Wikipedia

Israel–Hamas war

armed conflict around the Gaza Strip that started on 7 October 2023

The Israel–Hamas war is a very violent fight that is currently happening between Israel and Palestine. This war began on 7 October 2023, which was also Simchat Torah (also known as Shemini Atzeret), a major festival on the Jewish calendar[34]. At dawn that day, members of Hamas, a terrorist organization recognized by the U.S. and many other countries[35] along with members of other terrorist groups in the Gaza Strip,[36] launched an attack on Israel. These groups referred to their actions as Operation Al Aqsa Flood.[37] They entered Israel by land, air, and sea, killing nearly 1,200 Israelis and foreigners,[38] wounding 7,500 people, committing sexual assault, and taking about 245 hostages, including citizens of the U.S., France, and other countries[36]. As part of that attack, these terrorists invaded the Nova Music Festival, a rave and party that was taking place in an open area close to Gaza. The massacre at the festival was the largest terror attack in Israel's history.[39][40][41] Also on October 7, 2023, Hamas and other terrorist militias such as Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)[42] fired 2,500 rockets into Israeli territory, though Hamas claimed this number was actually 5,000[43]. These attacks made October 7, 2023, the deadliest day in Israel's history.[43] In response to the attacks of October 7th, Israel launched an operation called "Iron Swords." Outside of Israel, this is usually called the "Israel-Hamas War." This war is still going on.

Gaza–Israel war (2023–present)
Part of the Palestine–Israel conflict

  Gaza under Palestinian control
  Gaza under Israeli occupation
  Furthest Israeli advance in Gaza
  Evacuated areas inside Israel
  Furthest Palestinian advance in Israel
  Areas of Gaza subject to Israeli evacuation orders.
Date7 October 2023 – present
(1 year, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days)
Location
Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, Iraq
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Hamas
 Palestinian Islamic Jihad
PFLP[1]
DFLP[2]
Non-Palestinian groups:
 Hezbollah[3]
 Ansarallah[4]		  Israel
Supported by:
 United States[5]
 Germany[6]
 United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Ismail Haniyeh
Mohammed Al-Deif
Yahya Sinwar
Palestinian Islamic Jihad Ziyad al-Nakhalah
Nayef Hawatmeh
Ahmad Saadat
Hezbollah Hassan Nasrallah
Yemen Abdul-Malik al-Houthi		 Benjamin Netanyahu
Israel Isaac Herzog
Yoav Gallant
Israel Benny Gantz
Herzi Halevi
Israel Yaron Finkelman[7]
Units involved
  • Israel Defense Forces
  • Israel Police
  • Israel Shin Bet
    • Strength
    20,000–40,000
    2,500 entered Israel[source?]    		 530,500[10][11]
    Casualties and losses

    Gaza Strip:

    West Bank:[e]

    Inside Israel:

    • 1,000+ militants killed (according to Israel)[23]

    Lebanon:

    Israel:

    Inside Gaza:

    Hamas stated that the attack on Israel was in response to Israeli occupation of Palestinian land and the blockade of the Gaza Strip [en] by Israel and Egypt. Some people also say the attack was a Palestinian response to the growth of Israeli settlements [en], which some people say are against the law.[44][45][46]

    The Gaza Health Ministry claims that over 42,000 Palestinians have died so far in the war.[47] However, others say it's hard to tell how many people have really died, because Hamas runs the Health Ministry. These people say Hamas is not keeping good records and may be intentionally changing the numbers to make people more sympathetic.[48] The Gaza Health Ministry also does not reveal how many were fighters with Hamas and other terrorist organization.

    Over 1,500 Israelis have died so far in the war, including over 350 Israeli soldiers.[49] This number is much lower than the number of Palestinians. There are two main reasons for this even though Hamas as well as Hezbollah, another terrorist organization on Israel's northern border, have fired thousands of rockets and drones into Israel since October 8, 2023. First, because the Israeli government has an advanced defense system called Iron Dome that shoots down enemy rockets before they can destroy buildings or kill people.[50] And second, because the Israeli government has also given financial and other incentives to build safe rooms in houses and apartments to keep civilians safe.[51][52] All newer homes in Israel must have a shelter room, called a "mamad."[53]

    Some international organizations have expressed concern that the actions of the Israeli army may put the Palestinian people at risk of genocide [en]. They have called on the international community to safeguard their right to protection against genocide.[54] Some people claim that the United Nations or the International Court of Justice has accused Israel of genocide. This is not true; no court has said Israel is committing genocide, either in general, or in the current war against Palestinian groups like Hamas.[55]

    The armed conflict is part of the Gaza–Israel conflict, which is part of the Israel–Palestine conflict.

    Names

    change

    Palestinian militant groups call the offensive Operation al-Aqsa Flood (amaliyyat ṭūfān al-ʾAqṣā).[56][57][58][59] Israeli authorities call its counteroffensive Operation Iron Swords (Mivtsá charavót barzél).[60] Some news agencies and commentators have called the ongoing conflict the Third Intifada (related pages, First and Second Intifadas).[61] Others have called it the Sukkot War, after the festivity celebrated the day the conflict started.[62][63]

    7 October

    change
    See the main article: 7 October attacks

    The Al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Hamas, described the multiple motives for initiating the 2023 Hamas-led offensive on Israel in detail. In a statement from Mohammed Deif (the commander-in-chief of Hamas's Al-Qassam Brigades)[64] released on the day as an 11 minute long video message in Arabic,[65][66][67] and a written statement in English.[64] The Hamas Movement later released a more detailed statement about the attacks which they called "Our Narrative".

    Deaths

    change
     
    Israeli and Palestinian deaths

    Palestine

    change

    Over 33,091 people have been killed in Gaza, most of whom were civilians (according to the Palestinian Health Ministry).[18] Doctors Without Borders said that Israel attacked the Indonesian Hospital in the Gaza Strip, killing one nurse and one ambulance driver while injuring several others.[68] The family home of the father of Mohammed Deif,[69] the Chief of Staff of the Qassam Brigades,[70] was hit by an airstrike in Khan Younis; his father, brother and at least two other relatives were killed in the attack.[71] According to Committee to Protect Journalists, at least 90 Palestinian journalists were killed by the Israeli airstrikes as of 15 April 2024.[72] While other reports says, at least 132 Palestinian journalists were killed as of 16 February 2024.[73]

    Israel

    change

    Palestinian militants killed about 1,139 people in Israel (including 604 soldiers[74] and some foreigners). The Israeli forces claim they killed about 1,000 of the Palestinian invaders.[75][76]

    The 1,139 number counts the 822 Israeli civilians,[77] 604 Israeli soldiers,[74] 61+ police officers,[74] 10 Shin Bet members[78] and 166 foreigners and dual-nationals.[79]

    Jayar Davidov of Rahat, was killed.[80] The commander of the Nahal Brigade, Colonel Yonatan Steinberg, was killed near Kerem Shalom.[81] In Ashkelon,[82] at least 68 died.[83] Dozens of bodies were reportedly discovered at a place, in Re'im, where there had been a party.[84] The Battle of Re'im happened, and there was fighting at a military base there. Colonel Roi Levy was killed in the battle.[85] On 4 November, Abu Obaida said that at least 60 Israeli captives/POWs were killed by the Israeli airstrikes, but there was no independent verification about it.[86] Foreigners were killed. (See section below, "Foreign and dual-national victims".) Israeli forces stated that they killed 3 Israeli hostages by mistake in Gaza Strip, which led to protests in israel.[87]

    Lebanon

    change
    • 270 Hezbollah fighters killed[88]
      12 Amal Movement fighters[88]
      At least, 2 Palestinian Islamic Jihad fighters[89]
      72+ civilians[88][90]

    Foreign and dual-national victims

    change

    Around 100 foreigners were killed. Some of those had nationality from more than one country, dual nationals. They are from [24 or] 23 countries, according to the Washington Post on 11 October.[91] (Foreigners were also taken hostage and kidnapped. See section below, "Kidnappings".)[92]

    10 Nepalis were killed by Hamas,[93] 1 Indonesian medic killed by Israel,[94] 16 Syrians killed by IDF.[95]

    11 Americans killed by Hamas/Israel.[96]

    3 Israeli hostages in Gaza killed by IDF.[87]

    Kidnappings

    change

    Approximately 245 hostages were taken; 105 of whom were released during the prisoner exchange deal from 24 to 30 November.[97][98]

    Around 130-150 IDF soldiers[99] and civilians were taken as hostages. At least 200 Israelis were taken prisoner by Hamas and moved to the Gaza Strip.[100] Most of the hostages were civilians. Many of those were taken from a rave party.[101] Some foreigners were also captured. Some of those have nationality from more than one country.[91]

    •   Israeli hostages, 13 hostages came back to Israel on 26 November; Earlier, 13 hostages were released (24 November).
    • from   Thailand, 4 came back (from Gaza) to Israel on 26 November; Earlier, 10 were set free (24 November); Thai authorities think that 18 are still kidnapped (as of 26 November).[102][103][104]
    • from     Nepal, 17 people were captured (by Hamas) during the conflict
    • from   Ukraine, 9 people
    • from   Germany, [7 or] 8 people are confirmed to be hostages [as of the end of October] but the total is likely [9 or] 10 more, according to German authorities;[105][106] Israeli-German Shani Louk was found dead in October;[107] The majority of her body, was found in May 2024.
    • from   Austria, 2 people
    • from   Philippines, 1 hostage was set free [25 November].[103] Earlier that month, 2 people were hostages.
    • from   Mexico, 2 people[108]
    • from   France, 1 person[109]
    • from   Chile, 1 person
    • from   Denmark, 1 person[110]

    The bodies of two Israeli hostages were found in buildings near the Al-Shifa Hospital; One was a 65-year old civilian, the other was a 19-year old soldier, according to Israeli authorities.[111] The IDF said earlier (13 October) that Israeli remains and personal items were found on the Gaza Strip, during 2023 Israeli ground operations there.[112]

    Of these, 4 hostages have been released [as of the middle of November],[113][h] and a captured Israeli soldier was rescued by Israeli forces.

    Of the 4 hostages that have been released (as of 25 October), two are Israelis and 2 are Americans.[119]

    Injured people, refugees, and missing people

    change
     
    Medics transport an injured Palestinian child into Al-Shifa hospital in Gaza City following an Israeli airstrike on 11 October 2023.
    • Gaza Strip: 75,750+ injured[18]
    • Israel: 10,500+ injured[120]

    Refugees

    change

    1,900,000 Palestinians displaced in Gaza[121]
    500,000+ Israelis displaced[122]

    Missing

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    Israel (As per IDF): Around 100 are missing.[123]

    Palestine (As per Palestinian Health Ministry): Around 8,000+ palestinians are missing.[124]

    Israeli invasion of Gaza (since 27 October)

    change
    • "The Israeli army began its ground invasion in Gaza on 27 October, moving tanks, bulldozers and combat engineers and other soldiers into the Gaza Strip.[125] According to The Times of Israel, Most of the Israeli soldiers are still waiting on the Israeli side of the Gaza border, and are so far not putting in more effort than doing "overnight raids"; Furthermore, a major invasion has not started yet.[126]
    • Israeli soldiers are in the Gaza Strip (as of 28 October), and they seem to be concentrating[127] their efforts "on the northern area of the Gaza Strip, in Beit Hanoun, and pushing down a bit further south from there", according to a report (from the Israeli city Sderot) by BBC International editor, Jerusalem; Furthermore, the soldiers are part of a big raid or ground offensive. (Some other media, call it an invasion.) Furthermore, Israeli forces are likely trying "to clear out tunnels, probably with special forces spotting targets for [...] air force attacks".[127] (Hundreds of kilometers of tunnels, are under Gaza; Militants are known to use those tunnels)
    • By 29 October, the Israeli soldiers had gone into the Gaza Strip, for the third day in a row.[128]
    • On 30 October, A kidnapped Israeli soldier (rank, Private) was freed in an operation by IDF, and with help from Shin Bet and Mossad.[129]
    • On 31 October, rockets (or missiles) were fired (from a fighter jet), at Jabalia refugee camp's al-Yafawiya neighbourhood; It is in northern Gaza; Ibrahim Biari (a Hamas commander) was killed, according to Israeli authorities, a claim which Hamas denied.[130] Dozens[131] of Hamas militants "were also killed [...] when underground tunnels below the camp collapsed" after the rocket hits, according to a media report about what an Israeli authority said. Furthermore, around 40-200 civilians were killed and around 150 others were injured.[132] The attack is part of the Jabalia refugee camp airstrikes.
    • On 1 November, IDF announced that 9 soldiers of its Givati Brigade were killed when a anti-tank guided missile hit the armoured vehicle they were in.[133] The total number of Israeli soldiers who were killed during the invasion of Gaza, raised to 15.[134]
    • On 3 November, Israeli forces struck a convoy of ambulance killing at least 15 people with 60 more injuries.[135]
    • On 6 November, Israeli missile attacks targeted the Nasser Medical Complex in Gaza City, hitting the Al-Nasser Children's Hospital, eight people were killed in the strike and dozens more were injured.[136] Later that day, Israeli forces released footage of its advancement in Gaza, several rocket launching sites were discovered.[137] Abu Obaida, spokesperson of Al-Qassam Brigades, announced that 27 israeli tanks have been destroyed by the group in last 2 days.[138]
    • On 16 November, Due to shortage of Fuel, internet and phone networks were shut down in the Gaza Strip, according to the two primary telecom providers Jawwal and Paltel.[139]
    • On 17 November, After the United States asked, Israel agreed to let 140,000 liters of fuel enter the Gaza Strip in every two days. As a result, the internet and phone services in the area were restored.[140]
    • On 18 November, Israeli strikes killed more than 80 people in Jabalia refugee camp. At least 50 civilians who were sheltered in a UN-run school were killed in this attack.[141]
    • On 22 November, Israel and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for a four-day ceasefire in exchange of release of prisoners. The deal was to end in 4 days (till 27 November) but it continued till 30 November after negotiations by Qatar. The deal let to 105 hostages getting released by Hamas while Israel released 240 palestinians.[98]

    War crimes

    change

    A UN Commission to the Israel-Palestine conflict said (10 October) that there is "clear evidence that war crimes may have been [done] in the latest [...] violence in Israel and Gaza".[142][143] B'Tselem, a human rights organization from Israel, said that Hamas' killing of civilians and taking of hostages, are war crimes.[144] It accused the Israeli government of (doing or) committing war crimes against the people of Gaza, including the bombing of civilians, the use of white phosphorous bomb, the closing of border crossings, and the cutting of power and water supplies. (Water mains, or large pipes that tap water usually can run through, were stopped from having that water go from Israel to Gaza. Regarding giving electrical power to the electrical grid: fuel to make electrical power at Gaza's power station has been stopped from going from Israel to Gaza.)

    Human Rights Watch (also) gave examples of acts that Hamas and Israel has done, which HRW points out as war crimes.[145] On 29 December 2023, South Africa accused Israel of risking a Genocide in Gaza and filed a lawsuit against Israel at the International Court of Justice.[146]

    Famine

    change

    On 27 March 2024, the government of Ireland announced that it will join the lawsuit of South Africa v. Israel and stated that "restricting food and other essentials in Gaza may constitute genocidal intent".[147]

    On 28 March, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) stated "that Palestinians in Gaza are no longer facing only a risk of famine ... but that famine is setting in," and ordered Israel to unblock food aid.[148] All 16 judges backed the order that Israel must ensure without delay unhindered supply on a large scale:

    "The State of Israel shall ... Take all necessary and effective measures to ensure, without delay, in full co-operation with the United Nations, the unhindered provision at scale by all concerned of urgently needed basic services and humanitarian assistance, including food, water, electricity, fuel, shelter, clothing, hygiene and sanitation requirements, as well as medical supplies and medical care to Palestinians throughout Gaza, including by increasing the capacity and number of land crossing points and maintaining them open for as long as necessary;"[149][150]

    Attacks on aid deliveries and aid workers

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    On 1 April 2024, seven aid workers of from World Central Kitchen [en] were killed in an Israeli airstrike in Gaza.[151] According to the Humanitarian Coordinator [en] for Palestine, Jamie McGoldrick, the attack on WCK was not an "isolated incident", the recorderd number of killed aid workers in the last six months in Gaza was nearly three times as high as in any other single conflict in a year. Due to this continuing threat the aid groups had to stop their work.[152]

    Electrical power

    change

    Israel Electric Corporation (owned by the Israeli government) stopped giving electrical power to the electrical grid of the Gaza Strip. Israeli authorities also stopped the Gaza Strip from getting fuel. The Gaza Strip's only power station ran out of fuel.[153]

    International response

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    Some countries, mostly the western world, have given criticism against the attacks in Israel. While countries, which includes Russia, China and Venezuela and most of the Arab world and Islamic world, have given criticism against the attacks on Gaza. The foreign ministry of Jordan said that, "If the war continued, it may get a popular impression that it's a war between western and arab islamic world."[154]

    On 18 October 2023, a resolution about a "humanitarian pause" to deliver lifesaving aid to millions in Gaza, was not approved by the United Nations Security Council; The proposed resolution came from Brazil's authorities, and the United States vetoed it.[155]

     
    On 27 October, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution ES-10/21 calling for an "immediate and sustained" humanitarian ceasefire and stopping of fighting.

    On 13 November 2023, United Nations observed a moment of silence with half-staff to mourn and honour 101 staff of UNRWA, that were killed in Gaza.[156]

    Nine people at UNRWA lost their jobs; The results from a fact finding showed indications that those nine can have been involved in the October 7, 2023 attack on Israel; Media told about the lost jobs, on August 5, 2024.[157]

    United States

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    United States authorities have sent two aircraft carriers with its combat airplanes and escorting warships, to the area to support Israel.[158][159][160] On 5 November, an ohio-class nuclear submarine started (its stay or) a deployment in the Middle East, according to United States authorities.[160]

    US authorities think that there is a chance that the conflict could spread to other countries in the region.[161] U.S. authorities are against the taking of U.S. citizens as hostages by Hamas.[161] U.S. officials think that there is a chance that Iran-backed forces in Syria and Lebanon may open additional fronts against Israel.[161] US President Joe Biden and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had a phone call (8 October) and Biden said he has "deep sympathy" for the killed, missing, and wounded in Israel and (promised or) pledged his "full support" to Israel.[162]

    The USA has also sent munitions to Israel.[163]

    On 25 March 2024, the U.S. government finally let a United Nations Security Council resolution pass that called for an immediate ceasefire between Israel and Hamas.[164]

    On 29 March, the Washington Post reported that the U.S. government approved the transfer of "billions of dollars worth of bombs and fighter jets", including "more than 1,800 MK84 2,000-pound bombs [en] and 500 MK82 500-pound bombs".[165][166]

    After the airstrike on the aid workers from World Central Kitchen, Biden called the prime minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu on 4 April 2024, and "made clear the need for Israel to announce and implement a series of specific, concrete, and measurable steps to address civilian harm, humanitarian suffering, and the safety of aid workers."[167] On 5 April 2024, 40 members of Congress from the Democratic party (including Nancy Pelosi) urged Joe Biden in an open letter to stopp the arms shippments:

    "we strongly urge you to reconsider your recent decision to authorize the transfer of a new arms package to Israel, and to withhold this and any future offensive arms transfers until a full investigation into the airstrike is completed."[168]

    Response or Reactions

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    Response to the Israeli attacks against Gaza

    change
     
    Pro-Palestine rally in Toronto, Canada

    The leaders of some countries have tried to find words to give criticism to parts of Israel's attack (or retaliation) against Gaza.

    The Foreign ministry of United Arab Emirates (UAE) called for an immediate ceasefire.[169]

    Norway's prime minister said that Israel has a right to defend itself; He added that "we must give emphasis[170] [or say that it is important] that the Israelis show consideration towards civilians" [in Gaza].

    Malaysian Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim called for a ceasefire and for Palestinians to be "treated as human beings".[171] On 20 December 2023, Malaysian PM announced a block on Israeli-linked ships with immediate effect. Ships that are on their way to israel will also be not allowed to stop at any Malaysian ports.[172]

    Algerian President, Abdelmadjid Tebboune called on the International Criminal Court (ICC) to take action to hold Israel responsible for crimes that it is committing against Palestinians.[173]

    During the start this war, The French embassy in Israel condemned the attacks and described Hamas' actions as "inadmissible terrorist attacks". While on 10 November, French President, Emmanuel Macron called for a ceasefire and urged Israel to stop bombing Gaza and killing civilians.[174]

    On 16 April 2024, UNICEF Communication specialist Tess Ingram stated that "In every 10 minutes, a child is getting killed or injured in Gaza Strip and the only way to stop it is by ceasefire."[175]

    Response (non-military) in Israel

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    The sign is saying, "Together we Win". It shows support of Israel. Raanana, October 2023

    Haaretz, a newspaper, printed an editorial which said that the attack was the "clear responsibility of one person: Benjamin Netanyahu". The newspaper said that the prime minister [did not see and tell about the dangers that he was leading Israel into, or he] has "completely failed to identify the dangers he was consciously leading Israel into when establishing a government of annexation and dispossession" (or taking away someone's possessions).[176]

    change

    Notes

    change
    1. ↑ Per the UN
    2. ↑ Per Gaza Health Ministry and Government Information Office:[12]
    3. ↑ 75% women and children[12][19]
    4. ↑ 70% women and children[20]
    5. ↑ per the Palestinian Ministry of Health
    6. ↑ Including:
      • 270 Hezbollah fighters[24]
      • 4+ PIJ fighters[25]
      • 15 Amal Movement fighters
      • 6+ Hamas fighters[26]
      • 70+ civilians[27]
    7. ↑ as per Al Qassam Brigades
    8. ↑ Including:

    References

    change
    1. ↑ PFLP (7 October 2023). "صادر عن كتائب الشهيد أبو علي مصطفى الجناح العسكري للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين".
    2. ↑ "الحرية – بيان عسكري صادر عن كتائب المقاومة الوطنية (قوات الشهيد عمر القاسم) استشهاد ثلاثة من مقاتلينا داخل اراضينا المحتلة عام 48". Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
    3. ↑ "Hezbollah and Israel exchange fire as Israeli soldiers continue to battle Hamas". Le Monde.
    4. ↑ Dahan, Maha El (31 October 2023). "Yemen's Houthis enter Mideast fray, hardening spillover fears". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
    5. ↑ "TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRANSFERS, 2023" (PDF). sipri.org. March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
    6. ↑ "A Loyal Israel Ally, Germany Shifts Tone as the Toll in Gaza Mounts". The New York Times. 29 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
    7. ↑ Bybelezer, Charles (10 July 2023). "IDF Southern Command gets a new leader". JNS.org. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
    8. ↑ "Qassam Brigades announces control of 'Erez Crossing'". Roya TV. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
    9. ↑ "This is a day when the nature of the conflict and the dignity of the Arab nation are restored: Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades". كتائب الشهيد أبو علي مصطفى. 7 October 2023.
    10. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 344. ISBN 978-1-032-01227-8. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
    11. ↑ Hassan, Jennifer; Taylor, Adam (10 October 2023). "Israel's massive mobilization of 360,000 reservists upends lives". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286.
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "15 مجزرة إسرائيلية و162 شهيدًا في 24 ساعة بغزة اقرأ المزيد عبر المركز الفلسطيني للإعلام" (in Arabic). The Palestinian Information Center. 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
    13. ↑ "Statistics on the Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip (07 - 27 December 2023)". Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
    14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "الإعلام الحكومي يحذر من التواطؤ الدولي بتجويع وتعطيش غزة ويطالب بفتح معبر رفح اقرأ المزيد عبر المركز الفلسطيني للإعلام" (in Arabic). The Palestinian Information Center. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
    15. ↑ "محرقة غزة: 11078 شهيدا منهم 4506 طفلا و3027 سيدة اقرأ المزيد عبر المركز الفلسطيني للإعلام" (in Arabic). The Palestinian Information Center. 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
    16. ↑ "7 اقرأ المزيد عبر المركز الفلسطيني للإعلام" (in Arabic). The Palestinian Information Center. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
    17. ↑ "AT LEAST ONE UNRWA STAFF KILLED WHEN ISRAELI FORCES HIT UNRWA CENTRE USED FOR FOOD AND LIFESAVING SUPPLIES". United Nations. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "At least 33,091 Palestinians killed in Gaza offensive since Oct. 7: Ministry". Al Arabiya English. 5 April 2024.
    19. ↑ "اقرأ المزيد عبر المركز الفلسطيني للإعلام" (in Arabic). The Palestinian Information Center. 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
    20. ↑ AJLabs. "Israel-Gaza war in maps and charts: Live tracker". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
    21. ↑ "Israeli forces kill three Palestinians in West Bank clashes, WAFA says". Arab News. 27 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
    22. ↑ "4 Palestinians injured as Israeli army fires at mosque in northern Jerusalem". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
    23. ↑ "Military briefing: has Israel achieved its war aims in Gaza?". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
    24. ↑ Nasrallah, Khalil (28 March 2024). "Hiding the 'ratio': Israel conceals 200+ troop deaths on Lebanon front". The Cradle. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
    25. ↑ "LIVEBLOG: IDF hits over 320 terror targets in Gaza, eliminates terrorist cells in southern Lebanon". i24NEWS. 23 October 2023. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
    26. ↑ "Hamas leader killed in Lebanon; IDF withdrawing some troops from Gaza". NBC News. 3 January 2024.
    27. ↑ "Al-Mayadeen journalists killed by Israel in southern Lebanon". The Cradle. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
    28. ↑ "New Tally Puts October 7 Attack Dead In Israel At 1,163". Barron's. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
    29. ↑ "War caught Israeli rehab hospitals unprepared to handle number of wounded". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
    30. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (31 October 2023). "Army says at least 240 hostages taken October 7 being held in Gaza". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
    31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Swords of Iron Casualties". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel). Retrieved 8 April 2024.
    32. ↑ "Al-Qassam: We have destroyed 1,108 Zionist vehicles since the start of the war with "Al-Yassin 105" missiles". SABA News Agency. 9 February 2024.
    33. ↑ "Helicopter carrying Israeli troops to south after Hamas assault was hit by explosive". The Times of Israel. 15 October 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
    34. ↑ Forum, Israel Policy (7 October 2023). "October 2023 | A surprise attack on Simchat Torah". Israel Policy Forum. Retrieved 2 November 2024. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
    35. ↑ "National Counterterrorism Center | Groups". www.dni.gov. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
    36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Anniversary of October 7th Attack". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
    37. ↑ "We announce the start of the al-Aqsa Flood". Fondazione Internazionale Oasis. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
    38. ↑ "Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War". Haaretz. 23 October 2024. Archived from the original on 23 October 2024.
    39. ↑ "Israeli survivors recount terror at music festival, where Hamas militants killed at least 260 - ABC News". web.archive.org. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    40. ↑ "Israel has suffered the biggest terror attack in its history. How will it respond?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
    41. ↑ "What to know about the deadly Hamas attack on an Israeli music festival | Israel-Palestine conflict News | Al Jazeera". web.archive.org. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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    44. ↑ "Hamas leader says operation 'heroic epic' in response to aggression against Al-Aqsa". Anadolu Agansi.
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    46. ↑ "Six Israeli failings which led to Al-Aqsa Flood". The New Arab. 12 October 2023.
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    53. ↑ https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-safest-room-in-the-house/
    54. ↑ "Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people". OHCHR. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure.
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    56. ↑ McKernan, Bethan (7 October 2023). "Hundreds die and hostages held as Hamas assault shocks Israel". The Guardian. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
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    59. ↑ Deif, Mohammed (7 October 2023). "Title: خطاب قائد هيئة أركان القسام محمد الضيف (7 أكتوبر) Speech by Al-Qassam Chief of Staff Muhammad Al-Deif (October 7)". Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades. No. video 2796. دائرة الإعلام العسكري Military Information Department. كتائب الشهيد عز الدين القسام - فلسطين. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
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    61. ↑ Sengupta, Arjun (7 October 2023). "A Third Intifada? What we know about the latest Hamas-Israel escalation". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023. Some observers have referred to the latest escalation as the beginning of the "Third Intifada".
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    63. ↑ Margalit, Ruth (7 October 2023). "Waking to an Attack from Hamas". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023. In Israel, there is already talk about this being the beginning of a protracted 'Sukkot War.'
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    66. ↑ "[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: خطاب "طوفان الأقصى"[[Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text]] "The Speech: al Aqsa Flood"". مؤسسة الدراسات الفلسطينية (Institute for Palestine Studies) (in Arabic). Institute for Palestine Studies. Retrieved 14 April 2024. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
    67. ↑ Deif, Mohammed (7 October 2023). "Title: خطاب قائد هيئة أركان القسام محمد الضيف (7 أكتوبر) Speech by Al-Qassam Chief of Staff Muhammad Al-Deif (7 October)". Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades (in Arabic). No. video number 2796. دائرة الإعلام العسكري Military Information Department. كتائب الشهيد عز الدين القسام - فلسطين. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
    68. ↑ Edmonds, Lauren. "Doctors Without Borders says healthcare facilities 'cannot become targets' after Israeli forces struck a hospital". Business Insider.
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    92. ↑ "What we know: The number of foreigners killed, missing, abducted in Israel". Al Jazeera. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023. Argentina's foreign minister Santiago Cafiero said on Monday that seven Argentinians were killed during the attacks in Israel and 15 more remain missing.
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    96. ↑ Lee, Arlette Saenz,Betsy Klein,MJ (9 October 2023). "11 US citizens dead in Israel conflict, Biden says". CNN. Retrieved 9 October 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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    102. ↑ https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2692659/thats-my-son-thai-family-overjoyed-as-second-group-of-hostages-freed. Retrieved 26 November 2023
    103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 https://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/i/WRPKo2/medier-israelske-gisler-er-paa-vei-til-egypt. Retrieved 25 November 2023
    104. ↑ Limited, Bangkok Post Public Company. "More Thais confirmed abducted by Hamas". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 4 November 2023. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
    105. ↑ "Israel-Hamas war: Families plead for German hostages in Gaza – DW – 10/19/2023". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
    106. ↑ "Israel-Hamas war: Woman paraded naked by militants identified as German tattoo artist". Hindustan Times. 8 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
    107. ↑ Deutsche Hamas-Geisel Shani Louk ist tot. Der Spiegel.de. Retrieved 30 October 2023
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    110. ↑ Kingsley, Patrick; Boxerman, Aaron (9 October 2023). "'I Just Hope That They Are Alive': How Hamas Abducted 150 Israelis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
    111. ↑ Aftenposten. 21 November 2023. P. 12. "Yehudit Waiss ... Noa Marciano"
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    114. ↑ "Bodies of several Israelis retrieved in Gaza raids – IDF". The Guardian. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023. Israel's military said earlier this morning that it has confirmed that more than 120 civilians are being held hostage in Gaza by Hamas.
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    118. ↑ "Two Mexican citizens believed to be held captive in Gaza". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
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    130. ↑ Israeli military claims it killed Hamas commander in strike on Jabalya camp in Gaza; Hamas denies claim. Retrieved 31 October 2023
    131. ↑ Israel Defense Forces defends deadly strike on refugee camp in northern Gaza. Retrieved 1 November 2023
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    137. ↑ "Israel Defence Forces Say Hamas Hides Rockets In Playgrounds, Swimming Pools". NDTV. 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
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    142. ↑ Farge, Emma (10 October 2023). "UN rights chief condemns Israeli 'siege' of Gaza, militants' taking of hostages". Reuters. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
    143. ↑ "Commission of Inquiry collecting evidence of war crimes committed by all sides in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories since 7 October 2023". UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (Press release). 10 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
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    145. ↑ "Israel/Palestine: Devastating Civilian Toll as Parties Flout Legal Obligations". Human Rights Watch. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023. Palestinian armed group's apparent deliberate targeting of civilians, indiscriminate attacks, and taking of civilians as hostages amount to war crimes under international humanitarian law. Israeli authorities' cutting off electricity to Gaza and other punitive measures against Gaza's civilian population would amount to unlawful collective punishment, which is a war crime. The laws of war apply to all parties to a conflict, irrespective of the lawfulness of their going to war or imbalances of power between the parties.
    146. ↑ Lawal, Shola (12 January 2024). "South Africa's main arguments of genocide against Israel". Al Jazeera.
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    153. ↑ Dahman, Ibrahim (11 October 2023). "Gaza's sole power plant shuts down due to shortage of fuel under Israeli blockade". CNN.
    154. ↑ "Jordanian Foreign Minister says Gaza is being seen as a religious war". The National. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
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