post-hypnotic commands, we find that this series reappears with a power inexplicable to the ego-consciousness. In the psychology of ecstatic somnambulists we have the typical breaking in of split-off ideas.84...84 See especially the magnificent script examples of Helene Smith, Flournoy: Des Indes, etc.
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    Freud and Gross find the important fact of the presence of split-off series of ideas. To Freud, however, belongs the credit of being the first to show in a case of paranoid dementia praecox the " principle of conversion " (repression and indirect reappearance of the complexes).
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  260. ↑ Karschay, Stephan (2015). "Degeneration and the Victorian Sciences". Degeneration, Normativity and the Gothic at the Fin de Siècle. Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 30–84. doi:10.1057/9781137450333_2 (inactive 2023-12-18). ISBN 978-1-137-45033-3. Archived from the original on 2023-11-17. Retrieved 2023-11-24.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2023 (link)
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  319. ↑ Stangor, Charles; Walinga, Jennifer (2020). ""Key Takeaways" in "15.6 Schizophrenia: The Edge of Reality"". 1st Canadian Edition Introduction to Psychology. Canada: Thompson Rivers University. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, and loss of contact with reality. BC campus, LibreTexts
  320. ↑ Van Duppen, Zeno (December 2017). "The Meaning and Relevance of Minkowski's 'Loss of Vital Contact with Reality'". Philosophy, Psychiatry & Psychology. 24 (4): 385–397. doi:10.1353/ppp.2017.0057. S2CID 201746417. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Eugène Minkowski is among the most prominent figures in phenomenological psychopathology. His notion of the 'loss of vital contact with reality' remains a key concept in the phenomenological description of schizophrenia. However, the precise meaning and relevance of this concept is unclear.
  321. ↑ Gozé, Tudi; Moskalewicz, Marcin; Schwartz, Michael A; Naudin, Jean; Micoulaud-Franchi, Jean-Arthur; Cermolacce, Michel (September 2019). "Reassessing "Praecox Feeling" in Diagnostic Decision Making in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review". Schizophr. Bull. 45 (5): 966–970. doi:10.1093/schbul/sby172. PMC 6737542. PMID 30476340. Classical Psychopathology and the History of PF...Bleuler...spoke of the "intrapsychic Spaltung," resulting in the release of the associations and detachment from reality (autism)... According to Minkowski, Bleuler did not go far enough in his conceptualization of schizophrenic autism...Focusing on mental contents, he missed the key link between a person and his/her world. The clinical core of schizophrenia consists of a "loss of vital contact with reality." The patient loses "resonance" with the world, but not (as is the case of Bleuler's autism) contact with the world.
  322. ↑ KATAN, M.D, M. (1950). "Structural Aspects of a Case of Schizophrenia" (PDF). The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 5 (1): 175–211. doi:10.1080/00797308.1950.11822891. Retrieved 28 December 2023. The psychosis proper starts when contact with reality has been abandoned.
  323. ↑ Collection items Archived 2023-10-27 at the Wayback Machine The British Library
  324. ↑ Warner, Lawrence (2014). "Conclusion: Leland's madness and the tale of Piers Plowman". The Myth of Piers Plowman. pp. 129–140. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107338821.010. ISBN 978-1-107-33882-1.
  325. ↑ Jack, A. S. (1901). "The Autobiographical Elements in Piers the Plowman". The Journal of Germanic Philology. 3 (4): 393–414. JSTOR 27699140.
  326. ↑ William Langland The Vision of William Concerning Piers Plowman (Rev. Walter W Skeat) Early English Text Society, N. Trübner & Company, 1867
  327. ↑ TROILUS AND CRISEYDE Book V (Geoffrey Chaucer), The Riverside Chaucer: lines 206 - 212 p.563: (Larry Dean Benson), Oxford University Press, 2008
  328. ↑ frenetī̆k Regents of the University of Michigan
  329. ↑ Martin M Crow and Virginia E Leland INTRODUCTION CHAUCER'S LIFE Last Years page xxii in, Geoffrey Chaucer, Larry Dean Benson The Riverside Chaucer Oxford University Press, 2008 ISBN 0199552096
  330. ↑ Random House Unabridged Dictionary Random House
  331. ↑ Popov, V. Y. (2014). "Realitas vs wirklichkeit: the genesis of the two concepts of western metaphysics". Granì. 3. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Category «reality» reflects a dynamic dimension of being, and originates from the «Metaphysics» of Aristotle, which later developed into the category of German philosophy Wirklichkeit.
  332. ↑ O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E F (2003). "Saint Albertus Magnus". mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 28 December 2023. He was sent to the Dominican convent of Saint-Jacques at the University of Paris in about 1241 where he read the new translations, with commentaries, of the Arabic and Greek texts of Aristotle. This was a period when the writings of Arabic scholars, and through them the texts of ancient Greek philosophers, was becoming known throughout Christian Europe and it was having to come to terms with this new knowledge. Albertus would play a major role in accepting this new learning into Europe
  333. ↑ Brumberg-Chaumont, J. (2020). "Albert the Great". In Lagerlund, H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 86–91. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1665-7_18. ISBN 978-94-024-1665-7. S2CID 262365999. His ambition was to deliver to his contemporaries a deep understanding of the newly available Aristotelian philosophy (metaphysics, psychology, natural science, and "theology" through the Liber de causis) founded on a synthesis of the teaching of peripatetism and of that of Christian faith.
  334. ↑ Cerrito, A. (2018). "Botany as Science and Exegetical Tool in Albert the Great". Aisthesis. Pratiche, Linguaggi e Saperi dell'estetico. 11 (1): 97–107. doi:10.13128/Aisthesis-23275. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  335. ↑ CONTI, ALESSANDRO D. (2005). "Realism in the Later Middle Ages: an Introduction". Vivarium. 43 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1163/1568534054068438. JSTOR 41963735. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  336. ↑ Langholm, O. (9 September 2016). "Albert the Great, Saint Albertus Magnus (c.1200–1280)". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2029-1. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  337. ↑ Kennedy, D (1907). Knight, Kevin (ed.). "St. Albertus Magnus". www.newadvent.org. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 December 2023. In the year 1223 he joined the Order of St. Dominic, being attracted by the preaching of Blessed Jordan of Saxony second Master General of the Order.
  338. ↑ "insight" Oxford University English Dictionary
  339. ↑ McMullen, A. Joseph (2014). "Forr þeʒʒre sawle need: The Ormulum, Vernacular Theology and a Tradition of Translation in Early England". English Studies. 95 (3): 256–277. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2014.897074. S2CID 162740411. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  340. ↑ Kaphengst, C. (1879). An Essay on the Ormulum. Elberfeld: the Bavarian State Library (4 L.g.sept. 15 i) Digitized 10 Sep 2019 (Google LLC): University of Rostock. pp. 3–4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  341. ↑ Thomas, Carla María (3 August 2017). "Ormulum". The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain. onlinelibrary.wiley.com. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1002/9781118396957.wbemlb269. ISBN 978-1-118-39698-8.
  342. ↑ Johannesson, Nils-Lennart (January 2004). "THE ETYMOLOGY OF 'RÍME' IN THE 'ORMULUM'". Nordic Journal of English Studies. 3 (1): 11(71). doi:10.35360/njes.22. Retrieved 29 December 2023. 1. Orm names himself and his book in the Dedication to his brother Walter, who is said to have commissioned the work. Both brothers are described as Augustinian canons.
  343. ↑ Phillips, Betty S. (1992). "Open syllable lengthening and the Ormulum". WORD. 43 (3): 375–382. doi:10.1080/00437956.1992.12098314. The date at which Middle English open syllable lengthening began and the value of the evidence from the Ormulum (ca. 1200) in determining that date have been disputed...Orm's use of several nouns with etymologically short vowels in the penultimate syllable of his line of verse (which required a heavy syllable) supports the conclusion that open-syllable lengthening had begun in his dialect.
  344. ↑ The Augustinian Order of the Province of Saint Thomas of Villanova
  345. ↑ Baloyannis, Stavros J. Aik., Divoli (ed.). "The neurology in the Hellenistic era: An harmonization of the philosophy with the science". Encephalos. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  346. ↑ Publius Terentius Afer "Andria" 1, 2, 32 In: dē-lūdo , si, sum, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
  347. ↑ Lewis Ph.D., Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). Crane, G.R. (ed.). "Latin Word Study Tool". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 29 December 2023. rēapse , adv. contr. from re and eapse, an old form for ipsā; hence in tmesi: reque eapse, Scip. Afr. ap. Fest. p. 286, 3; cf. ipse init., I. in fact, in reality, actually, really (an old word, which does not occur after Cic.): "reapse est re ipsā," Fest. p. 278 Müll.; Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 41: "earum ipsarum rerum reapse, non oratione perfectio,"
  348. ↑ Karakasis, Evangelos (16 December 2013). "28 The Language of the Palliata". In Fontaine, Michael; Scafuro, Adele C. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Comedy. University of Oxford: Oxford Academic. pp. 555–578. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199743544.013.028. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  349. ↑ Nervegna, Sebastiana (September 2023). "Greek New Comic Fragments". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Oxford University: Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0354. ISBN 978-0-19-538966-1. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  350. ↑ Klar, Laura S. (October 2006). "HEILBRUNN TIMELINE OF ART HISTORY ESSAYS: Theater and Amphitheater in the Roman World". www.metmuseum.org. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 29 December 2023. In 240 B.C., full-length, scripted plays were introduced to Rome by the playwright Livius Andronicus, a native of the Greek city of Tarentum in southern Italy. The earliest Latin plays to have survived intact are the comedies of Plautus (active ca. 205–184 B.C.), which were principally adaptations of Greek New Comedy.
  351. ↑ Pappaioannou, Sophie (15 May 2020). "Chapter 6 Postclassical Comedy and the Composition of Roman Comedy". In Petrides, Antonis K. (ed.). New Perspectives on Postclassical Comedy. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 169. ISBN 9781527551589. It is widely acknowledged nowadays that the Truculentes is not a typical Plautine palliata. The acting is too self-conscious, and this persistent emphasis on realism and reality is largely responsible for the plays unorthodox plotline and content. As a result, the play clashes against the structural conventions of the New Comedy, which are founded on illusion and the reversal of reality.
  352. ↑ Thür, Gerhard (2006). "Paranoias graphe". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.). Brill’s New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e907930. ISBN 978-90-04-12259-8.
  353. ↑ Platon. "Laws 11." In; "Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 10 & 11 translated by R.G. Bury.". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1967 & 1968. p. 929d.
  354. ↑ Ahonen, Marke (March 2019). "Ancient philosophers on mental illness". History of Psychiatry. 30 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1177/0957154X18803508. PMID 30299163.
  355. ↑ Serafim, Andreas (6 July 2022). "Religion on the Rostrum: Euchomai Prayers in the Texts of Attic Oratory". Trends in Classics. 14 (1): 93–123. doi:10.1515/tc-2022-0004.
  356. ↑ Marke Ahonen p.88 in Mental Disorders in Ancient Philosophy Springer International Publishing 16 January 2014
  357. ↑ Μπαγιόνας, Αύγουστος (2002). "Οι πολιτικές ιδέες του Σωκράτη". Ουτοπία: διμηνιαία έκδοση θεωρίας και πολιτισμού. 51. Ελληνικά Γράμματα: 89–96. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  358. ↑ Partridge, John (2006). "Review of Nicholas D. Smith, Pierre Destrée, Socrates' divine sign : religion, practice and value in Socratic philosophy. Apeiron ; v. 38, no. 2. Kelowna, BC: Academic Printing and Publishing, 2005. xii, 180 pages ; 23 cm.. ISBN 0920980902". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Bryn Mawr. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  359. ↑ Naddaff, Ramona (2019). "Hearing voices". Antiquities Beyond Humanism. pp. 47–62. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198805670.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-880567-0.
  360. ↑ Πλάτων. "Plato, The Apology of Socrates Translated by Benjamin Jowett Adapted by Miriam Carlisle, Thomas E. Jenkins, Gregory Nagy, and Soo-Young Kim". chs.harvard.edu. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Retrieved 14 December 2023. I have said enough in my defense against the first class of my accusers; I turn to the second class, who are headed by Meletus, that good [agathos] and patriotic man, as he calls himself. And now I will try to defend myself against them: these new accusers must also have their affidavit read...Socrates commits wrong [a-dika] deeds, and corrupts the young men, and he does not believe in the gods that the state [polis] believes in, but believes in other things having to do with daimones of his own. That is the sort of charge
  361. ↑ Mason, John (2023). "The Interpretation and Treatment of: "Hearing Voices". Historical understandings from: Classical Antiquity, Lay/Folk beliefs, Christian Church Theology and the Scientific era of Psychiatry. DHMSA Lecture June 30th 2023 John P.Mason". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.17644.13442.
  362. ↑ Wan, Sze-Kar (1 May 2017). Poo, Mu-chou; Drake, H. A.; Raphals, Lisa (eds.). "Colonizing the Supernatural How Daimon became demonized in Late Antiquity" In: Old Society, New Belief: Religious transformation of China and Rome, ca. 1st-6th Centuries. Oxford University Press. pp. 147–153. ISBN 978-0190278366.
  363. ↑ McCarthy-Jones, Simon (2012). Hearing Voices: The Histories, Causes and Meanings of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-107-00722-2.
  364. ↑ Berman, David (2014). "Socrates' Daimonion". Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. pp. 1676–1679. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_652. ISBN 978-1-4614-6085-5. I have a divine sign [daimonion] from the god which… began when I was a child. It is a voice
  365. ↑ Gümüş, Florentina. (2021). Love as Disease in Euripides’ Hippolytus and Tony Harrison’s Phaedra Britannica
  366. ↑ ΕΥΡΙΠΙΔΗΣ Ἱππόλυτος (published by Κέντρο Ελληνικής Γλώσσας) Translation of [6] [7]:

    τάδε μαντείας ἄξια πολλῆς,

    ὅστις σε θεῶν ἀνασειράζει

    καὶ παρακόπτει φρένας, ὦ παῖ.

    ΦΑ. δύστηνος ἐγώ, τί ποτ᾽ εἰργασάμην;

    ποῖ παρεπλάγχθην γνώμης ἀγαθῆς

    using:

    with:

  367. ↑ Euripides Core Vocab: phrēn, phrenes The Kosmos Society AUGUST 22, 2016
  368. ↑ Reynolds, Edward H.; Kinnier Wilson, James V. (September 2014). "Neurology and psychiatry in Babylon". Brain. 137 (9): 2611–2619. doi:10.1093/brain/awu192. PMID 25037816. Retrieved 29 December 2023. Babylonian accounts of neurological and psychiatric disorders...The concept of 'mind' was not current either, so that what is today broadly regarded as mental disorders were in large part observed as disorders of behaviour.
  369. ↑ Annus, Amar (August 2023). "Theory of Marduk's Mind in Babylonian Wisdom Literature". www.researchgate.net. Zaphon. Retrieved 29 December 2023. The following explanation of this epithet was written down in the Babylonian Creation Epic: dšà-zu mu-de-e lìb-bi ilāni šá i-bar-ru-u kar-šú "Shazu, the one who knows the heart of the gods, who examines the mind" (Lambert, 2013: 126 VII 35). The Akkadian expression used here was barû karšu "to look into a stomach," which also related to the divination through extispicy, when the inner organs of sacrificial animal were inspected to learn about deities' plans for future (Starr 1983: 54–55)...the divine authority was the sun god Shamash.

Notes

change
  1. ↑

    Lupus est homo homini, non homo, quom qualis sit non novit

    — Titus Maccius Plautus ex Asinaria

    Homo homini lupus est; viz. Wolff (see 1908) [65][66] from Eisenmann (see 1835) [67] (i.e. livestock depredation [68]): the father of Sigismund Freud (see 1911 & 1893) was at some time registered as (or primarily was) a wool merchant,[69][70][71][72] the first name of the leader of the German government, Adolf Hitler, apparently means noble wolf [73][74][75]

  2. ↑ "sin of the mixture of blood" (Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1925-6):[99][100] see 1924, 1911, 1908, 1859, 1835, 1833
  3. ↑ During 14 April a method for the splitting of an atom is discovered. An atom of lithium is made disintegrational by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton using a particle accelerator (after Rutherford) designed to study nuclear reactions. The disintegrational products are transmutations.[102][103][104][105][106][107] see: 1948
  4. ↑ the word Blödsinn (see 1835 & 1859) means literally; (blöd): idiot, sheepish,[110][111] silly,[110] disagreeable,[112] imbecilic (old meaning),[110][112] feeble-minded (old meaning) [112][113] (sinn): senses, &, consciousness, &, mind [114]
  5. ↑ "introduced in 1904 the concept in association with schizophrenia.";[124](Triarhou 2012) "and in 1904 ‘‘intrapsychic ataxia’’...as a pathogenetic hallmark of schizophrenia" [125]
  6. ↑ For sources of first names of "Riklin" and "Abraham" see: Bibliography: Ashok; Moskowitz, respectively
  7. ↑ "coined the term schizophrenia" (i.e. "coin") is used in a number of sources [168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180]
  8. ↑ (Rocha, Cunha, Torres, Lopes 2021) "Initially, in 1896, Kahlbaum coined the term ‘dysphrenia’, a group of severe form of psychosis"[255]
  9. ↑ Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine (1857) doesn't contain any reference to stérilité or stérilisation.[266][267][268]
  10. ↑ see 1835
  11. ↑
    • "The term psychosis was first used by Carl Canstatt, who thus distinguished functional disorders of the ‘intelligent sphere of the nervous system’ from disorders of ‘other nerve provinces’ (Canstatt, Citation1841, p. 328)" [283]
    • "Canstatt introduced the concept of psychosis into the psychiatric literature in 1841. He used the term synonymously with “psychic neurosis” and emphasized, for the first time, psychic manifestations of a brain disease (Burgy, 2008)." [284]
    • "While there has been no universal consensus on the concept of “psychosis”, since the term was introduced by Canstatt into the psychiatric literature" (Burgy M. 2008), "one of the most common uses has been to refer to phenomena such as delusions and hallucinations" (van Os J, Murray RM 2013)[285]
    • "The term 'psychosis' and its synonym 'psychic neurosis' was introduced into the psychiatric literature by the German forensic doctor Carl Canstatt in 1841 ...(Bürgy, 2008). In the 1843 edition of the handbook, Canstatt wrote..." - 'Where the ailment underlying the psychosis is recognised and removed by the doctor's action, where psychosis has not firmly struck its roots as an independent disease of the individuality, there, the causal indication fully claims its rights...Yet more often causal indications are beyond the scope of the doctor, and nothing else remains except direct combat against the psychosis' (p.368 [286]
  12. ↑ the year of the existence of The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic [297][298]
  13. ↑ the year of the existence of De occulta Philosophia Libri Tres [302]
  14. ↑ (or more literally) with an invaded mind madly died [307] (machine translation verbatim) "as it was said, the suspects, attacked by a frenzy of mind, died without rest or sense" [308]
  15. ↑ italics are added here i.e. are not in the original
  16. ↑ although search return "delude" in University Rochester returns an earlier text: John Gower (who died 1408) "... desire to know buried Then delude contrived their ..." Confessio Amantis: Book 7 [315][316] with view and twice review of the complete text no such passage or word or variation of is visible. Quotes proceeding elucidate "deceipte" by "flaterie" so "fallas aperceiveth", that: "Of feigned wordes make him wene That blak is whyt and blew is grene":

    line 1545:In ston and gras vertu ther is, Bot yit the bokes tellen this,That word above alle erthli thinges Is vertuous in his doinges,Wher so it be to evele or goode.For if the wordes semen goode And ben wel spoke at mannes ere,Whan that ther is no trouthe there,Thei don fulofte gret deceipte;For whan the word to the conceipte Descordeth in so double a wise, Such Rethorique is to despise In every place, and for to drede. 2168: The covoitouse flaterie, Which many a worthi king deceiveth, Er he the fallas aperceiveth Of hem that serven to the glose. 2177: A Philosophre, as thou schalt hiere, Spak to a king of this matiere, And seide him wel hou that flatours Coupable were of thre errours. 2185: Toward the king another was, Whan thei be sleihte and be fallas Of feigned wordes make him wene That blak is whyt and blew is grene Touchende of his condicion. 2651: "I schal," quod he, "deceive and lye With flaterende prophecie In suche mouthes as he lieveth." And He which alle thing achieveth Bad him go forth and don riht so. And over this I sih also The noble peple of Irahel Dispers as schep upon an hell, Withoute a kepere unarraied;
  17. ↑ schizophrenia is loss of contact with reality [318][319][320][321][322]
  18. ↑ "Category «reality»...originates from the «Metaphysics» of Aristotle, which later developed into the category of German philosophy Wirklichkeit" [331]
  19. ↑ The Order of St. Augustine began 1244 [344]
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