Wikipedia

National Popular Vote Interstate Compact

U.S. interstate compact to allocate presidential electors to the winner of the national popular vote


The National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC) is an agreement among some U.S. states and the District of Columbia. It changes how the Electoral College chooses the president of the United States. The states agree to give all their votes in the Electoral College to the person with the most votes from regular people in the whole country. The agreement makes sure that person will become president. When that result is guaranteed, the agreement will become active.[1][2]

National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
Date writtenFebruary 2006
Date activeNot active
ConditionBecomes active when members control most of the Electoral College (at least 270 electoral votes). Only active for those members.
MembersMaryland
New Jersey
Illinois
Hawaii
Washington
Massachusetts
District of Columbia
Vermont
California
Rhode Island
New York
Connecticut
Colorado
Delaware
New Mexico
Oregon

Now, fifteen states and the District of Columbia are in the agreement. Together, they have 195 votes in the Electoral College, which are called "electoral votes". When the agreement has 270 electoral votes, it will become active.

How the agreement works

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The NPVIC is an interstate compact. It will become active when its members control most of the Electoral College. Before that happens, the members will give their electoral votes the way they do now. After that, they will give all their electoral votes to the person with the most votes from Americans in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. (That person wins the "popular vote".) This way, that person will become president.

The U.S. Constitution lets state legislatures decide how to give their votes in the Electoral College. It says this in Article 2, Section 1, Clause 2.[2][3] The Constitution does not say how the states must do this. (However, the 14th Amendment says that states cannot discriminate against some groups of people.) In the past, states used different ways. Today, nearly all states give all their electoral votes to the person with the most votes in that state, even if they do not have a majority of the votes in that state. Maine and Nebraska separate their electoral votes between areas called "districts". The NPVIC changes how its members give out their electoral votes.

Reasons for the agreement

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In the past, some people who did not get the most votes became president anyway.[4] Most Americans want the person with the most votes to be president despite the fact that two States, California and New York would essentially cancel out the votes of 43 other States and limit the amount of personal exposure those States receive from potential presidential candidates. In 2007, 72% of surveyed Americans said they wanted to change the Electoral College to a direct vote. This included 78% of Democrats, 60% of Republicans, and 73% of independent voters.[5] Surveys since 1944 show most Americans want a direct vote, except in 2016.[6][7] Reasons for the NPVIC include:

  • Today, a person can become president even if another person got more votes. This happened in 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016.[8] In 2000, Al Gore got 543,895 more votes than George W. Bush. However, Bush got five more electoral votes and became president. In 2016, Hillary Clinton got 2,868,691 more votes nationally than Donald Trump simply because she won California by more than 3 million votes. However, Trump got 77 more electoral votes, by winning Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
  • Today, the easiest way to win an election is to campaign mostly in a few "swing states". The vote in these states is usually very close. A small change in the votes there can make a big difference in the Electoral College. For this reason, problems in swing states get the most attention, and problems in other states get much less.[9][10][11] In the 2004 election, the people running for president spent three quarters of their money in only five states. They did not visit or advertise at all in 18 states.[12]
  • Today, fewer people vote in states where the election is not close. When people think they know who will win their state, they do not have a reason to vote.[9][11] In 2004, in the ten closest states, 64.4% of people younger than 30 who could vote did vote. In the other states, only 47.6% of those people voted.[13]

Debate

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Several newspapers support the NPVIC. They include The New York Times,[9] the Chicago Sun-Times, the Los Angeles Times,[14] The Boston Globe,[15] and the Minneapolis Star Tribune.[16] These newspapers say that the current system makes people not want to vote. They say the current system gives too much attention to a few states and their problems. Other newspapers are against the agreement, including the Honolulu Star-Bulletin[17] and The Wall Street Journal.[18] The former governor of Delaware, Pierre S. du Pont IV, said the agreement gives too much power to cities and states with many people. He said it would make politics be about only city problems, and it would let worse people run for office.[18] The League of Women Voters made a list of documents that argue for and against the agreement.[19]

Some of the biggest arguments are given below:

Attention

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Advertising and visits by the top two candidates during the final period before the 2004 presidential election (Sept. 26 – Nov. 2, 2004)[20]
Spending on advertising for each person:
  •   < $0.50
  •   $0.50 – 1.00
  •   $1.00 – 2.00
  •   $2.00 – 4.00
  •   > $4.00
Campaign visits for each 1 million people:
  •   No visits
  •   0 – 1.0
  •   1.0 – 3.0
  •   3.0 – 9.0
  •   > 9.0
  

Today, people running for president give most of their money and attention to states where the vote will be close. The other states are mostly ignored. The maps here show the amount of advertising and visits by the top two people running in 2004. This is adjusted by the number of people in each state. People who support the NPVIC say that it will make the people running work to get votes in every state.[21] People who are against the NPVIC say that states with few people and few cities will not get enough attention.[18][22]

Cheating and close elections

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Some people are against the NPVIC because they worry about cheating. Governor du Pont said that it is easier to add a few false votes in many places than to add many false votes in just a few places. However, National Popular Vote says that adding together all the votes in the country will make it more difficult to cheat. Today, the winner can be decided by a very small number of votes in just one state.[18][22]

The NPVIC does not say how to count the votes again if the result is not clear. Each state does this for its own votes.[23] However, the result for the whole country can be close even if the result in each state is not. People who support the agreement say that a close result is less probable in the whole country than in each state.[24]

States with many people and states with few people

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People don't agree about whether the Electoral College helps states with few people, or states with many people. The Electoral College is not designed to be proportional to population: states with few people have more electoral votes for each person than states with many people.[17][25] If the Electoral College were proportional, California would have 19% more power than it does now. The states with the fewest people would have 30% less power. However, some people say that states with many people have more power than one may expect, because they control so many electoral votes at once.[26][27][28] The NPVIC gives the same power to every person, no matter where they live.

Helping one party

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Some people believe the NPVIC would help one political party or another, which would not be fair. Pierre S. du Pont IV, a Republican, says the agreement would help Democrats and people in cities.[18] However, Saul Anuzis of the Republican National Committee thinks that the agreement will help Republicans, because he believes most people are closer to Republican political positions.[29] Writer Hendrik Hertzberg of The New Yorker says the agreement helps neither party: in the past, each party sometimes had the better position in the Electoral College.[30] In the last five elections, the Democrats had the better position in three years (2004, 2008, and 2012) and the Republicans had it in two years (2000 and 2016).[31] In four of those years, Democrats won the most votes in the country.[32]

Difference between votes in a state and votes in the country

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The NPVIC can force a state to give its electoral votes to someone who did not win the most votes in that state. For this reason, two governors (Arnold Schwarzenegger of California and Linda Lingle of Hawaii) stopped their states from joining the agreement. (Both those states later joined the agreement.) People who support the agreement say that the number of votes in any one state is not as important as the choice of most people in the whole country.[33][34][35]

Conflicts with existing law

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Those who support the NPVIC say that it is legal and allowed by the U.S. Constitution. Article II of the Constitution lets states decide how to give out their electoral votes. The two men who created the agreement, Akhil Reed Amar and Vikram Amar, hold this position. Jamie Raskin agrees. Raskin is a professor of law and a Congressman from Maryland. He put his name on the first NPVIC bill that became law.[36]

One law student wrote that the agreement could break the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protects minority voters. However, the U.S. Department of Justice decided that the agreement does not hurt minority voters. It allowed California to join the agreement in 2012.[37][38] Rob Richie of the organization FairVote says that the NPVIC "treats all voters equally".[39] The same student wrote the NPVIC tries to go around the normal way of changing the Constitution. Raskin replied that going around in this way is legal.[40]

Approval by Congress

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Ian Drake, an assistant professor of political science, believes the agreement will only be proper if the Constitution is changed.[41] Other writers believe that the agreement is already proper.[42][43][44] Those who vote in the Electoral College promise to vote for a certain person, but they do not have to vote that way by law. Michael Brody believes that this makes the agreement proper.[42]

It is possible that the agreement needs to be approved by Congress. The Constitution says that agreements between states need Congress to approve. However, the U.S. Supreme Court says that this is not always true. They talked about that question in the court case Virginia v. Tennessee and others. They decided the only agreements that need approval are those that threaten the authority of the U.S. government.[45] Every Vote Equal says that the NPVIC cannot threaten the authority of the U.S. government, because the Constitution lets states decide how to give out their electoral votes. Derek Muller does not agree. He argues that the NPVIC affects the U.S. government system, and so it needs approval.[46] Ian Drake says that Congress is not allowed to approve the agreement.[41] Those who support the NPVIC do not agree. They do not think the agreement needs approval from Congress, but they plan to ask for this approval in any case.[47]

History

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Plans to end the Electoral College by changing the Constitution

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In the past, people have made several plans to end the Electoral College by changing the Constitution. This is called an "amendment". However, this is very difficult to do. First, two thirds of the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives need to approve the change. Then, three quarters of the states need to approve the change.

Bayh–Celler Amendment

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The plan that came closest to success was the Bayh-Celler plan. It was introduced in the 91st Congress, which met from January 1969 to January 1971. It was introduced by Representative Emanuel Celler of New York. The Bayh-Celler plan would have ended the Electoral College, and instead made a system using the popular vote. The pair of people with the most votes would become president and vice president, as long as they got more than 40% of the votes. If no one got more than 40%, a new vote would happen with the top two pairs.[48] Celler's plan was approved in the House of Representatives in 1969, by a vote of 338–70. However, it was stopped in the Senate by a filibuster.

Every Vote Counts Amendment

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In 2005, Representative Gene Green of Texas introduced another plan to chose the president and vice president using the popular vote. Green introduced his plan to Congress as a "joint resolution" called H.J.Res. 9. It was also called the Every Vote Counts Amendment. Congressman Jesse Jackson, Jr. of Illinois and Senator Bill Nelson of Florida also introduced joint resolutions in the 111th Congress, which met from 2009 to 2011. All of these plans died in committees, before the whole Congress could vote on them.

Plan using an agreement between states

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In 2001, a law professor named Robert Bennett introduced a new plan. Bennett's plan did not require a change to the Constitution. His plan used the power of the states instead of fighting against it.[49] In Bennett's plan, a group of states that control most of the Electoral College could work together. They would make the popular vote decide the result of elections.

Two other law professors, brothers named Akhil Reed Amar and Vikram Amar, supported this plan.[50] The Amar brothers proposed an agreement between states, made with laws in those states. The states would give all their electoral votes to the person who won the popular vote. The agreement would not become active until it guaranteed that person would win the Electoral College and become president. This agreement became the NPVIC.

The Amar brothers' plan uses two parts of the Constitution:

The Amar brothers' plan could work with as few as eleven states. They believe it would not need approval from Congress. However, that is not certain: the section Approval by Congress explains why.

Organization and work

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In 2006, the computer science professor John Koza wrote a book called Every Vote Equal. The book argues for a National Popular Vote agreement between states.[51] (Koza knew about agreements between states from his work on lottery tickets.) Koza, Barry Fadem, and others made a non-profit organization called National Popular Vote. This organization promotes the NPVIC. It is led by people from both major political parties, including former Senators Jake Garn, Birch Bayh, and David Durenberger, and former Representatives John Anderson, John Buchanan, and Tom Campbell.

In 2006, legislatures in six states looked at NPVIC bills. Illinois even introduced a bill before National Popular Vote announced it at a press conference. That year, the Colorado Senate approved the bill. Both houses of the California legislature approved the bill, but Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger stopped it with a veto.

Joining

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In 2007, 42 states looked at bills to join the NPVIC. One house of the legislature approved bills in Arkansas,[52] California,[53] Colorado,[54] Illinois,[55] New Jersey,[56] North Carolina,[57] Maryland, and Hawaii.[58] Maryland was the first state to join the agreement. Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley signed the agreement into law on April 10, 2007.[59]

Fifteen states and the District of Columbia have joined the agreement.

All 50 states have looked at bills to join the NPVIC.[60] In some states, only one house has approved the agreement: Arizona, Arkansas, Maine, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, and Oklahoma. Maryland, New Jersey, and Washington had bills to leave the agreement, but these failed.

Places that have joined the NPVIC
Number Place Date joined Way of joining Current
Electoral
votes (EV)
1 Maryland April 10, 2007 Signed by Gov. Martin O'Malley[59] 10
2 New Jersey January 13, 2008 Signed by Gov. Jon Corzine[61] 14
3 Illinois April 7, 2008 Signed by Gov. Rod Blagojevich[55] 19
4 Hawaii May 1, 2008 Legislature overturned veto by Gov. Linda Lingle[62] 4
5 Washington April 28, 2009 Signed by Gov. Christine Gregoire[63] 12
6 Massachusetts August 4, 2010 Signed by Gov. Deval Patrick[64] 11
7 District of Columbia December 7, 2010 Signed by Mayor Adrian Fenty[65] (see note) 3
8 Vermont April 22, 2011 Signed by Gov. Peter Shumlin[66] 3
9 California August 8, 2011 Signed by Gov. Jerry Brown[67] 54
10 Rhode Island July 12, 2013 Signed by Gov. Lincoln Chafee[68] 4
11 New York April 15, 2014 Signed by Gov. Andrew Cuomo[69] 28
12 Connecticut May 24, 2018 Signed by Gov. Dannel Malloy[70] 7
13 Colorado March 15, 2019 Signed by Gov. Jared Polis[71] 10
14 Delaware March 28, 2019 Signed by Gov. John Carney[72] 3
15 New Mexico April 3, 2019 Signed by Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham[73] 5
16 Oregon June 12, 2019 Signed by Gov. Kate Brown[74] 8
Total 195
Percentage of 270 72.2%

The U.S. Congress can stop laws in the District of Columbia within 30 working days, but they did not do this.

Initiatives and referendums

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Some states allow laws to be made with a direct vote by the public, called an "initiative" or a "referendum". First, supporters must get a certain number of people to sign their names. Then, the question can be given to the voters. In 2018, groups in Arizona, Maine, and Missouri worked on initiatives to join the agreement, but these did not get enough people to sign.[75][76][77][78][79][80]

Chances

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Nate Silver, who studies elections, says that the NPVIC cannot succeed without support from "red" states (states that mostly vote for Republicans).[81] So far, only "blue" states have joined (states that mostly vote for Democrats). However, legislatures controlled by Republicans have agreed to join the agreement in Arizona, Oklahoma, and New York.

References

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  1. ↑ "National Popular Vote". National Conference of State Legislatures. NCSL. March 11, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Brody, Michael (February 17, 2013). "Circumventing the Electoral College: Why the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Survives Constitutional Scrutiny Under the Compact Clause". Legislation and Policy Brief. 5 (1). Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law: 33, 35. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  3. ↑ McPherson v. Blacker 146 U.S. 1 (1892)
  4. ↑ "RI joins national popular vote electoral compact". NBC10. 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Washington Post-Kaiser Family Foundation-Harvard University: Survey of Political Independents" (PDF). The Washington Post. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  6. ↑ "Americans Have Historically Favored Changing Way Presidents are Elected". Gallup. November 10, 2000. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  7. ↑ Inc., Gallup (2 December 2016). "Americans' Support for Electoral College Rises Sharply". gallup.com. Retrieved January 27, 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  8. ↑ "U. S. Electoral College: Frequently Asked Questions". www.archives.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Drop Out of the College". The New York Times. March 14, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  10. ↑ "Electoral College is outdated". Denver Post. April 9, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Hill, David; McKee, Seth C. (2005). "The Electoral College, Mobilization, and Turnout in the 2000 Presidential Election". American Politics Research: 33:700–725. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  12. ↑ "Who Picks the President?". FairVote. Archived from the original on June 2, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  13. ↑ Lopez, Mark Hugo; Kirby, Emily; Sagoff, Jared (July 2005). "The Youth Vote 2004" (PDF). Retrieved June 12, 2008.
  14. ↑ "States Join Forces Against Electoral College". Los Angeles Times. June 5, 2006. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  15. ↑ "A fix for the Electoral College". The Boston Globe. February 18, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  16. ↑ "How to drop out of the Electoral College: There's a way to ensure top vote-getter becomes president". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. March 27, 2006. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Electoral College should be maintained". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. April 29, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 du Pont, Pete (August 29, 2006). "Trash the 'Compact'". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  19. ↑ "National Popular Vote Compact Suggested Resource List". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Who Picks the President?" (PDF). FairVote. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  21. ↑ "National Popular Vote". FairVote. Archived from the original on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "National Popular Vote" (PDF). National Popular Vote. June 1, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  23. ↑ "Statewide Election Recounts, 2000–2009". FairVote.
  24. ↑ "Answering Myths". nationalpopularvote.com. February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  25. ↑ "David Broder, on PBS Online News Hour's Campaign Countdown". November 6, 2000. Archived from the original on January 12, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
  26. ↑ Timothy Noah (December 13, 2000). "Faithless Elector Watch: Gimme "Equal Protection"". Slate.com. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
  27. ↑ Longley, Lawrence D.; Peirce, Neal (1999). Electoral College Primer 2000. Yale University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06.
  28. ↑ Levinson, Sanford (2006). Our Undemocratic Constitution. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008.
  29. ↑ Anuzis, Saul (May 26, 2006). "Anuzis: Conservatives need the popular vote". Washington Times. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  30. ↑ Hertzberg, Hendrik (June 13, 2011). "Misguided "objectivity" on n.p.v". New Yorker. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  31. ↑ Silver, Nate (November 8, 2012). "As Nation and Parties Change, Republicans Are at an Electoral College Disadvantage". The New York Times.
  32. ↑ "These 3 Common Arguments For Preserving the Electoral College Are Wrong".
  33. ↑ "SB-37, quoted on page 8". ca.gov. Archived from the original on January 8, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  34. ↑ "NewsWatch". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. April 24, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  35. ↑ "What's Wrong With the Popular Vote?". Hawaii Reporter. April 11, 2007. Archived from the original on January 10, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  36. ↑ "Who Are the Top 20 Legal Thinkers in America?". Legal Affairs. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
  37. ↑ Gringer, David (2008). "Why the National Popular Vote Plan Is the Wrong Way to Abolish the Electoral College" (PDF). Columbia Law Review. 108 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  38. ↑ "Letter" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. FairVote. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24.
  39. ↑ Shane, Peter (May 16, 2006). "Democracy's Revenge? Bush v. Gore and the National Popular Vote". Moritz College of Law, Ohio State University. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  40. ↑ Raskin, Jamie (2008). "Neither the Red States nor the Blue States but the United States: The National Popular Vote and American Political Democracy" (PDF). Election Law Journal. 7 (3). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 188. doi:10.1089/elj.2008.7304. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Drake, Ian (September 20, 2013). "Federal Roadblocks: The Constitution and the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact". The Journal of Federalism. Oxford Journals.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 ""Circumventing the Electoral College: Why the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Survives Constitutional Scrutiny Under the Compact Clause"".
  43. ↑ Hendricks, Jennifer S. (July 2008). "Popular Election of the President: Using or Abusing the Electoral College?". SSRN 1030385. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  44. ↑ Turflinger, Bradley (2011). "Fifty Republics and the National Popular Vote: How the Guarantee Clause Should Protect States Striving for Equal Protection in Presidential Elections" (PDF). Valparaiso University Law Review. 45 (3). Valco Scholar: 793–843. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  45. ↑ "Background on Interstate Compacts" (PDF). Every Vote Equal (PDF). Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  46. ↑ Muller, Derek T. (November 2007). "The Compact Clause and the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact". Election Law Journal. 6 (4). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 372–393. doi:10.1089/elj.2007.6403. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  47. ↑ "Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting". The New York Times. April 30, 1969. p. 21.
  48. ↑ Bennett, Robert (27 March 2001). "Popular Election of the President Without a Constitutional Amendment". SSRN 261057. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  49. ↑ "How to Achieve Direct National Election of the President Without Amending the Constitution: Part Three Of A Three-part Series On The 2000 Election And The Electoral College". Findlaw. 2001. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  50. ↑ "Count 'Em". New Yorker. March 6, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  51. ↑ "Arkansas". National Popular Vote, Inc. 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  52. ↑ "Complete Bill History (SB 37)". California Legislature. 2007. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  53. ↑ "Summarized History for Bill Number SB07-046". Colorado Legislature. 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  54. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Bill Status of HB1685". Illinois General Assembly. 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  55. ↑ "Bill Search (Bill A4225 from Session 2006–07)". New Jersey Legislature. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  56. ↑ "Senate Bill 954". North Carolina. 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  57. ↑ "Hawaii SB 1956, 2007". Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  58. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Maryland sidesteps electoral college". MSNBC. April 11, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  59. ↑ Progress in the States, National Popular Vote.
  60. ↑ "New Jersey Rejects Electoral College". CBS News. CBS. January 13, 2008. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  61. ↑ "Hawaii SB 2898, 2008". Hawaii State Legislature. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  62. ↑ "Progress in the States". nationalpopularvote.com. 2 February 2016.
  63. ↑ "Progress in the States". nationalpopularvote.com. 2 February 2016.
  64. ↑ "Progress in the States". nationalpopularvote.com. 2 February 2016.
  65. ↑ "Progress in the States". nationalpopularvote.com. 2 February 2016.
  66. ↑ "Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. – Newsroom". Archived from the original on 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  67. ↑ "Progress in the States". nationalpopularvote.com. 2 February 2016.
  68. ↑ <[1] Archived 2014-11-03 at the Wayback Machine>
  69. ↑ "The Office of Governor Dannel P. Malloy – Bill Notifications" (PDF).
  70. ↑ "Gov. Polis Signs Bills Into Law". Colorado Governor Polis Official Site. Archived from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  71. ↑ Chase, Randall (March 28, 2019). "Delaware governor signs national popular vote bill". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  72. ↑ MacKay, Dan (April 3, 2019). "Expungement, Electoral College bills signed by governor". Albuquerque Journal. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  73. ↑ "Governor signs bill to change the way Oregon helps choose the president". OregonLive. June 12, 2019. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  74. ↑ "2018 Initiatives, Referendums & Recalls".
  75. ↑ "Arizona National Popular Vote Interstate Agreement Initiative (2018) - Ballotpedia". Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  76. ↑ "Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  77. ↑ "Maine National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Initiative (2018) - Ballotpedia". Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  78. ↑ IT, Missouri Secretary of State -. "2018 Initiative Petitions Approved for Circulation in Missouri". www.sos.mo.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  79. ↑ "Missouri National Popular Vote Interstate Agreement Initiative (2018) - Ballotpedia". Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  80. ↑ Silver, Nate (17 April 2014). "Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed". FiveThirtyEight. ESPN. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
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