Antisemitism in Europe
overview about antisemitism in Europe
Antisemitism,[1] or Judeophobia,[2] has a long history in Europe.[3] The worst manifestation of antisemitism in Europe's history is the Holocaust.[4]
The adjective of antisemitism is antisemitic. Those who hold antisemitic views are called antisemites.[5]
Before 20th century
change20th Century
changeThe Holocaust
changeThe Holocaust was a genocide[6] committed by Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 during World War II. It was known as the Final Solution. The Nazis' plan was to rid Europe of Jews. They succeeded in killing up to 67% of Jews – at least 6,000,000.[4] The planning of the Holocaust was rooted in antisemitism.[4][7]
21st century
changeIn a 2013 survey of 5,847 Jews in Europe, 76% thought that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about moving countries as they felt unsafe.[8] In a 2023 survey done by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in Europe, it was found that as many as one-third of Western Europeans believed in stereotypes of Jews. This was reportedly worse in some eastern European countries, particularly Hungary (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).[9] In Eastern Europe, the level of antisemitism is found to be high.[10]
Croatia
change20th century
change21st century
changeCroatian Wikipedia
changeBetween 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who promoted Holocaust denial by censoring[11][12] the war crimes of the pro-Nazi Ustaše-ruled Independent State of Croatia (NDH)[13] and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.[11]
Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.[14] The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the Jasenovac concentration camp, in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,[15] as a "collection camp".[11] Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, advocacy groups and media critics.[11]
Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with 80 sockpuppet accounts.[16]
Ireland
change
Overview
changeIreland has been predominantly Catholic throughout history.[18] Just as other Catholic countries, antisemitism is deep-rooted in Ireland.[18]
Early modern period
changeAs per specialized historians, Irish Catholics played an active role in the Catholic Spanish Inquisition's persecution of Jews (1478–1834),[19] killing as many as 300,000 Jews by false convictions of "crypto-Judaism",[20] a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted to Christianity under Catholic Spanish rule.[20]
Critique
changeDavid Collier, an Irish researcher in Middle East affairs, [21] noted that antisemitism among contemporary Irish is derived from[21]
- Religious antisemitism: Classic Christian belief that "Christians are the new Jews" as "the Jews killed Jesus"
- Political antisemitism:
- Popularity of the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party whose founders promoted conspiracy theories about Jews
- Projection of anti-British sentiment onto Israel[22] due to the belief that "Britain gave the Jews Israel" is similar to the British settler colonialism in the history of Ireland.[23][24]
20th century
changeThroughout the 1930s and 1940s, pro-Nazi sentiment was common among the Irish due to their dislike of the United Kingdom,[25] which was fighting Nazi Germany.[25]
World War II
changeIn July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public.[25][26] Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in Northern Ireland[25][26] and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being owned by "Jews and Freemasons".[25][26]
As per declassified MI5 documents, IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany.[25][26] They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification".[25][26]
As per Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat who testified in the Nuremberg Trials,[26]
James O'Donovan [...] asked for German support for the occupation of Northern Ireland [. ...] seemed most interested in obtaining delivery of weapons, ammunition and explosives.
As per Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general who also testified,[26]
Frank Ryan[27] suggest that the German invasion of Britain would be an opportune moment for the seizure of Northern Ireland [. ...] Ryan had told [Edmund] Veesenmayer[28] that [Éamon] de Valera would support [...] provided he considered it a legitimate risk to take.
After surrender of Nazi Germany
changeAfter Adolf Hitler's death on April 30, 1945, Éamon de Valera, the Prime Minister of Ireland, mourned the death of Hitler[25][29] with backing from the Irish parliament.[25][29] De Valera also denied reports of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as "anti-national propaganda", reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.[30]
21st century
change2010s
changeSince 2013,[31][32] an unfounded theory claiming the existence of "Irish slaves" in 17th century North America prior to the arrival of African slaves has been popularized by Neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers[31][32] in both Ireland and the United States.[31][32] The theory is sometimes called the "Irish slaves myth". The myth reportedly originated from the book To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland, written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918–2000)[31][33] and published by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.[33]
The myth has been widely condemned by scholars as a far-right conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of African Americans in history,[31][32] who were enslaved until 1865, segregated until 1965 and systemically discriminated against until now.[34] Despite To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop[35] run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.[35][36]
2020s
changeIn spring 2024, antisemitism in Ireland reportedly worsened with the Israel–Hamas war's escalation, where antisemites felt justified to harass Jews under the guise of supporting Palestine, and some Irish Jewish community leaders were doubtful if Ireland was still safe[37] for the approximately 2,700 Jews – 0.054% of the 2023 Irish population[38] – in Ireland. In November 2024, it was revealed that textbooks teaching that
- the Jews "killed Jesus"
- Israel was "uniquely aggressive"
- the Auschwitz was a "prisoner of war camp" rather than an extermination camp
- Judaism "believed that violence and war are sometimes necessary"
were widely circulated in Irish schools[39] and shaping children's mind.[39] The findings were confirmed by the European Jewish Congress (EJC).[40] Meanwhile, the Government of Ireland has not responded to the matter, nor have any strong reactions been seen from the Irish public.[39]
Poland
changeRomania
changeArmenia
change
58% of the population[42] of Armenia[43][44] – a Caucasian country allied with Russia,[45] China,[46] Iran[47] and Syria under Bashar al-Assad[48] who killed over 400,000 Syrians[49][50] – are found to be hostile to Jews. 62% of them are found to be aged 18–34. The percentages are the highest in Eastern Europe, making Armenia apparently the most antisemitic Eastern European country.[42] Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian nationalist who recruited thousands of Armenians to fight for Nazi Germany, is still popular among Armenians.[51][52]
From the 1930s through the Holocaust, Armenian-American media, including but not limited to the Hairenik,[53][54] fully backed Adolf Hitler and defended the Holocaust as a "necessary surgical operation" by demonizing Jews as "poisonous elements",[53][54] while 20,000 Armenian Nazi volunteers[54][55] hunted for Jews and other "undesirables" on behalf of the Nazi German Army.[54][56]
Despite such history, hundreds of statues have been erected across Armenia in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh.[51][52] Meanwhile, the only synagogue in Armenia's capital Yerevan was attacked four times in a row between 7 October 2023 and 11 June 2024.[57] Members of the Marxist-Leninist militant[41] front Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia[58] (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being set on fire.[59]
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑ "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :- Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
- Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
- Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
- Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
- Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
- Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
- Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.
- Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
- Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
- Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
- Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.
- ↑
- Schäfer, Peter (October 1, 1998). Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674487789. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- Hayes, Christine (1999). "Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism". Jewish Studies Quarterly. 6 (3). Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG: 261–273. JSTOR stable/40753239. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- Wistrich, Robert S. (1999). Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-51619-8. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Cârstocea, Raul (2014). Anti-semitism in Romania: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Challenges (PDF). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Loveland, Matthew T.; Popescu, Delia (September 4, 2015). "The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union". Humanity & Society. 40 (3). doi:10.1177/0160597615601715. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- ↑
- "AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes" (PDF). American Jewish Committee (AJC). 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- "Magnifying glass
Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 23, 2024.Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric
- "500 years of antisemitic propaganda". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
- Klaff, Lesley (2014). "Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism". Fathom Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- Sweeney, Jon (March 2023). "From hateful murmurs to blood libel". The Christian Century. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.
- "Holocaust inversion is going mainstream". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). August 15, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2
- Shapiro, P.A. (2007). "Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church". Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253116741. OCLC 191071016. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
- Laqueur, Walter (July 30, 2009). "Towards the Holocaust". The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195341218. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- "Deportation of Hungarian Jews". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- Brosnan, Matt (12 June 2018). "What Was The Holocaust?". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- "36 Questions About the Holocaust". Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
- ↑
- Vidino, Lorenzo (February 8, 2023). "Intersectional Antisemitism in America". Tablet magazine. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
More often, left-wing antisemites claim to be acting in the name of progressive principles while espousing the same trite tropes that depict Jews as embodiments of soulless capitalism, colonialism (Israel is cast as the last colonial state), and white privilege.
- Sears, Oliver (2024). "Anti-Zionism' has become the new Antisemitism in Ireland". Fathom Journal. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
The language I hear denouncing Zionism is identical to the language deployed by antisemites, historical and current.
- Slater, Tom (December 9, 2024). "Who is the Guardian to call spiked 'hard right'?". Spiked. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
While it smears us as right-wing extremists, it stands accused of harbouring misogynists and anti-Semites.
- Glavin, Terry (December 11, 2024). "The Explosion of Jew-Hate in Trudeau's Canada". The Free Press. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
Almost none of these verbal or physical assaults are coming from white supremacists or antisemites of the right-wing variety. They are being carried out by self-described progressives, Arabs [... .]
- Socken, Paul (December 13, 2024). "Pity the Poor Antisemite". Jewish Journal. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
The antisemite is the most extreme and enduring symptom of a society in crisis.
- Vidino, Lorenzo (February 8, 2023). "Intersectional Antisemitism in America". Tablet magazine. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
- ↑
- "What is Genocide?". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- "The ten stages of genocide". Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- "What is Genocide? | Holocaust Encyclopedia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. September 25, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- "5 Reasons Why the Events in Gaza Are Not "Genocide"". American Jewish Committee (AJC). December 5, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- "Genocide | Definition, Examples, & Facts". Britannica. December 16, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- ↑
- "Adolf Hitler publishes 'Mein Kampf'". Anne Frank House. July 18, 1925. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- "Mein Kampf: Hitler's Manifesto | Holocaust Encyclopedia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- Faiola, Anthony (February 24, 2015). "'Mein Kampf': A historical tool, or Hitler's voice from beyond the grave?". The Washington Post.
- Kott, Matthew (November 23, 2015). "Latvia's Pērkonkrusts: Anti-German National Socialism in a Fascistogenic Milieu". Fascism. 4 (2): 169–193. doi:10.1163/22116257-00402007. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
- Michalczyk, John J.; Michalczyk, Susan A.; Bryant, Michael S. (November 26, 2022). "Hitler's Mein Kampf and the Holocaust: A Prelude to Genocide". German History. 41 (1): 134–137. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- ↑ "Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism" (PDF). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑ "ADL Survey Finds Harmful Antisemitic Stereotypes Remain Deeply Entrenched Across Europe". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). May 31, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- ↑
- "The State of Antisemitism in Eastern Europe". American Jewish Committee (AJC). December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Jewish group's report finds rise in antisemitic incidents in Poland". The Times of Israel. April 25, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
First survey of its kind counts 488 anti-Jewish acts in Poland in 2022, more than 4 times the total cited by the European Union the previous year
- "Middle-East Conflict Sparks Uptick in Anti-Semitic Incidents in South-East Europe". Balkan Insight. October 23, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Ongoing violence in Israel-Palestine is being linked to an upsurge in anti-Semtitic [...] vandalism of Holocaust sites in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.
- "Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official". The Guardian. October 30, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Remarks by rights chief come as civil society groups warn of a rise in antisemitism amid Israel-Hamas war
- "Jews in Europe still face high levels of antisemitism". European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). July 11, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3
- Sampson, Tim (October 1, 2013). "How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history". dailydot.com. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
- Dewey, Caitlin (4 August 2014). "Men's rights activists think a "hateful" feminist conspiracy is ruining Wikipedia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- "The Hunt for Wikipedia's Disinformation Moles". Wired. October 17, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
- Tabarovsky, Izabella (July 25, 2024). "Wikipedia's Jewish Problem". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
[...] Wikipedia's articles are [...] feeding billions of people [...] dangerously skewed narratives [...] "minimize[d] Polish antisemitism, exaggerate[d] the Poles' role in saving Jews," blamed Jews for the Holocaust [...].
- Tabarovsky, Izabella (August 14, 2024). "Essay: Wikipedia's Jewish Problem". Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council (AIJAC). Retrieved October 17, 2024.
- ↑
- "'Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed': New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust". Haaretz. February 14, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- Klein, Shira (June 14, 2023). "The shocking truth about Wikipedia's Holocaust disinformation". The Forward. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
Why Wikipedia cannot be trusted: It repeatedly allows rogue editors to rewrite Holocaust history and make Jews out to be the bad guys.
- Heller, Mathilda (October 22, 2024). "Wikipedia's page on Zionism is partly edited by an anti-Zionist - investigation". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
The Post found that DMH223344 was suspended on 9 October 2024 from editing the Zionism page, "for violating the one-revert rule at Zionism."
- "Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World's Go-To Source of (Mis)Information". World Religion News. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- "The Law Bytes Podcast, Episode 215: Jan Grabowski on Wikipedia's Antisemitism Problem". Michael Geist. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- ↑ "The Holocaust in Croatia". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- ↑ "Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani" [Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries"]. Novi list (in Croatian). September 13, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
- ↑
- "Jasenovac". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- "Concentration Camps: Jasenovac". Jewish Virtual Library. doi:10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453. ISBN 978-1-032-35379-1. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- Odak, Stipe; Benčić, Andriana (July 10, 2016). "Jasenovac—A Past That Does Not Pass: The Presence of Jasenovac in Croatian and Serbian Collective Memory of Conflict". East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures. 30 (4). doi:10.1177/0888325416653657. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Kuznar, Andriana Bencic; Pavlakovic, Vjeran (May 10, 2023). "Exhibiting Jasenovac: Controversies, manipulations and politics of memory". Heritage, Memory and Conflict Journal. 3 (1). Amsterdam University Press: 65–69. doi:10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Marko Attila Hoare (June 5, 2024). "Jasenovac concentration camp: an unfinished past". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 66 (1–2): 291–293. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- ↑ "Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta". Meta Wikimedia. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and socio-cultural positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian radical right political parties and ultra-conservative populist movements. The group has been using its positions of power to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and subvert Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1
- "Eoin O'Duffy, the Blueshirts and fascism". The Irish Times. February 9, 2005. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Shindler, Colin (March 31, 2016). "The Jew at the centre of Irish nationalism". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- "Anti-Semitism in Ireland along the history". Ireland Israel Alliance. November 5, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Goldman, David P. (April 17, 2020). "Fascist Lit and Hungary's Future". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- "Fine Gael's Historical Flirtations With Fascism". TPQ. September 23, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1
- Miller, David W. (1975). "Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine". Journal of Social History. 9 (1). Oxford University Press: 81–98. doi:10.1353/jsh/9.1.81. JSTOR 3786692. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Newsinger, John; Newsinger, James (1986). "'As Catholic As The Pope': James Connolly and the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland". Saothar. 11: 7–18. JSTOR 23195983. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Inglis, Tom (September 21, 2010). "Catholic Identity in Contemporary Ireland: Belief and Belonging to Tradition". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 22 (2): 205–220. doi:10.1080/13537900701331064. hdl:10197/5238. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Martin, Diarmuid (2013). "Catholic Ireland: Past, Present and Future". The Furrow. 64 (6): 323–331. JSTOR 24635656. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Biagini, Eugenio F.; Daly, Mary E. (April 27, 2017). The Cambridge Social History of Modern Ireland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107095588. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ↑
- O’Connor, Thomas (2016). Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition: Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia. doi:10.1057/9781137465900. ISBN 978-1-349-69094-7. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "Role of Irish people in the Spanish Inquisition explored". Maynooth University Department of History. May 6, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "The Irish-Spanish Inquisition Alliance". Denis Casey. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1
- Jacobs, Janet Liebman (2002). "Introduction: Crypto-Jewish Descent: An Ethnographic Study in Historical Perspective". Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews (1 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1525/california/9780520233461.003.0001. ISBN 978-0-520-23346-1. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Egmond, Florike; Zwijnenberg, Robert (2003). "Physicians' and Inquisitors' Stories? Circumcision and Crypto-Judaism in Sixteenth–Eighteenth-Century Spain". Bodily Extremities (1 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315261447-14 (inactive 12 December 2024). ISBN 9781315261447. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link) - Ward, Seth (2004). "Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition (review)". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 22 (4). University of Nebraska Press: 167–169. doi:10.1353/sho.2004.0117. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Bodian, Miriam (2007). Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253348616. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Kamen, Henry (May 27, 2014). The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300180510. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Reich, Aaron (August 23, 2022). "Crypto-Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? - explainer". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "David Collier: What Explains Ireland's Extreme Antisemitism?". Middle East Forum. September 12, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ↑
- Gannon, Sean (April 7, 2009). "IRA-PLO cooperation: A long, cozy relationship". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "Hamas has made the same fatal mistake as the IRA". The Spectator. October 25, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "Tracing the Deep Roots of Ireland's Support for Palestinians". The New York Times. December 2, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "Ireland's History Explains Its Hostility Towards Israel and Jews". Algemeiner. January 5, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "Why Ireland is one of the most pro-Palestinian nations in the world". NPR. March 14, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ↑
- "Why Israel is Not a Settler Colonial State". American Jewish Committee (AJC). Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Biggar, Nigel (March 2, 2024). "Israel's founding was complex and messy – but it certainly wasn't imperialist". The Telegraph. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "Unraveling the false branding of Israel as a settler-colonial state - opinion". The Jerusalem Post. June 6, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Kirsch, Adam (August 20, 2024). "The False Narrative of Settler Colonialism". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Greenstein, Ran (November 15, 2024). "Settler Colonialism Isn't What You Think It Is". Foreign Policy. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ↑
- "Irish Americans are full of self pity and fake victimhood says top Irish columnist". Irish Central. October 2, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism" (PDF). UCSD Department of History. 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Johnson, Alan (2023). "Archive | Intellectual Incitement: The Anti-Zionist Ideology and the Anti-Zionist Subject (2015)". Fathom Journal. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- Molloy, Joshua (September 22, 2023). "From British Imperialism to 'Globohomo': Analysing the Irish Far-Right's Engagement with Irish Nationalism on Telegram". Global Network on Extremism and Technology. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- McGrattan, Cillian (April 5, 2024). "Cillian McGrattan: Irish nationalism's sense of victimhood is buttressed by spurious claims about Israel". Belfast News Letter. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8
- Douglas, R. M. (2006). "The Pro-Axis Underground in Ireland, 1939-1942". The Historical Journal. 49 (4). Cambridge University Press: 1155–1183. JSTOR 4140154. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "Irish Republicanism and Nazi Germany | Frank Ryan". Queen's University Belfast. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "The IRA's Links with Nazi Germany | Frank Ryan". Queen's University Belfast. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- Wood, Ian S. (2010). "Fanatic Hearts: the IRA, 1939–45". Britain, Ireland and the Second World War. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623273.003.0005. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- "Govt apologises for treatment of Irish WWII veterans". The Journal. June 12, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- O'Driscoll, Mervyn (May 9, 2017). "Ireland and the Nazis: a troubled history". The Irish Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6
- O'Reilly, Terence (2008). Hitler's Irishmen (1 ed.). Dublin: The Mercier Press Ltd. ISBN 1856355896. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- Donoghue, Dave O (2010). The Devil's Deal: The IRA, Nazi Germany and the Double Life of Jim O Donovan. ISBN 1848400802. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- Duffy, Rónán (August 19, 2017). "IRA leader Seán Russell and the story of Dublin's most controversial statue". The Journal. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- Downing, John (May 30, 2020). "Seán Russell: IRA 'militarist' or Nazi sympathiser?". Irish Independent. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- Whelan, Barry (2022). "Hitler Looks West". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 111 (441). Messenger Publications: 62–73. JSTOR 27132618. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- ↑ A deputy of James O'Donovan.
- ↑ An SS leader convicted of crimes against humanity for contributing to the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Serbia and the pro-Nazi Independent State of Croatia (NDH).
- ↑ 29.0 29.1
- Keogh, Dermot (1989). "Eamon de Valera and Hitler: An Analysis of International Reaction to the Visit to the German Minister, May 1945". Irish Studies in International Affairs. 3 (1). Royal Irish Academy: 69–92. JSTOR 30001759. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- "Condolences Offered After Hitler's Death". Los Angeles Times. December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
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- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4
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- "Myth of Irish 'slavery' promoted by white supremacists ahead of St. Patrick's Day". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). March 16, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
Last Updated: March 17, 2017
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- ↑
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Published: 01 July 2005
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- Molina, Kristine M.; James, Drexler (2016). "Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the US". Sage Journals. 19 (4). doi:10.1177/1368430216641304. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
First published online May 3, 2016
- Sara N. Bleich PhD; Mary G. Findling PhD, SM; Logan S. Casey PhD; Robert J. Blendon ScD; John M. Benson MA; Gillian K. SteelFisher PhD, MSc; Justin M. Sayde MS; Carolyn Miller MS, MA (October 29, 2019). "Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans". Health Services Research. 54 (S2): 1399–1408. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13220.
Special Issue: Experiences of Discrimination in America: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality
- Morgan, Philip D. (2005). "Origins of American Slavery". OAH Magazine of History. 19 (4): 51–56. doi:10.1093/maghis/19.4.51. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 "To Hell or Barbados - The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland". Sinn Féin Bookshop. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
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- "ADL Global 100". Anti-Defamation League. 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
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Analysis: Antisemitism in Armenia [...] neither an Azerbaijani invention nor an Israeli one, as over the years the magnitude of hatred [...] anti-Jewish speech online has risen significantly
- "Azerbaijan and Armenia: Political Stand in the Aftermath of October 7". The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. January 15, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
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- "Neo-Nazis march in Yerevan: We can't ignore that". Ynetnews. January 9, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Armenian nationalism is rising, with government [...] glorifying Nazi collaborator and promoting antisemitism [. ...]
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- "Fighting Anti-Semitism: Israel gets ready to help Jewish communities". The Jerusalem Post. June 20, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
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- Dr. Haim Ben Yakov (May 1, 2024). "Latest anti-Semitic outbreaks in the Euro-Asian region against the backdrop of Israel's war with the terrorist group Hamas and local conflicts" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Euro-Asian Jewish Congress (EAJC). pp. 9–12. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Armenia recognizes Palestine, adding to its strained ties with Israel". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. June 21, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Why did Armenia recognize a potential Palestinian terror state?". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). July 8, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
It is not a coincidence that Armenia is the most antisemitic country in the post-Soviet space.
- ↑
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- Kaleji, Vali (July 17, 2024). "Iran's Paradoxical Expectations for Political Developments in Armenia". Eurasia Daily Monitor. 21 (105). The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑
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- ↑
- Kedar, Mordechai (May 23, 2024). "The tightening of Armenian-Iranian ties - opinion". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Iran and Armenia sign secret $500 million arms deal". Iran International. July 24, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Secret Weapon Deal with Armenia Helps Iran to Disrupt the South Caucasus". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. July 29, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Iran Embraces Armenia, Widening its Axis of Evil". EU Today. November 8, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Kaleji, Vali (November 20, 2024). "Iran's Gas Export to Armenia: From Energy Imbalance in Iran to Russia's Monopoly in the Armenian Gas Market". Eurasian Daily Monitor. 21 (170). The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑
- Abrahamyan, Eduard (September 17, 2018). "Understanding Armenia's Syrian Gamble". Eurasia Daily Monitor. 15 (129). The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
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- "Syria stands by Armenia in overcoming challenges – Bashar al-Assad". Public Radio of Armenia. November 15, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
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- ↑
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- "French court issues arrest warrant for Bashar al-Assad for complicity in war crimes". The Guardian. November 15, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
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- ↑
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- "Syria: The Impunity of the Assad Regime Must Never be Normalized". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). July 12, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
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- ↑ 51.0 51.1
- "Armenian monument to Nazi collaborator draws criticism". The Jerusalem Post. June 17, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Controversial Statue to Nazi Collaborator Nzhdeh Erected In Armenia". War History Online. July 2, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- "How Armenia's glorification of a Nazi collaborator has gone unnoticed". New Eastern Europe. July 20, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Golinkin, Lev (January 27, 2021). "Nazi collaborator monuments in Armenia". The Forward. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Armenian nationalist Garegin Nzhdeh, whose soldiers served the Third Reich, has 20 streets named after him
- "An Armenian leader's false Holocaust analogy". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). September 20, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
The American Jewish community must condemn Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's comparison of the situation in Karabakh to Hitler's ghettos.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1
- De Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-090478-4. OCLC 1085942778. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
The other general who fought with the Nazis was Dashnak veteran Garegin Njdeh [...had served in the] tsarist army.
- "Plan for bust of controversial figure at Bulgaria's 'Yard of the Cyrillic Alphabet'". The Sofia Globe. Sofia, Bulgaria. April 16, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Jaffe-Hoffman, Maayan (January 21, 2020). "At Auschwitz liberation tribute, Israel should study tale of two monuments". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
The Germans [...] apologize for their dark past. In contrast, Lithuanians, Armenians, Poles and others are rewriting and distorting their roles in this tragic history.
- Berberian, Houri; Der Matossian, Bedross (2020). "From Nationalist-Socialist to National Socialist? The Shifting Politics of Abraham Giulkhandanian". The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on Its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy. The Press at California State University. pp. 53–88. ISBN 9780912201672. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- "Armenian capital: Antisemitic movement marches with Nazi flag". The Jerusalem Post. January 4, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Armenia demands from Israel to respect fascist Nzhdeh". AzerNews. February 23, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- De Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-090478-4. OCLC 1085942778. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 "New Congressional document exposes Armenian Dashnaks' sympathies for Hitler and Holocaust". Azərtac. May 14, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 "Pro-Holocaust Movement Tried to Lure Los Angeles Jews To Side With Armenia". NewsBlaze News. May 19, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
- ↑ Thomassian, Levon (2012). Summer of '42: A Study of German-Armenian Relations During the Second World War (1 ed.). Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9780764340451. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
- ↑ Gurevich, Roman (October 26, 2020). "Living in Azerbaijan as a Jew versus being Jewish in Armenia". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
- ↑ "Yerevan's Lone Synagogue Attacked For Fourth Time In A Year". Radio Liberty. June 11, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Yerevan's only synagogue was attacked again on June 10 when perpetrators threw rocks through a window.
- ↑
- Armenian: Հայաստանի ազատագրության հայ գաղտնի բանակ
- Azerbaijani: Ermənistanın Azadlığı üçün Gizli Erməni Ordusu
- Georgian: სომხეთის გათავისუფლების სომხური საიდუმლო არმია
- Greek: Μυστικός Αρμενικός Στρατός για την απελευθέρωση της Αρμενίας
- ↑
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- "Armenian culturcide in Yerevan: Jewish synagogue set on fire [VIDEO]". AzerNews. November 15, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Why Was Armenia's Last Synagogue Set on Fire?". Jewish Journal. January 12, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) claimed responsibility and vowed to continue attacking Jews across the globe as retribution for Israel's close friendship with [...] Azerbaijan.
- "Yerevan Synagogue attacked for fourth time in a year". OC Media. June 12, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
